13 Impact on Cultural Heritage

13.2 Environmental Legislation and Standards

13.2.1 The following legislation and guidelines are relevant to this study:

· Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap. 53)

· Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) (Cap. 499, S.16)

· Technical Memorandum on the Environmental Impact Assessment Process (EIAO-TM)

· Guidance Notes on Assessment of Impact on Sites of Cultural Heritage in Environmental Impact Assessment Studies (GN-CH)

· Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines (HKPSG)

· Marine Archaeological Investigation Guidelines.

Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap.53)

13.2.2 The Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap. 53) was enacted in 1976 and provides statutory protection against the threat of development for Declared Monuments including historical buildings/structures and archaeological sites on land and underwater, which have been recommended by the Antiquities Advisory Board (AAB), approved by the Chief Executive and gazetted to enable their preservation for posterity.

13.2.3 Certain Deemed Monuments have been identified by the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) and agreement reached with the owners of the Monuments to ensure their preservation. Deemed monuments have the potential to be upgraded to statutory Declared Monuments.

13.2.4 For archaeological sites, all relics dated prior to 1800AD belong to the Hong Kong Government under the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance. Once identified as having the potential for conservation, archaeological sites are entered into the record.

EIAO, EIAO-TM & GN-CH

13.2.5 The EIAO provides additional legislative protection to sites of cultural heritage that are threatened by development and the Environmental Protection Department is its authority. Annexes 10 and 19 of the EIAO-TM outline the guidelines and criteria for the CHIA. The GH-CH serves as a reference to assist the understanding of the requirements set out in Section 2 of Annex 10 and Annex 19 of the EIAO-TM under the EIAO in assessing impact on sites of cultural heritage in EIA studies.

Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines

13.2.6 Chapter 10 of the HKPSG provides general guidelines and measures for the conservation of historical buildings, archaeological sites and other antiquities.

AMO Guidelines for Marine Archaeological Investigation

13.2.7 The AMO have issued Guidelines for Marine Archaeological Investigation (MAI) which details the standard practice, procedures and methodology which must be undertaken in determining the marine archaeological potential, presence of archaeological artefacts and defining suitable mitigation measures.

· Tseung Kwan O (TKO) and Junk Island - villages at TKO and TKO Upper, Yau Yue Wan and those at Hang Hau such as Tin Ha Wan Village, Boon Kin Village, Shui Bin Village and Fu Tau Chau Village. Graves were also inspected at PSK.

· Devil’s Peak and Lei Yue Mun on the west coast of TKO - Tin Hau Temple, Rock carvings and the Carronade at Lei Yue Mun and Pottinger battery and graves, Gough’s Battery and the Redoubt at Devil’s Peak. Further north on the west coast of TKO are Rennies Mill at Tiu Keng Leng (TKL) and the abandoned fort at Mau Wu Shan.

· Cha Kwo Ling - village and surrounds of Cha Kwo Ling at the tunnel approach of the proposed Western Coast Road (WCR).

13.3.9 The methodology of the field survey is described below.

Built Features

13.3.10 The survey consisted of a field evaluation incorporating the collection of photographic, oral and written information on the architecture and history of all structures that might be impacted by the proposed works. The information collected in the field survey was then entered onto typewritten forms. The design of the forms was based on AMO and ICOMOS (International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites) standards for the recording of historical resources with modifications to suit architectural styles and situations encountered in Hong Kong. The forms were designed to provide details of all identified resources, including written descriptions of each recorded feature, including: age, details of architectural features, condition, past and present uses, an architectural appraisal, notes on any modifications, direction faced, and associations with historical/ cultural events or individuals. The location of each feature was highlighted on a 1:1000 scale map. A description of the surrounding environment was also included as part of the survey.

Graves

13.3.11 Pre-war clan graves were included as part of the survey. Graves falling within any works area and which might be directly impacted were recorded on field recording forms, which included a written description, a photographic record, a copy of the inscription and the dimensions. Grave groups located outside of the works area and which would not be directly impacted, but which may be indirectly impacted aesthetically by the proposed works, were assessed as a group, rather than on an individual basis. An exception to this is if any grave within a group is found to fall within 10 metres of a works area and may receive contact or vibration damage, it would be assessed individually.

Cultural and Historical Landscape Features

13.3.12 A written description of each recorded feature was made, including information gathered from interviews with local informants. The location of each recorded feature was highlighted on a 1:1000 scale map and a photographic record of each identified feature made.

13.4 Baseline Condition

13.4.1 The Study Area covers the proposed development areas in TKO including Town Centre South (TCS), Pak Shing Kok (PSK), and remaining areas of TKL. The Study Area also includes areas for the planned WCR and Cross Bay Link (CBL) including the western coast of Junk Bay, and east Kowloon including Lei Yue Mun and Cha Kwo Ling. A brief history of these areas is described below.

History of Tseung Kwan O

13.4.2 TKO (Junk Bay) is a large inlet, which lies to the east of the Kowloon Peninsula. It is bordered by Clear Water Bay on the east and TKL (Rennie’s Mill) to the west. Large settlements, like TKO Village, Yau Yu Wan Village and Hang Hau Village lie scattered on its northern coastal area.

13.4.3 TKO Village was the earliest settlement in the region. It was founded in the early Ming Dynasty. During the Coastal Evacuation in the early Ching Dynasty, the village was abandoned and the villagers moved back inland. In the late 17^th Century, with the abolishing of the Edict of the Coastal Evacuation, they returned and re-established the village. In the early 18^th Century, Yau Yu Wan Village and Hang Hau Village were founded (詳西貢歷史與風物：頁50-69).

13.4.4 During the late 19^th Century, Hang Hau Village, which lies at the junction of TKO and Clear Water Bay Peninsula, became a market centre. With the anchoring of fishing boats along the coast, many fishermen landed there and sold their harvests. The area developed into a Market Town (Hui), with a main street full of shops. In the early 20^th Century, it was closely linked with Shaukiwan and Sai Kung by ferries. Thus, the area became prosperous.

13.4.5 During the 2^nd World War, the area became isolated, but it still remained a market centre for the villagers nearby. At that time, people called the area ‘Hang Hau Town’ (Blake C.F. 1981)

13.4.6 Beginning in the 1980’s, much of the coastal area was reclaimed to provide more land for development. The old villages were re-sited. Many public and private estates were built.

13.4.7 Now, the area has been developed into a new Market Town, called New Hang Hau Market Town. Except for TKO Village, which still lies in the original location, the other villages have all been re-sited and the village houses have been re-built.

13.4.8 TKO is located at the eastern entrance to Victoria Harbour. Joss House Bay – now lost to reclamation – lies to the southeast. Junk Island is also known at Fat Tong Chau (Temple Island). The mountains that separate Junk Bay and Joss House Bay from Clearwater Bay and Port Shelter are highest at High Junk Peak.

13.4.9 The area was named because of its popularity as a resort for Chinese Junks and sampans that in the past took refuge in Junk Bay, particularly during typhoons (Aijmer 1984).

13.4.10 Maps from the 17^th Century onwards show little settlement in TKO except for TKO village at end of a long embayment, though behind mudflats (Empson 1991), Hang Hau to east and Junk Village also on Eastern side and Rennie’s Mill were settled in the first half of the 20^th Century.

13.4.11 Other villages skirting the old coastline of Junk Bay include Hang Hau (Stream mouth), Yau Yue Wan (Cuttlefish Bay), and PSK (Hundred Victories Cape) – once near the coast of Junk Bay but now well inland as a result of phases of reclamation since the 1970s.

History of Lei Yue Mun Area

13.4.12 Lei Yue Mun lies at the southern tip of the Ngau Tau Kok Peninsula. It is the water passage lying to the east of Hong Kong Island. Early in the Sung Dynasty, it was the main sea route for the merchant ships sailing between Fukien and Kwangtung provinces (Siu and Sham 2001: pp. 178-179). Legend said that in old times, fishes called common carp swam out from there to the Pacific Ocean and changed into dragons. This is the derivation of the name for the water passage (Lei Yue Mun in Chinese means the Gate of the Common Carp). To its north is the Devils Peak, with a lighthouse standing at the coast. It directs the ships coming into the harbour. The lighthouse still exists.

History of Cha Kwo Ling Region

13.4.13 Cha Kwo Ling lies to the southeast of Kowloon Bay. It is a small hill lying between Lei Yue Mun region and Kwun Tong region. Legend said that the small hill resembles a Hakka dim sum called ‘Cha Kwo’ (Hakka ‘Tea Biscuit’). Others said that the knoll gets its name from the large amount of ‘Cha Kwo’ wrapping leaves in the nearby area (Siu and Sham 2001: pp. 180).

13.4.14 At the end of the 18^th century, the Hakkas migrated into the region. Quarrying became their main occupation. Some grew crops and vegetables. Others helped the fishermen to mend their fishing nets. They went to the market of Shaukiwan to buy their necessities. The elders and gentries of Cha Kwo Ling, with those of Ngau Tau Kok, Sai Tso Wan and Lei Yue Mun, formed the Si Shan Kung So (the Communal Office of the Four Hills). The organization ran the quarrying business of the region. They formed the Hop Yee Lung (the Hop Yee Dragon Boat Committee) with the fishermen of Shaukiwan.

13.4.15 By that time, the villages of Cha Kwo Ling, Ngau Tau Kok, Sai Tso Wan and Lei Yue Mun together were called Si Shan (Four Hills). The villagers were all stonecutters. The Ching Government appointed someone in each Shan (‘Hill or Village’) to be the ‘Tau Yan (headman)’. They together were called the Si Shan Tau Yan (the Headmen of the Four Hills or Villages). They were responsible to rule the area and to collect tax for the government. The system ended before the Second World War (Siu and Sham 2001: pp. 180).

13.4.16 Nowadays, the land has been developed into part of the Kwun Tong New Town. Some relics still exist. There are no pre-war clan or notable feng shui features such as feng shui woods and ponds or historical trackway or other historic features within the project area at Cha Kwo Ling.

Archaeological Resources

Terrestrial Archaeology

13.4.17 No known archaeological sites or areas of archaeological potential were identified within 50m from the proposed developments and work areas.

Marine Archaeology

13.4.18 TKO was in the past referred to as Fat Tong Mun. The bay lay along the vital trade route, established from the time of the Sung Dynasty (960-1279), which connected Guangzhou on the Pearl River to northern China. TKO was considered a significant anchorage or place of shelter, as shown by it being named Fat Tong Mun on Imperial maps from as early as the 15^th century. Based on the literature review, there are no reported wreck sites in the northern half of TKO. The closest reported wreck sites are situated near the “dangerous goods” anchorage at the south-western entrance to TKO.

13.4.19 A marine geophysical survey was undertaken in July 2003 for the northern half of Junk Bay to determine sub-seabed strata, features (anomalies), and man-made objects on or beneath the seabed within the survey area. Based on the results of the marine geophysical survey, four surface anomalies (2004, 3401, EW 28-59 and Target 1) and two buried anomalies (SN62-31 & SN62-34) were identified within, or in the vicinity of, the proposed marine works areas. The locations of the six anomalies are shown in Figure 13.1.

13.4.20 Based on a previous study (SDA Marine Ltd, 2000), it was considered that surface anomalies 2004, 3401 and EW 28-59 were located in an area which had been identified to be extensively disturbed from numerous anchor marks. Hence, these three anomalies were considered to be deposited recently and to have no archaeological potential. Target 1 was identified as having archaeological potential owing to its isolation, away from other debris concentrations and because of its relatively small size. Buried anomalies SN62-31 and SN62-34 were considered to be of archaeological potential as they were located in an area with potential for the formation of shipwrecks.

13.4.21 Since the marine geophysical survey did not cover the extreme western part of Junk Bay due to the shallow water, no data were provided for this area.

Built Heritage Resources

13.4.22 The results of the survey showed that there were no pre-war clan or notable feng shui features such as feng shui woods and ponds or historical trackway or other historic features within the study area. A total of 14 notable buildings and structures were identified in the field survey as listed below:

Tseung Kwan O Region

i) TKO Village: the Earth shrine

ii) Boon Kin Village: the Earth shrine inside the Fung Shui Garden

iii) Hang Hau Village: Tin Hau Temple

Devil’s Peak Region

iv) Lei Yue Mun Tin Hau Temple

v) Lei Yue Mun Rock Carvings (ten carvings)

vi) The Carronades in front of the Lei Yue Mun Rock Carving (two pieces)

vii) Pottinger Battery: the right gun emplacement and its underground ammunition store, side arm store and operation room, and the guard station to its north

viii) Gough Battery: the two gun emplacements and underground ammunition store, side arm store and operation room, the howitzer gun platform and the command post

ix) The Devil’s Peak Redoubt: the trench running along the ridge and the machine gun posts at its two ends, the circular trench with shooting holes and the three pillboxes

x) The Old Tiu Keng Ling Police Station

xi) The Military Fortification on Mau Wu Shan

Cha Kwo Ling Region

xii) Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple

xiii) Cha Kwo Ling Rural Committee

xiv) Law Mansion

13.4.23 The buildings/ structures mentioned above have their characteristics and historic value. The Earth shrines of TKO and Boon Kin villages, Hang Hau Tin Hau Temple, Lei Yue Mun Tin Hau Temple, and Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple show the condition of the old Chinese customs and beliefs. The carronades in front of the Lei Yue Mun Rock Carvings, Pottinger Battery, Gough Battery, the Devil’s Peak Redoubt and the military fortification on Mau Wu Shan may increase people’s understanding on local history. The old Tiu Keng Ling Police station, Cha Kwo Ling Rural Committee and Law Mansion remind us of the social development of a place. The Lei Yue Mun Rock Carvings form a good place for sightseeing and photo taking.

13.4.24 Based on the layout plan of the Project, all the above listed historical buildings/ structures are located far away from the site boundary (> 100 m), except Cha Kwo Ling Rural Committee, Law Mansion and Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple which is located close to the proposed roundabout and road works at Cha Kwo Ling (<50m). According to the Feasibility Study for Development at Cha Kwo Ling Kaolin Mine Site, Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple would be remain, whereas Cha Kwo Ling Rural Committee Building would be removed and Law Mansion would be preserved by relocating to an area adjacent to Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple prior to the construction of WCR. Figure 13.2 shows the location of the Tin Hau Temple with respect to the roundabout.

13.4.25 Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple is sited by the coast of Kwun Tong Bay at the place of the present Laguna City. It was built in mid 19^th century by the people of the Four Hills. It was rebuilt in 1891, destroyed by typhoon in 1912, and again rebuilt in 1941 (oral history). In 1947, for the development of Oil Tanks, the temple was moved to the present site, and completed in 1948. It was again repaired in 1999. The temple is a two-hall type building with three houses. It is built of granite. The stone inscriptions inside the temple provide evidence on the development of the Kwun Tong region. They are good research materials.

13.4.26 Based on the layout plan of the Project, the WCR alignment in Kowloon Area would have direct impact on the Old Village House at Cha Kwo Ling. Nevertheless, it was not identified as a notable building/structure in the BHHS. The Tsang Mansion is outside the project area and the Kaolin Mine Site development, there is no direct impact on it. According to the Feasibility Study for Development at Cha Kwo Ling Kaolin Mine Site, the Old Village House would be cleared under the site formation of the development. Although this Old Village House was not identified to have specific historical value, the project proponent for formation work of the site should conduct a detailed photographic and cartographic recordings on this building to the satisfaction of the AMO before its demolition.

13.5 Identification and Evaluation of Potential Cultural Heritage Impacts

Terrestrial Archaeology

13.5.1 Since all development elements of the Project would not be on areas of archaeological interest on land, no adverse impact is expected during either the construction or operation phases of the Project.

Marine Archaeology

13.5.2 As described in Section 13.4.20, surface anomaly Target 1 and buried anomalies SN62-31 & SN62-34 were identified to be of archaeological potential. Based on the layout plan of the Project, buried anomalies SN62-31 & SN62-34 are located outside the proposed reclamation area and would not be in the vicinity of the piers of the CBL. Hence, direct impact on these buried anomalies is not expected. For Target 1, since it is located close to one of the proposed piers of the CBL, direct impact on the Target 1 could occur.

13.5.3 Owing to the shallow water, the extreme western part of Junk Bay was not included in the marine geophysical survey and therefore no data are available for evaluating the archaeological potential of this area. Since part of the western shore of Junk Bay would be disturbed by the proposed reclamation, it is recommended that transect dives be undertaken for those areas to be reclaimed that are not covered by the marine archaeological survey.

Built Heritage

13.5.4 No direct impact on the identified historical buildings/ structures is expected since all of them are located outside the site boundary of the Project. Nevertheless, any built heritage resources located in close proximity to the worksites would likely be indirectly impacted by dust and/ or vibration. The proximity of identified notable buildings and structures to the proposed work areas of the Project is summarised in Table 13.1.

13.5.5 As indicated in Table 13.1, the Cha Kwo Ling Rural Committee Building, Law Mansion, and Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple is are located less than 50m from the worksite of the proposed roundabout and road works at Cha Kwo Ling. . According to the Feasibility Study for Development at Cha Kwo Ling Kaolin Mine Site, the Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple would be remain, whereas the Cha Kwo Ling Rural Committee Building would be removed and the Law Mansion would be preserved by relocating to an area adjacent to the Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple prior to the construction of WCR. The temple and the mansion would be susceptible to dust and vibration arising from the nearby construction activities.

13.5.6 For other identified buildings and structures, no adverse indirect impact is expected as all of them are located more than 100 m from the works areas of the Project.

Table 13.1 Proximity of Notable Buildings and Structures to the Project Worksites

Notable historic buildings and structures	Distance from Worksite (approx)	Impact Direct	Impact Indirect
Tseung Kwan O Earth Shrine (Boon Kin Village) Earth Shrine (TKO Village) Hang Hau Tin Hau Temple	800m 2000m 650m	Nil Nil Nil	Nil Nil Nil
Devil’s Peak region Lei Yue Mun Tin Hau Temple Lei Yue Mun Rock Carvings (ten carvings) The Carronades Pottinger Battery Gough Battery The Devil’s Peak Redoubt The Old Tiu Keng Ling Police Station The Military Fortification at Mau Wu Shan	1250m 1250m 1250m 500m 500m 500m 300m 800m	Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil	Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Cha Kwo Ling Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple Cha Kwo Ling Rural Committee Building Law Mansion	<50m ~~100-150m~~<50m ~~200m~~<50m	Nil Nil Nil	Yes Nil* ~~Nil~~Yes

Notable historic buildings and structures

Distance from Worksite (approx)

Impact

Direct

Impact

Indirect

Tseung Kwan O

Earth Shrine (Boon Kin Village)

Earth Shrine (TKO Village)

Hang Hau Tin Hau Temple

800m

2000m

650m

Nil

Devil’s Peak region

Lei Yue Mun Tin Hau Temple

Lei Yue Mun Rock Carvings (ten carvings)

The Carronades

Pottinger Battery

Gough Battery

The Devil’s Peak Redoubt

The Old Tiu Keng Ling Police Station

The Military Fortification

at Mau Wu Shan

1250m

500m

300m

800m

Nil

Cha Kwo Ling

Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple

Cha Kwo Ling Rural Committee

Building

Law Mansion

<50m

~~100-150m~~<50m

~~200m~~<50m

Nil

Yes

Nil*

~~Nil~~Yes

Note: * As the Cha Kwo Ling Rural Committee would be removed prior to the construction of WCR, no indirect impact from the Project would be expected.

13.5.7 During the operation phase, impacts associated with the project would be only of an aesthetic nature, in the sense that the surrounding environment of the historical buildings/ structures may be altered through the construction of Project associated features.

13.6 Mitigation of Adverse Impacts

Construction Phase

Terrestrial Archaeology

13.6.1 No mitigation measures would be required.

Marine Archaeology

13.6.2 To ascertain the archaeological potential of Target 1 and the areas to be reclaimed but not covered under the marine geophysical survey, a visual diver survey is recommended to be undertaken during the detailed design stage of the Project. The diver survey should include:

· A series of transect dives along the western shore, which was not covered by the marine geophysical survey.

· Circular searches on the seabed surface anomaly (Target 1).

Built Heritage

13.6.3 Apart from the Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple and the Law Mansion, no adverse impact on other historical buildings and structures is expected.

13.6.4 To prevent damage to the Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau temple Temple and the Law Mansion during the construction phase, mitigation measures in the form of a temporarily fenced off buffer zone with allowance for public access (minimum 1 m) should be provided around the temple and the mansion. In addition, monitoring of vibration impacts should be conducted when the construction works are less than 50m from the temple and the mansion.

Operational Phase

Terrestrial Archaeology

13.6.5 No mitigation measures are required.

Marine Archaeology

13.6.6 There would be no adverse marine archaeological impact associated with the Project during the operational phase and hence no mitigation measures would be required.

Built Heritage

13.6.7 There would be no adverse built heritage impact associated with the Project during the operational phase and hence no mitigation measures would be required.

13.7 Residual Environmental Impact

13.7.1 No residual cultural heritage impact is expected.

13.8 Environmental Monitoring and Audit Requirements

13.8.1 The CHIA has identified that there would be indirect impact on Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple and Law Mansion due to its their close proximity to the work site of the Project. To ensure no damage to the temple and the mansion, monitoring of the indirect impact should be conducted during the construction phase.

Reference

Aijmer, G (ed.) Leadership on the China Coast. Studies on Asian Topics No. 8, Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, Curzon Press 1984

Bard, S (1980-1) Junk Island. Journal of the Hong Kong Archaeological Society Vol 9 pp12-13.

Blake, C. F. Ethnic Groups and Social Change in a Chinese Market Town. Asian Studies at Hawaii No. 27, University of Hawaii, The University Press of Hawaii 1981.

Day, C.A., 2001. Reading Archaeological Landscapes: Palaeoenvironments and potential in Hong Kong. Report prepared for Lord Wilson Heritage Trust, Hong Kong Govt. pp 110.

Empson, H. 1992, Mapping Hong Kong. Government Information Services

Frost, R. J. 1974, Sha Tsui, High Island. Journal of the Hong Kong Archaeological Society, 5:23-30.

Fyfe, J. A., Shaw, R., Campbell, K.W., Lai & P.A. Kirk, May 2000. The Quaternay Geology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Geological Survey, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering Department, the Government of the Hong Kong SAR.

Harbour-Eastern Part HK 0801 Hydrographic Office, Marine Department. Published 1999, printed 2000 and corrections up to 2002.

Hayes, J. W. The Hong Kong Region 1850-1911, Institutions and Leadership in Towns and Countryside Archon Books, Dawson, U.S.A., 1977.

Kwantung Provincial Museum 1984. Archaeological Finds from Pre-Qin Sites in Guangdong; presented by the Guangdong Provincial Museum and the Art Gallery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, CUHK.

SDA Marine, May 2000. Road P2 of Tsueng Kwan O Development, prepared for the AMO.

Sino-Hong Kong Archaeology Workshop, May 1999. The 1998 Archaeological Survey in Western Coast Road Area, TKO.

Siu, Kwok-kin and Sham, S I. Heritage Trails in Urban Hong Kong,

Wan Li Book Co. Ltd., H.K., 2001

Siu, Kwok-kin and Meacham W (1980-1) Comments on the Question of an Early Customs House at Junk Island, Journal of the Hong Kong Archaeological Society Vol 9 pp 95-8.

西貢 1940-1950 香港中文大學東亞研究所中心口述歷史計劃 (未刊稿)

新界滄桑話鄉情司馬龍著三聯書局古今圖書系列香港三聯書局出版 1990

西貢古今風貌蔡子傑撰西貢區議會出版 1990

香港調景嶺營的誕生與消失胡春惠主編李谷成整理台灣國史館口史叢書(12) 台灣國史館印行 1997

西貢歷史與風物馬木池等合著西貢區議會出版 2003

[1] Civil Engineering and Development Department Agreement No. CE 87/2001 (CE) Further Development of Tseung Kwan O Feasibility Study – Marine Archaeological Investigation Assessment of Archaeological Potential Task 3 Final Report, September 2004.

13.2.1 The following legislation and guidelines are relevant to this study:

Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap.53)

13.2.3 Certain Deemed Monuments have been identified by the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) and agreement reached with the owners of the Monuments to ensure their preservation. Deemed monuments have the potential to be upgraded to statutory Declared Monuments.

13.2.4 For archaeological sites, all relics dated prior to 1800AD belong to the Hong Kong Government under the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance. Once identified as having the potential for conservation, archaeological sites are entered into the record.

EIAO, EIAO-TM & GN-CH

Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines

13.2.6 Chapter 10 of the HKPSG provides general guidelines and measures for the conservation of historical buildings, archaeological sites and other antiquities.

AMO Guidelines for Marine Archaeological Investigation

13.3.1 The CHIA was carried out in accordance with the AMO Criteria and the requirements as set out in Annex 10 and 19 of the EIAO-TM. The assessment methodology for the CHIA is described in the following sections.

Terrestrial Archaeology

13.3.5 Since there are no known archaeological sites or areas of archaeological potential within 50m from the proposed developments and work areas, a field evaluation was considered not necessary.

Marine Archaeology

Built Heritage

13.3.8 Based on the desk-based study, a field survey was conducted for the areas below. The results of the field survey are detailed in the BHHS Report (Appendix 13.1).

13.3.9 The methodology of the field survey is described below.

Built Features

Graves

Cultural and Historical Landscape Features

13.3.12 A written description of each recorded feature was made, including information gathered from interviews with local informants. The location of each recorded feature was highlighted on a 1:1000 scale map and a photographic record of each identified feature made.

History of Tseung Kwan O

13.4.2 TKO (Junk Bay) is a large inlet, which lies to the east of the Kowloon Peninsula. It is bordered by Clear Water Bay on the east and TKL (Rennie’s Mill) to the west. Large settlements, like TKO Village, Yau Yu Wan Village and Hang Hau Village lie scattered on its northern coastal area.

13.4.5 During the 2nd World War, the area became isolated, but it still remained a market centre for the villagers nearby. At that time, people called the area ‘Hang Hau Town’ (Blake C.F. 1981)

13.4.6 Beginning in the 1980’s, much of the coastal area was reclaimed to provide more land for development. The old villages were re-sited. Many public and private estates were built.

13.4.7 Now, the area has been developed into a new Market Town, called New Hang Hau Market Town. Except for TKO Village, which still lies in the original location, the other villages have all been re-sited and the village houses have been re-built.

13.4.9 The area was named because of its popularity as a resort for Chinese Junks and sampans that in the past took refuge in Junk Bay, particularly during typhoons (Aijmer 1984).

13.4.10 Maps from the 17th Century onwards show little settlement in TKO except for TKO village at end of a long embayment, though behind mudflats (Empson 1991), Hang Hau to east and Junk Village also on Eastern side and Rennie’s Mill were settled in the first half of the 20th Century.

13.4.11 Other villages skirting the old coastline of Junk Bay include Hang Hau (Stream mouth), Yau Yue Wan (Cuttlefish Bay), and PSK (Hundred Victories Cape) – once near the coast of Junk Bay but now well inland as a result of phases of reclamation since the 1970s.

History of Lei Yue Mun Area

History of Cha Kwo Ling Region

13.4.16 Nowadays, the land has been developed into part of the Kwun Tong New Town. Some relics still exist. There are no pre-war clan or notable feng shui features such as feng shui woods and ponds or historical trackway or other historic features within the project area at Cha Kwo Ling.

Archaeological Resources

Terrestrial Archaeology

13.4.17 No known archaeological sites or areas of archaeological potential were identified within 50m from the proposed developments and work areas.

Marine Archaeology

13.4.21 Since the marine geophysical survey did not cover the extreme western part of Junk Bay due to the shallow water, no data were provided for this area.

Built Heritage Resources

Tseung Kwan O Region

Devil’s Peak Region

Cha Kwo Ling Region

Terrestrial Archaeology

13.5.1 Since all development elements of the Project would not be on areas of archaeological interest on land, no adverse impact is expected during either the construction or operation phases of the Project.

Marine Archaeology

Built Heritage

13.5.6 For other identified buildings and structures, no adverse indirect impact is expected as all of them are located more than 100 m from the works areas of the Project.

13.5.7 During the operation phase, impacts associated with the project would be only of an aesthetic nature, in the sense that the surrounding environment of the historical buildings/ structures may be altered through the construction of Project associated features.

Terrestrial Archaeology

13.6.1 No mitigation measures would be required.

Marine Archaeology

13.6.2 To ascertain the archaeological potential of Target 1 and the areas to be reclaimed but not covered under the marine geophysical survey, a visual diver survey is recommended to be undertaken during the detailed design stage of the Project. The diver survey should include:

Built Heritage

13.6.3 Apart from the Cha Kwo Ling Tin Hau Temple and the Law Mansion, no adverse impact on other historical buildings and structures is expected.

Operational Phase

Terrestrial Archaeology

13.6.5 No mitigation measures are required.

Marine Archaeology

13.6.6 There would be no adverse marine archaeological impact associated with the Project during the operational phase and hence no mitigation measures would be required.

Built Heritage

13.6.7 There would be no adverse built heritage impact associated with the Project during the operational phase and hence no mitigation measures would be required.

13.7.1 No residual cultural heritage impact is expected.

13.4.5 During the 2^nd World War, the area became isolated, but it still remained a market centre for the villagers nearby. At that time, people called the area ‘Hang Hau Town’ (Blake C.F. 1981)

13.4.10 Maps from the 17^th Century onwards show little settlement in TKO except for TKO village at end of a long embayment, though behind mudflats (Empson 1991), Hang Hau to east and Junk Village also on Eastern side and Rennie’s Mill were settled in the first half of the 20^th Century.