3. Ecological impact

Introduction

3.1 This section presents the results of assessment of potential ecological impacts resulting from the Project. The aim of the ecological impact assessment is to provide sufficient and accurate ecological data to allow complete and objective identification, prediction, and evaluation of the potential ecological impact.

3.2 The assessment was based on field surveys and a review of existing literature, including survey and assessment reports of the study area. Ecological sensitive receivers were identified, and the ecological importance of habitats / species potentially affected by the proposed works was evaluated. The scale of possible ecological impacts resulting from the proposed works was assessed, and necessary mitigation measures were identified. Residual ecological impacts were assessed, and ecological monitoring and audit requirements were identified.

Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines

3.3 Guidelines, standards, documents and ordinances / regulations listed in the following sections were referred to during the course of the ecological impact assessment.

3.4 The Country Parks Ordinance (Cap. 208) provides for the designation and management of country parks and special areas. Country parks are designated for the purpose of nature conservation, countryside recreation and outdoor education. Special Areas are created mainly for the purpose of nature conservation.

3.5 The Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96) prohibits felling, cutting, burning or destroying of trees and growing plants in forests and plantations on government land. Related subsidiary regulations prohibit the selling or possession of listed, restricted and protected plant species.

3.6 Under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170), designated wild animals are protected from being hunted, whilst their nests and eggs are protected from injury, destruction and removal. All birds and most mammals, including marine cetaceans, are protected under this Ordinance.

3.7 The amended Town Planning Ordinance (Cap. 131) provides for the designation of coastal protection areas, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Conservation Area, Country Park, Green Belt or other specified uses that promote conservation or protection of the environment.

3.8 Chapter 10 of the Hong Kong Planning Standard and Guidelines (HKPSG) covers planning considerations relevant to conservation. This chapter details the principles of conservation, the conservation of natural landscape and habitats, historic buildings, archaeological sites and other antiquities. It also describes enforcement issues. The appendices list the legislation and administrative controls for conservation, other conservation related measures in Hong Kong and government departments involved in conservation.

3.9 Annex 16 of the EIAO-TM sets out the general approach and methodology for assessment of ecological impacts arising from a project or proposal, to allow a complete and objective identification, prediction and evaluation of the potential ecological impacts. Annex 8 recommends the criteria that can be used for evaluating habitat and ecological impact.

3.10 EIAO Guidance Note No. 6/2002 clarifies the requirements of ecological assessments under the EIAO.

3.11 EIAO Guidance Note No. 7/2002 provides general guidelines for conducting ecological baseline surveys in order to fulfil requirements stipulated in the EIAO-TM.

3.12 EIAO Guidance Note No. 10/2004 introduces some methodologies in conducting terrestrial and freshwater ecological baseline surveys in order to fulfil requirements stipulated in the EIAO-TM.

3.13 EIAO Guidance Note No. 11/2004 introduces some general methodologies for marine ecological baseline surveys in order to fulfil requirements stipulated in the EIAO-TM.

3.14 ETWB TCW No. 29/2004 Registration of Old and Valuable Trees, and Guidelines for their Preservation sets out the procedures for registration of old and valuable trees on unleased Government land within built-up areas and tourist attraction spots in village areas. Guidelines are also given for preservation and maintenance of the registered trees.

3.15 ETWB TCW No. 5/2005 Protection of Natural Streams / Rivers from Adverse Impacts arising from Construction Works provides an administrative framework to better protect all natural streams / rivers from the impacts of construction works. The procedures promulgated under this Circular aim to clarify and strengthen existing measures for protection of natural streams / rivers from government projects and private developments.

3.16 ETWB TCW No. 3/2006 Tree Preservation sets out the policy on tree preservation, and the procedures for control of tree felling, transplanting and pruning in Government projects.

3.17 DSD Practice Note No. 1/2005 Guidelines on Environmental Consideration for River Channel Design presents the environmental considerations that should be taken into account and incorporated whenever practicable in design of river channels.

3.18 DSD Technical Circular No. 2/2004 Protection of Natural Rivers and Streams from Adverse Impacts Arising from Construction Works provide guidelines for the planning and execution of construction works and for the vetting of public and private development proposals that affect natural rivers and streams, i.e. including those not classified as environmentally sensitive.

3.19 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on taxa that have been evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This system is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction, and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those taxa that are facing a higher risk of global extinction. The IUCN Red List also includes information on taxa that are either close to meeting the threatened thresholds or that would be threatened were it not for an ongoing taxon-specific conservation programme.

3.20 The Key Protected Wildlife Species List details Category I and Category II protected animal species under the PRC’s Wild Animal Protection Law.

Assessment Methodology

Project Area

3.21 The Project contains the following key elements:

· Approximately 26 km of underground railway running from the terminus in West Kowloon to the boundary at Huanggang;

· A terminus in West Kowloon, and its associated building elements such as a ventilation building, ventilation shafts, traction sub-station, and seawater cooling system;

· Seven tunnel ventilation buildings at Mai Po, Ngau Tam Mei, Pat Heung, Shing Mun, Kwai Chung, Nam Cheong and Mong Kok West, and an EAP at Tai Kong Po;

· Stabling sidings and maintenance facilities located at Shek Kong (Shek Kong Stabling Sidings (SSS)) to provide for temporary stabling, minor maintenance and cleaning; and

· An emergency rescue station (ERS) located next to the SSS.

3.22 Apart from the above key elements, site explosive magazines, nursery sites, barging facilities, base yards, and access roads will be required to support the construction of the Project.

3.23 The overall alignment of the Project is shown in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/001 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002, and a summary of the Project alignment is provided in Table 3.1. Details of the key Project elements proposed under the Project are discussed in Section 2.

^{Table 3.1 Summary of Key Construction Elements along the Project Alignment}

Section	Area	Works Element ^(1)	Length of Tunnel / Extent of Works	Construction Method	Nature of Works
Northern Section	Mai Po	(1) Tunnels between Boundary to Mai Po Ventilation Building	Horizontal length: 1.5 km	Bored Tunnelling	Underground (Level: -31 to -26 mPD, approximately 25 to 34 m below local ground)
		(2) Mai Po Shaft ^(2) (Temporary use: Launching of TBM; Permanent use: Mai Po Ventilation Building and Emergency Access Point)	Maximum height of ventilation building: 14 m	Cut and cover	Underground and Aboveground
	Ngau Tam Mei	(1) Tunnels between Mai Po and Ngau Tam Mei Ventilation Building	Horizontal length: 2.3 km	Bored Tunnelling	Underground (Level: -26 to -19 mPD, approximately 25 to 60 m below local ground)
		(2) Ngau Tam Mei Shaft ^(2) (Temporary use: Retrieval of TBM and drive drill and blast tunnel; Permanent use: Ngau Tam Mei Ventilation Building and Emergency Access Point)	Maximum height of ventilation building: 21 m	Cut and cover	Underground and Aboveground
	Kai Kung Leng	Tunnels between Ngau Tam Mei Ventilation Building and Tai Kong Po Emergency Access Point	Horizontal length: 2.8 km	Drill and Blast	Underground (Level: -20 to -16 mPD, approximately 60 to 30 m below local ground)
	Tai Kong Po	Tai Kong Po Shaft ^(2) (Temporary use: Retrieval of TBM and drive drill and blast tunnel; Permanent use: Tai Kong Po Emergency Access Point)	Height of building: 8 m	Cut and cover	Underground and Aboveground
	Shek Kong	(1) Tunnels between Tai Kong Po Emergency Access Point and north of Emergency Rescue Station (ERS)	Horizontal length: 1.1 km	Bored Tunnelling	Underground (Level:-19 to 4 mPD, approximately 30 to 10 m below local ground)
		(2) North of ERS to South of ERS [including Emergency Rescue Station (ERS) and Shek Kong Stabling Sidings (SSS)]	Horizontal length: 1.6 km	Cut and cover	Underground and Aboveground (Level: -4 to 10 mPD, approximately 10 to 18m below local ground)
	Pat Heung	(1) Tunnels between south of ERS and Tse Uk Tsuen Works Area	Horizontal length: 0.4 km	Bored Tunnelling	Underground (Level: 10 to 18 mPD, approximately 18 to 12m below local ground)
		(2) Tse Uk Tsuen shaft (Temporary use: Retrieval of TBM and drive drill and blast tunnel)	Length: 33m Width: 24m	Cut and cover	Aboveground
		(3) Pat Heung Works Area and Adit ^(2): (Temporary use: Drive drill and blast tunnel south; Permanent use: for ventilation, ventilation building and emergency access point)	Length of tunnel adit: 330 m; Maximum Height of ventilation building: 13 m	Drill and blast	Underground and Aboveground
	Tai Mo Shan	Tunnels between Tse Uk Tsuen Works Area and Shing Mun Ventilation Building	Horizontal length: 6.5 km	Drill and Blast	Underground (Level: -18 to 26 mPD, approximately 12 to 980 m below local ground)
Southern Section	Shing Mun	Shing Mun Shaft ^(2): (Permanent use: Shing Mun Ventilation Building and emergency access point) Shek Yam Works Area	Maximum height of ventilation building: 21 m	Cut and cover	Underground and Aboveground
	Kwai Chung	Tunnels between Shing Mun Ventilation Building and Kwai Chung adit	Horizontal length: 2.5 km	Drill and Blast	Underground (Level: -26 to -30 mPD, approximately 270 to 25 m below local ground)
	Nam Cheong	Tunnels between Kwai Chung adit ^(2) and Nam Cheong Ventilation Building ^(2)	Horizontal length: 3.0 km	Drill and Blast	Underground (Level: -30 to -20 mPD, approximately 270 to 25 m below local ground)
	West Kowloon	Tunnels between Nam Cheong Ventilation Building and Hoi Ting Road Works Area	Horizontal length: 2.5 km	Bored Tunnelling	Underground (Level: -20 to -15 mPD, approximately 25 to 20 m below local ground)
		Tunnels between Hoi Ting Road Construction Shaft and Mong Kok West Ventilation Building	Horizontal length: 0.2 km	Cut and cover	Underground (Level: -15 to -14 mPD, approximately 20 to 24 m below local ground)
		Tunnels between Mong Kok West Ventilation Building ^(2) and West Kowloon Terminus	Horizontal length: 0.5 km	Cut and cover	Underground (Level: -14 to -23 mPD, approximately 24 to 26 m below local ground)

Note:

(1) The locations of underground facilities such as tunnel alignment, shaft and adit are provided in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/001 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002.

(2) The detail arrangements of the shaft and adit associated with each of the proposed ventilation building are illustrated in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/101 to NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/108.

Study Area

3.24 The study area for the purpose of ecological assessment included areas within a distance of 500 m from the boundaries of the railway alignment and associated areas under the Project, such as terminus, stabling sidings, emergency rescue station, access roads, adits, ventilation buildings, works sites, barging points and aboveground conveyor system, if any, and the areas likely to be impacted by the Project. For aquatic ecology, the study area was the same as the water quality impact assessment or the area likely to be impacted by the Project. The ecological baseline profile of the study area is established with reference to relevant available literature and ecological surveys for the Project, as described below.

Literature Review

3.25 In accordance with Clause 3.4.8.4(i) of the EIAO Study Brief, collation and review of relevant available relevant studies and information regarding the ecological character of the study area were carried out. Evaluation of the collected information was evaluated to identify any information gap relating to the assessment of potential ecological impacts to the terrestrial and aquatic environment.

Ecological Surveys

Background

3.26 Based on review of the findings of relevant studies and available information, field surveys were carried out to fill information gaps identified and verify the information collected, to fulfil the objectives of the EIA Study according to Clause 3.4.8.4(iii) of the EIAO Study Brief. The methodologies for ecological surveys and impact assessment presented below were prepared in accordance with the criteria and guidelines in Annexes 8 and 16 of the EIAO-TM, EIAO Guidance Note No. 7/2002 – Ecological Baseline Survey for Ecological Assessment, EIAO Guidance Note No. 10/2004 – Methodologies for Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecological Baseline Surveys and EIAO Guidance Note No. 11/2004 – Methodologies for Marine Ecological Baseline Surveys.

Survey Area

Terrestrial Ecology

3.27 The underground portions of the railway alignment (Table 3.1 refers) are excluded from the ecological impacts assessment. As the Project alignment runs underground, loss of habitat is not considered. The railway alignment would be between 10 and 60 m below the surface. At this depth ground-borne noise impacts are negligible. The noise impact assessment demonstrates that during the construction and operational phases ground-borne noise would have a minimal impact to aboveground wildlife and ecology (refer to Section 6). Moreover, the hydrogeological impact assessment shows that there would be minimal disturbance to groundwater and surface water features; thereby minimizing any impact to flora and fauna on the surface (refer to Appendix 11.8). Potential indirect and cumulative ecological impacts due to noise, hydrological disruption, vibration and water pollution on the surroundings of the underground alignment, particularly on any recognised site of conservation interest would be insignificant.

3.28 The southern section is defined as the section of Project alignment from the south of Tai Mo Shan to the West Kowloon Terminus (Table 3.1 refers), as well as the supporting sites including the nursery and explosive magazine site at So Kwun Wat (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/003 refers), and barging points at Siu Lam, Rambler Channel, Nam Cheong, Tsing Chau Tsai, Pillar Point, Lung Kwu Sheung Tan and West Kowloon. These areas are located within urban developed area with limited ecological resources and no works is proposed for the existing barging point at Pillar Point. Another area at Siu Lang Shui located in the vicinity of Siu Lang Shui SSSI, currently a disturbed ground, would also be used for nursery site. Since the site would be occupied temporarily solely for vegetation nursery with no major construction activities involved, adverse impacts to nearby habitats is not anticipated. These works areas would therefore be scoped out from ecological survey.

3.29 The ecological surveys therefore focused on the northern section of the Project alignment and works areas of associated aboveground facilities with the presence of natural habitats. The northern section is defined as the section of alignment running from Deep Bay and Mai Po south to Tai Mo Shan (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/001 refers). For survey purpose, the study area in the northern section has been divided into 7 sub-sites. These sub-sites included those locations at which aboveground works (e.g. stabling sidings, ventilation buildings, emergency access points, access roads, and magazine sites) would be conducted, namely the Mai Po Ventilation Building (MPV), Ngau Tam Mei Ventilation Building (NTV), Tai Kong Po Emergency Access Point (TPP), Shek Kong Stabling Sidings and Emergency Rescue Station (SSS / ERS), Pat Heung Ventilation Building (PHV), Tse Uk Tsuen Works Area (TUW) and a temporary explosive magazine at an abandoned quarry at Tai Tong (TSW). The locations of these 7 sub-sites are presented in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/101.

Marine Ecology

3.30 Excavation of tunnels and associated structures will generate spoil from works areas. Seven barging points have been proposed to transport the spoil generated from the Project to various disposal sites for reuse or disposing of. To cater for spoil transportation, one of the barging points located at Lung Kwu Sheung Tan would be upgraded. The proposed upgrading would involve marine works such as modification of seawall and dredging of a berthing area. The marine ecological assessment of the proposed upgrading works in Lung Kwu Sheung Tan is provided in Appendix 3.6.

3.31 Air conditioning systems of the proposed West Kowloon Terminus would be served by a pumping station which draws water from Victoria Harbour through intake unit and pump to the buildings through pipelines. Used water carrying waste heat from the heat exchanger of the air conditioning system would be discharged through the outfall unit direct to Victoria Harbour. The construction of intake and outfall units would be conducted by replacing the existing concrete seawall (i.e. blockwork) with new precast seawall units. The potential ecological impact to the marine habitats is further discussed in Appendix 3.7. Assessment findings based on the on-going surveys are provided in this appendix.

Survey Programme

3.32 A six-month ecological survey was conducted from July to December 2008 covering both wet and dry seasons. Additional field checks to some of the works areas such as MPV, NTV, SSS / ERS, and PHV were also conducted at times from January to June 2009 after the completion the six-month survey period to facilitate ecological assessment. Because of differences in breeding seasons, migratory behaviour, or physiological changes, wildlife groups differ in their seasonal usage of habitats in and around the Project area. In order to collect representative baseline information of the flora and fauna within the study area, each target species group was surveyed for during periods of known activity. The details of the survey programme are summarized in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Ecological Survey Programme

Ecological Survey	Wet Season				Dry Season					Wet Season
	Jul 08	Aug 08	Sept 08	Oct 08	Nov 08	Dec 08	Jan 09	Feb 09	Mar 09	Apr 09	May 09	Jun 09
Vegetation Survey and Habitat Mapping	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	¤				¤
Avifauna Survey	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	¤	¤	¤	¤	¤	¤
Mammal Survey	ü		ü		ü		¤		¤		¤	¤
Dragonfly Survey	ü	ü	ü	ü						¤	¤	¤
Butterfly Survey	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü					¤	¤	¤
Amphibian Survey	ü	ü	ü	ü					¤	¤	¤	¤
Reptile Survey	ü	ü	ü	ü						¤	¤	¤
Freshwater Communities Survey	ü						¤				¤

Note:

1. The shaded boxes denote time of the year to survey major floral and faunal groups when different faunal or floral groups are generally more conspicuous (with reference to EIAO Guidance Note No. 7/2002 – Ecological Baseline Survey for Ecological Assessment).

2. The ticks (ü) denote the time of different faunal or floral groups surveyed under the Project.

3. The symbol ¤ denotes the additional survey for different faunal or floral groups surveyed under the Project after December 2008.

Habitat Mapping and Vegetation Survey

3.33 Habitats within the study area were identified, sized and mapped. Ecological characteristics of each habitat type including size, vegetation type, and species present, dominant species found, species diversity and abundance, community structure, seasonal patterns and inter-dependence of the habitats and species, and presence of any features of ecological importance were defined and characterized. Representative photographs of the habitat types and of important ecological features identified were taken. A desktop review of aerial photographs developed habitat maps of a suitable scale (1:1000 to 1:5000) showing the types and locations of habitats within 500 m of the study area. The habitat maps were then verified during ground truthing.

3.34 Vegetation surveys were conducted throughout wet and dry seasons, by direct observation, to record diversity and dominance of plant species present in different habitat types. Areas with similar vegetation composition were categorized under the same habitat type. Given the homogenised nature of the flora records in terms of relative abundance, diversity and species composition, the flora list of various habitats over the whole study area were collectively presented in Appendix 3.2. The Appendix provides information on the dominant plant species in each habitat. More detailed descriptions on the vegetation in different areas’ habitats are presented in this Section. The location of any plant species of conservation interest was recorded. Identification of flora species and status in Hong Kong was made with reference to Hong Kong Herbarium (2004) and Corlett et al. (2000).

Fauna Survey

3.35 Transect count method covering a representative area of each habitat type were conducted to record species and relative abundance of the birds, butterflies, dragonflies, herpetofauna, and mammals sighted or heard within the study area. The locations of the survey transect were selected with the consideration of site accessibility to cover the representative areas of all identified habitats as far as practicable. Uses of various habitats by wildlife (e.g. feeding, breeding, etc.) with special attention to those wildlife groups and their associated habitats identified as having conservation interests were investigated and identified during the surveys. Locations of species of conservation interest were recorded and mapped. The locations of the walk-transects are provided in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/XRL/ENS/M51/500 to NOL/ERL/300/XRL/ENS/M51/510.

Avifauna Survey

3.36 Avifauna species present and relative abundance of species in different habitats were surveyed visually and aurally by transect counts. The location of any avifauna species of conservation interest was recorded, along with notable behaviour (e.g. breeding, roosting, and feeding activities). Daytime avifauna surveys were started in the early morning at the period of peak bird activity. Night surveys were also conducted to record nocturnal avifauna. Surveys were undertaken on a monthly basis in both the dry and wet seasons for avifauna. To maximize efficiency, relevant literature and current surveys were both used to provide information for the assessment. Because of Mai Po’s importance to avifauna especially waterbirds, a particular emphasis on the birds of this region was placed in our reviews. There is large body of current and relevant data on the avifauna of Mai Po and its vicinity including information from recent EIA’s, bird monitoring, egretry counts, and environmental studies (PPEL, 2008; CEDD, 2008; Anon, 2008a; Anon, 2008b). No information gap was identified in the Mai Po study area and six-month survey period is considered sufficient. These findings was nevertheless further verified with and supplemented by the current ecological surveys a cross-cutting assessment of avifauna at Mai Po was conducted.

Mammal Survey

3.37 Mammal surveys were conducted, during day and night, in areas potentially be used by terrestrial mammals. The surveys focused on finding field signs such as droppings, footprints, diggings or burrows left by larger terrestrial mammals. Mammal identifications were made to the lowest possible taxon from the field signs. In addition, any mammal directly observed was also identified. Locations of mammal species of conservation interest were recorded.

Amphibian Survey

3.38 Amphibian surveys were conducted in evenings following or during rainfall. These surveys focused on areas of suitable habitat for amphibians. During surveys all breeding amphibians were identified and their abundance was quantitatively assessed. Records of calling amphibians formed the bulk of the data collected and were supplemented by visual observations of eggs, tadpoles, and adult frogs and toads.

Reptile Survey

3.39 During reptile surveys, careful searches of microhabitats and refugia for reptiles were undertaken and all reptiles observed were identified and counted. In addition to this active searching, observations of exposed, basking or foraging reptiles were also recorded. Reptile surveys were undertaken during both daytime and night-time.

Butterfly and Dragonfly Survey

3.40 Insects are particularly difficult to assess because of their range of diversity, size, and habitats. To obtain representative information about these organisms, surveys needed to be undertaken. Butterfly and dragonfly surveys were conducted because there is a body of comparable data on Lepidoptera and Odonata in Hong Kong. Moreover, these two orders of insects share habitats with many other insects they may be considered proxies for other species. Standardized protocols for assessing the abundance and diversity were followed. Butterflies and dragonflies were recorded on daytime transect counts within the study area. Habitat type of the species record and relative abundance of butterflies and dragonflies were recorded. Finally, these records were reviewed under IUCN and relevant local guidelines (Cap. 170; Fellowes et al., 2002, etc.) for their conservation status.

Freshwater Communities Survey

3.41 Surveys of freshwater communities were conducted during wet and dry seasons by active searching and direct observation of watercourse. The surveys were conducted in watercourse or drainage channel of reasonable water quality located within or near to the proposed works area. The survey of freshwater communities focused primarily on natural stream sections that are likely to be impacted by the Project. The sampling locations of freshwater community survey are shown in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/XRL/ENS/M51/501 to NOL/ERL/300/XRL/ENS/M51/510. Fauna including fish, macroinvertebrate, and other freshwater fauna were actively searched during the survey. Hand nets were used to collect organisms in the watercourses. Stones in streambeds were overturned to locate aquatic animals beneath. All encountered organisms were identified to the lowest possible taxon and recorded. Fauna utilizing other artificial freshwater habitats such as commercial fishponds, drainage channels, natural meanders and freshwater marshes, were recorded in other faunal surveys. Any relevant baseline data from available previous studies on the freshwater habitats in the study area such as monitoring reports for recreated wetlands (under the monitoring programme for West Rail), abandoned meanders and drainage channels (e.g. under Study on Wetland Compensation, and Ecological Monitoring for Main Drainage Channel Projects at Northwest New Territories), as well as other recently completed EIA reports (e.g. for Wo Shang Wai Development, Upgrading of Kam Tin Road) has also been reviewed.

Baseline Conditions

3.42 The Project encompasses a large range of habitats in Hong Kong; from the highly urbanized streets of West Kowloon to the rural fishponds of Mai Po. This diversity of habitat requires scrutiny of a number of environs and organisms. Included in the following sections are a review and analysis of the areas of conservation interest and specific sites of environmental importance within the Project area. There is also an examination of relevant literature; focusing on the wildlife, ecology and vegetation of this area.

3.43 The Project is large in scope and scale, spanning more than 26 km from north to south. To facilitate reviews and subsequent surveys, the Project area was divided into two major sections. The “northern” section covers from Deep Bay and Mai Po south to Tai Mo Shan. This region is characterized by a diverse assemblage of wetlands and open spaces. The “southern” section ranges south from Tai Mo Shan to the shores of Victoria Harbour in West Kowloon. This portion of the Project area is highly developed and mostly urban. These sub-divisions were necessary to assist in a timely and complete assessment of the proposed Project alignment.

Sites of Conservation Interest

3.44 The zoning and areas of conservation interest identified within the study area are summarized in Table 3.3 and discussed in the following sections. The locations of recognized areas of conservation interest within and in the vicinity of the Project area are shown in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/XRL/ENS/M51/400, and NOL/ERL/300/XRL/ENS/M51/300 to NOL/ERL/300/XRL/
ENS/M51/313.

Table 3.3 Summary of the Zonings and Areas of Conservation Interest within the Study Area

Name of Aboveground Works Area	Abbreviation	Statutory Plan Name (Number)	Zone within the Aboveground Works Area	Area of Conservation Interest within the 500 m Study Area	Distance from Works Area
Mai Po Ventilation Building	MPV	Mai Po & Fairview Park OZP (S/YL-MP/6)	Other Specified Uses (Comprehensive Development to include Wetland Restoration Area), Village Type Development	Wetland Buffer Area (WBA)	Wholly within works area
				Wetland Conservation Area (WCA)	Adjacent to the northern side of works area
				Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site	Approximately 450 m from works area
				Mai Po Village SSSI	Approximately 250 m northeast from works area
				3.45 Mai Po Village Egretry	3.46 Approximately 500 m northeast from works area
				Conservation Area (CA)	Adjacent to the northern side of works area
Ngau Tam Mei Ventilation Building	NTV	Ngau Tam Mei OZP (S/YL-NTM/12)	Government, Institute or Community and Green Belt	Conservation Area (under Mai Po & Fairview Park OZP (S/YL-MP/6))	Approximately 110 m south from works area
				Lam Tsuen Country Park	Approximately 180 m southwest from works area
Tai Kong Po Emergency Access Point	TPP	Kam Tin North OZP (S/YL-KTN/7)	Agriculture	Conservation Area (CA)	Approximately 40 m north from works area
				Conservation Area (1) (CA(1)) (compensatory wetland under West Rail and Kam Tin Bypass project)	Approximately 30 m to 200 m from works area
				Lam Tsuen Country Park	Approximately 100 m north from works area
Shek Kong Stabling Sidings and Emergency Access Point	SSS / ERS	Shek Kong OZP (S/YL-SK/9); Pat Heung OZP (S/YL-PH/11); Kam Tin North OZP (S/YL-KTN/7)	Agriculture, Village Type Development, Residential (Group C) 2, Industrial (Group D), Open Storage	Conservation Area (CA) (under Shek Kong OZP (S/YL-SK/9))	Approximately 400 m southeast from works area
Pat Heung Ventilation Building	PHV	Shek Kong OZP (S/YL-SK/9)	Agriculture	Conservation Area (CA)	Adjacent to the southern side of works area
				Tai Lam Country Park	Approximately 180 m from the southern side of works area
				Pat Heung Temple Fung Shui Woodland	Approximately 300 m northeast from works area
Tse Uk Tsuen works area	TUW	Shek Kong OZP (S/YL-SK/9)	Agriculture, Village Type Development	Conservation Area (CA)	Approximately 30 m from the southern side of works area
				Tai Lam Country Park	Approximately 300 m from the southern side of works area
				Pat Heung Temple Fung Shui Woodland	Approximately 500 m northeast from works area
Magazine Site at Tai Shu Ha Road West	TSW	Tai Tong OZP (S/YL-TT/14)	Conservation Area	Conservation Area (CA)	Within works area
				Tai Lam Country Park	Approximately 200 m from the eastern side of works area
Nursery Site at Siu Lang Shui	SLSW	Tuen Mun OZP (S/TM/24)	Green Belt	Siu Lang Shui SSSI	Approximately 250 m from the northwestern side of works area
Shing Mun Ventilation Building	SMV	Tsuen Wan OZP (S/TW/26)	Residential (Group A), Open Space, Government, Institute or Community	Shing Mun Country Park	Approximately 400 m from the northern side of works area

Country Park

3.47 Lam Tsuen, Tai Lam and Shing Mun Country Parks (CPs) are located in the vicinity of the aboveground works area of the Project. However, no direct encroachment of the aboveground works such as construction works of ventilation buildings, stabling sidings and temporary access roads into the country park area is anticipated. Direct impact to the country parks resulting from the construction of the Project is not expected.

Lam Tsuen Country Park

3.48 Designated in year 1979, Lam Tsuen CP encompasses 1,520 ha spanning in Tai Po, Fanling, and Yuen Long. The Lam Tsuen CP is divided into two parts, Tai To Yan, and Kai Kung Leng, near Fan Kam Road. Kadoorie Farm and secondary woodland behind Pak Ngau Shek village are rich in flora with community dominated by Machilus species, Taiwan Acacia (Acacia confusa), and Brisbane Box (Lophostemon confertus). The local plantations within Lam Tsuen CP are home to a host of wild animals such as mammals (Chinese Porcupine, Hystrix brachyura; Rhesus Macaque, Macaca mulatta), birds (Chinese Bulbul, Pycnonotus sinensis; Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus), butterflies (Common Mormon, Papilio polytes; Red Helen, Papilio helenus; Great Orange Tip, Hebomoia glaucippe glaucippe). The closest aboveground works area (the TPP) would be located about 100 m south from boundary of Lam Tsuen CP (AFCD, 2009a).

Tai Lam Country Park

3.49 Tai Lam CP is the second largest country park in Hong Kong designated in 1979. It encompasses a vast area (a total area of 5,370 ha) extending from Tsuen Wan to Tuen Mun. It provides habitats to various animals, including mammals such as Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), Chinese Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) and Red Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak); herpetofauna like Hong Kong Cascade Frog (Amolops hongkongensis) and Chinese Cobra (Naja atra); and the freshwater rice fish (Oryzias curvinotus). The aboveground works area in the PHV and the TSW would be located approximately 180 m and 300 m respectively from the boundary Tai Lam CP (AFCD, 2009a).

Shing Mun Country Park

3.50 Designated in 1977, Shing Mun CP was one of the first country parks in the territory. This country park commands a site of 1,400 ha with its southern boundary lie closely to the built-up area in Tsuen Wan and Sheung Kwai Chung. Given its close proximity to the highly developed area, Shing Mun CP is home to relatively common birds and mammals, such as Pallas's Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus), Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) and Red Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak). Occasional records of Hong Kong Newt (Paramesotriton hongkongensis), a locally protected amphibian, were also marked around the streams. Macaques can sometimes be found along the wooded trails within the CP area. The Shing Mun Ventilation Building (SMV) would be located approximately 400 m south from the southern boundary of the Shing Mun CP (AFCD, 2009a).

Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site

3.51 The Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site lies approximately 450 m from the nearest proposed aboveground works area of the MPV (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/300 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/400 refer). The site was declared a Wetland of International Importance, or Ramsar Site, under the Ramsar Convention on 4^th September 1995. The Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site covers an area of 1,500 ha of fishponds, gei wai, and intertidal mudflats. This site is recognized as an important feeding ground for migrant and wintering birds, particularly wetland-dependent species which include a number of globally-threatened species. In addition, the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site is the home for a number of restricted-range invertebrates. Given the aboveground construction works are situated some distance away from the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site, no direct impact to this ecologically important area is thus anticipated.

Wetland Conservation Area (WCA) and Wetland Buffer Area (WBA)

3.52 The high ecological value of wetlands adjacent to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site in the northwestern and northern New Territories was highlighted in report on the ecological value of fishponds in Deep Bay Area (Aspinwall, 1997). The fishpond study recommended an area of fishponds and other wetlands in the northern New Territories be designated as a Wetland Conservation Area (WCA). A buffer zone (the Wetland Buffer Area, WBA) of 500 m was recommended to be established around the WCA. These recommendations were incorporated into Town Planning Board guidelines (TPB PG-N. 12B). The goals of these two zones are summarized as follows:

Ÿ Wetland Conservation Area (WCA): Aside from essential infrastructure works, no development detrimental to wetland habitats should be permitted within the WCA. Any essential works carried out in the WCA must comply with a “no net loss of wetland” policy. Any loss of wetland area or function will require compensatory habitat creation / enhancement.

Ÿ Wetland Buffer Area (WBA): Although development is allowed in the WBA, ecological impact assessments should be conducted for any proposal to demonstrate the development would not result in loss of ecological function of WCA, i.e. the development would not disturb avifauna and other wildlife utilizing fishponds in WCA.

3.53 The works area of the MPV located within the WBA is immediately adjacent to the boundary of the WCA (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/300, NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/301 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/400 refer). Without direct encroachment into the WCA plus the proper implementation of good-site practices during construction phase, adverse ecological impacts on WCA are unlikely to be resulted from construction of the MPV.

Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)

Mai Po Village SSSI

3.54 Mai Po Village SSSI was identified within the study area of the MPV (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/300 refers). There will be no direct encroachment of any aboveground construction works into the SSSI. Designated as a SSSI in 1979, the basis of designation was for the protection of the egretry within the 5.3 ha woodland habitat in Mai Po Village. A total of 57 nests were recorded from Mai Po Village Egretry within the Mai Po Village SSSI supporting Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) and Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) during the egretry survey in summer 2008 (Anon, 2008a). Mai Po Village SSSI is approximately 250 m away from the works areas of the MPV. No encroachment on the Mai Po Village SSSI is expected.

Inner Deep Bay SSSI

3.55 The Inner Deep Bay SSSI is constituted of the intertidal mudflats of Inner Deep Bay, to the north and west of Mai Po Marshes SSSI, and is bordered by Shenzhen to the north. The site provides habitat for internationally-important numbers of migratory waterbirds as well as aquatic fauna of economic value and scientific importance. The SSSI lies approximately 2 km west from the works area of the MPV (Figure No.NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/400 refers). With the large buffer, the Inner Deep bay SSSI is unlikely to be negatively impacted by the proposed MPV.

Mai Po Marshes SSSI

3.56 The Mai Po Marshes SSSI was designated in September 1976. This 393 ha SSSI is composed of gei wai (shallow shrimp ponds) (209 ha) and dwarf mangrove and tidal creeks. The gei wai within the SSSI form an important roosting habitat for internationally important numbers of waterbirds, including several globally-threatened species. The Reserve and SSSI are located over 1 km to the west of the proposed works area of the MPV (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/400 refers). Given the far distance between the SSSI and works area, no direct impacts to Mai Po Village SSSI are anticipated from the proposed works.

Siu Lang Shiu SSSI

3.57 Siu Lang Shui SSSI is located within the study area of Siu Lang Shui Nursery Site (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/313 refers). The distance to the SSSI from the nursery site boundary is approximately 250 m. The site was designated in 2008 and is situated on a slope at the northern part of the closed and restored Siu Lang Shui Landfill in Tuen Mun. With a size of 2.3 ha, the site is covered mainly by plantation of exotic species such as Eucalyptus torelliana and Acacia confusa, with some native species colonizing the understorey including Zanthoxylum avicennae and Ligustrum sinense. Siu Lang Shui SSSI is the largest known butterfly overwintering site in Hong Kong. Butterflies of the Family Danaidae have been recorded at the site in large number during winters since 1999. These overwintering butterflies include Blue-spotted Crow (Euploea midamus midamus), Common Indian Crow (Euploea core amymone), Striped Blue Crow (Euploea mulciber mulciber), Common Tiger (Danaus genutia genutia), Ceylon Blue Glassy Tiger (Ideopsis similis similis), Blue Tiger (Tirumala limniace limniace), and Dark Blue Tiger (Tirumala septentrionis septentrionis). The proposed Siu Lang Shui Nursery Site would serve mainly for temporary nursery ground of plantation or trees to be transplanted. No extensive construction works are anticipated in this area and thus adverse ecological impacts to the Siu Lang Shiu SSSI are not expected.

Mai Po Nature Reserve

3.58 The Mai Po Nature Reserve is located at the centre of the WCA and has achieved international significance as a stopping and feeding place for migratory birds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. This Nature Reserve is managed for the Hong Kong Government by World Wide Fund for Nature Hong Kong (WWF-HK) serving the purpose of place for environmental conservation, as well as education and research. The Mai Po Nature Reserve is located over 1 km to the west of the proposed works area of the MPV (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/400 refers). No direct impacts to Mai Po Nature Reserve are anticipated to result from the proposed works given the far distance.

Mitigation Wetlands

3.59 Mitigation wetlands provisioned for the loss of ecological sensitive areas from the construction of the West Rail and Kam Tin Bypass projects are located within the TPP study area. They are all located outside the proposed works boundary.

Mitigation Wetland for West Rail

3.60 The EIA study for West Rail was completed in March 1998 and habitat mitigation recommendations were incorporated in the Revised Habitat Creation and Management Plan (KCRC, 2001). The most important of these recommendations was the commitment by Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) to provide compensatory wetland habitat for the loss of ecologically significant wetland habitat in the Kam Tin valley arising from West Rail construction. This compensatory wetland habitat was required to replace on a like-for-like basis of the ecological functions of the habitat lost, with particular reference to species of conservation interest recorded in the Kam Tin valley. Based on the West Rail Study report and consultations with the Advisory Council on the Environment (ACE), the compensatory wetland habitat was designed to perform the following functions:

l recreation of freshwater wetland habitat;

l re-provisioning of habitat suitable for dragonflies;

l re-provisioning of habitat suitable for reptiles and amphibians including the Narrow-mouthed Frog Kalophrynus interlineatus; and

l re-provisioning of habitat suitable for wetland-dependent birds including the Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis.

3.61 The required compensatory habitat provision was undertaken as a series of twelve ‘land parcels’ (Parcels A – J), located on or adjacent to West Rail in the Kam Tin area (total area of about 11 ha). These areas would continue to be maintained and managed by MTRC in order to satisfy the objectives described above.

Mitigation Wetland for Kam Tin Bypass

3.62 Three other patches of created wetlands (total area of approximately 1.56 ha) were constructed under the Kam Tin Bypass project in 2001. These seasonal wetlands comprised of small pool areas for the use of Greater Painted-snipe. Two of them were dominated by different species of grasses such as Bidens alba, Cassytha filiformis, Echinochloa spp., Miscanthus floridulus, Pueraria spp., Panicum maximum, Wedelia trilobata and Phragmites australis.

Buffalo Field

3.63 The “Buffalo Field” is a locally uncommon habitat comprising extensive areas of former agricultural land that has been maintained as grazed marsh and seasonally wet grassland by a herd of feral Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). There are historical breeding records of Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) in the Buffalo Field and the nearby school marsh in the Kam Tin area (Leader, 1999). Recently, the size and quality of this Buffalo Field habitat has been greatly degraded due to the dumping of excavated fill materials from nearby construction projects since late 2007/early 2008. The southern portion of the Buffalo Field falls within the study area of a minor upgrading road works under the Project (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/400).

Conservation Area (CA)

3.64 Within the study area, there are several parcels of CAs gazetted under various Outline Zoning Plans (OZPs). Apart from the works area on the proposed TSW (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/310 refers), all other aboveground construction works areas fall outside CAs (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/300 to NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/309 refer).

3.65 The TSW is located at the Tai Tong East Borrow Area. The works area of the TSW is located entirely within a CA zoned under the Tai Tong OZP (Statutory Plan No. S/YL-TT/14). This CA is zoned to protect and retain the existing natural landscape, ecological or topographical features of the area for conservation, educational and research purposes. The zoning ordinances also separate sensitive natural environments, such as the Tai Lam Country Park, from the adverse effects of development. To restore the borrow area, fast growing exotic species (e.g. Acacia spp., Melaleuca quinquenervia) were planted extensively in the area. The area will be maintained by AFCD from 2003 to 2012 and recently native species (e.g. Machilus spp., Reevesia thyrsoidea, Schefflera heptaphylla, and Phyllanthus emblica) have been planted to increase diversity. Although the construction works for the magazine site would be small in scale, direct impact to a plantation habitat is inevitable.

3.66 Under Mai Po & Fairview Park OZP (Statutory Plan No. S/YL-MP/6), an area adjacent to the northern side of the works area of the MPV is a CA with the purpose of conserving ecologically valuable wetlands and fishponds which form an integral part of the wetland ecosystem in the Deep Bay Area. The “no-net-loss in wetland” principle is adopted for any change in use within this zone. No direct impacts to the CA are anticipated to result from the proposed works.

3.67 Nine parcels of the compensatory wetland from the West Rail and Kam Tin Bypass projects fall within the study area of the TPP. Five of which are zoned as a CA under the Kam Tin North OZP (Statutory Plan No. S/YL-KTN/7) in order to conserve the ecological value of the wetlands. Other than the created wetlands, a shrubland / woodland located approximately 40 m north of the TPP works area also zoned as a CA under the same OZP. The zoning of the CA is intended to protect and retain the existing natural landscape, ecological or topographical features of the area for conservation, educational and research purposes. The CA also separates sensitive natural environments such as Lam Tsuen Country Park from the adverse effects of development. No direct impacts to the CA are anticipated to result from the proposed works.

3.68 Under the Shek Kong OZP (Statutory Plan No. S/YL-SK/9), a continuous patch of woodland habitat to the south of the PHV, TUW and SSS works area is zoned as CA with a planning intention to protect and retain the existing natural landscape, ecological or topographical features of the area for conservation, educational and research purposes and to separate sensitive natural environment such as the Tai Lam Country Park from the adverse effects of development. No direct impacts to the CA are anticipated to result from the proposed works.

Egretry

3.69 A total of three egretries were identified within and in vicinity of the study area of MPV (Figure No.NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/400 refers). All the three egretries identified are located away from the proposed works area with sufficient buffering distance; direct impacts to the egretries are not anticipated to result from the proposed MPV during construction.

3.70 The Egretry Counts conducted by the HKBWS from 2000 to 2008 confirmed that the Mai Po Village Egretry have been active ever since 2000 (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/300 refers). From the results of the latest egretry count survey, the Mai Po Village Egretry supported two nests of Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) and 55 nests of Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) (Anon, 2008a). Nests of Little Egret, Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) and Great Egret (Egretta alba) were also recorded from the Egretry by an ecological monitoring programme during 2003 and 2004 (DSD, 2003 – 2004). The Mai Po Village Egretry is located 500 m northeast from the proposed MPV.

3.71 Both Tam Kon Chau and Mai Po Lung Egretry fall outside the 500 m study area of the MPV (1.1 km northwest and 1 km north from the works area respectively). Tam Kon Chau is located within the boundary of the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site supporting 23 nests of Chinese Pond Heron. Mai Po Lung Egretry supporting 37 nests was inhabited by both Little Egret and Chinese Pond Heron (Anon, 2008a).

3.72 Another nesting colony was identified at To Kau Wan, which is approximately 700 m west from the Tsing Chau Tsai Barging Point, during the egretry count survey in 2002 summer (Wong, 2002). A single nest of Great Egret (Egretta alba), 25 nests of Little Egret and five nests of Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) were recorded from the To Kau Wan nesting colonies in the 2002 summer surveys. Since then, this egretry was abandoned and no breeding record was sighted in the subsequent egretry count surveys in 2003 and 2004. In summer 2005, a nesting colony supporting 25 nests of Little Egret and 25 nests of Black-crowned Night Heron were recorded at San Po Tsui which is 400 m and 1.1 km west from the abandoned To Kau Wan egretry and Tsing Chau Tsai Barging Point respectively. However, no breeding record was marked during the recent count surveys from 2007 to 2008 (Anon, 2007 and 2008a).

Fung Shui Woodland (FSW)

3.73 Pat Heung Temple FSW is situated about 300 m northeast from the proposed PHV (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/308 refers). This FSW is approximately 0.1 ha in size and supports 21 species of flora (Yip et al., 2006). Direct impact resulting from the construction works of the proposed PHV is not anticipated.

General Overview of Ecological Habitat

3.74 Field surveys for this Project identified a total of 14 habitat types within the study area, comprising active agriculture, inactive agriculture, active fishpond, inactive fishpond / pond, reedbed / freshwater marsh, created wetland, watercourse, drainage channel, grassland, seasonally wet grassland, secondary woodland, shrubland, plantation and developed area / wasteground. Habitat maps of the study area in the northern section are given in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/101, and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/200 to NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/210. The habitat maps for the southern section are provided in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/211 to NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/229. Appendix 3.2 lists out the flora recorded during the current surveys. The habitats identified within the study area are discussed below.

3.75 For the purpose of presentation, the study areas of the aboveground construction works are categorized into two major areas: southern section and northern section. The northern section is further sub-divided into three areas: Mai Po Area, Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area and Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area, based on the geographic arrangement and habitat characteristics. Table 3.4 summarizes the size and percentage coverage of each habitat type within the categorized study areas.

Table 3.4 Size and Composition of the Habitat Types within the Study Area in the Northern Section

Habitat Type	Area (ha)			Total Habitat Area	% of Total Area
	Mai Po Area (MPV)^(1)	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS / ERS, PHV and TUW)^(2)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)^(3)
Active Agriculture	3.70	43.47	1.30	48.47	4.29%
Inactive Agriculture	0.00	26.18	0.12	26.30	2.33%
Active Fishpond	28.56	0.00	1.26	29.82	2.64%
Inactive Fishpond / Pond	3.72	0.99	1.29	6.00	0.53%
Reedbed / Freshwater Marsh	4.66	0.31	0.11	5.08	0.45%
Created Wetland	0.00	6.87	0.00	6.87	0.61%
Watercourse	0.00	10.9 (15.5 km)	0.96 (2.8 km)	11.86 (18.3 km)	1.05%
Drainage Channel	2.32 (2.2 km)	23.51 (10.4 km)	0.04 (0.2 km)	25.87 (12.8 km)	2.29%
Grassland	19.55	20.29	22.70	62.54	5.53%
Seasonally Wet Grassland / Wet Grassland	1.17	1.97	0.00	3.14	0.28%
Secondary Woodland	4.34	42.15	25.28	71.77	6.35%
Shrubland	1.89	72.33	88.38	162.60	14.39%
Plantation	7.61	10.62	73.32	91.55	8.1%
Developed Area / Wasteground	58.63	469.50	50.33	578.46	51.18%
Total:	136.15	729.09	265.09	1130.33	100%

Notes:

(1) Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/200 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/201 refer.

(2) Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/203 to NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/209 refer.

(3) Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/202 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/210 refer.

Mai Po Area

3.76 This portion of this document provides a brief overview of the habitats and flora and fauna found within the Mai Po Ventilation Building (MPV) study area. Within the 136 ha study area, there are multiple habitat types. Three major habitats types dominate the study area; developed areas / wastegrounds (43.1%), active fishponds (21%), and grasslands (14.4%). A smaller area of wetland habitat types (5.83 ha), e.g. reedbeds and seasonally wet grasslands, and woodlands (4.34 ha) of ecological importance are inside of the study area (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/200 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/201 refer). Representative photographs of the habitat types identified are provided in Appendix 3.1.

3.77 Portions of the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site, WBA, and WCA fall within the study area. The Mai Po Village SSSI, a woodland habitat, also partly falls within the study area. The Mai Po Area contains one egretry, the Mai Po Village Egretry; and is within the feeding range of the Mai Po Lung egretry. Section 3.78 to 3.103 below detail the specific flora and fauna found within these habitats.

Habitat and Vegetation

3.78 A total of 11 habitat types were identified within the study area. Active agriculture, active fishpond, inactive fishpond / pond, reedbed / freshwater marsh, drainage channel, grassland, seasonally wet grassland, secondary woodland, shrubland, plantation and developed area / wasteground habitats were all found within the Mai Po Area. Habitat map are given in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/200 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/201. The habitats recorded within the study area are described in the following sections.

Wetland Habitats

3.79 The Mai Po Area is predominantly characterized by wetland habitats including large continuous patches of fishponds / ponds, reedbeds / freshwater marshes, scattered seasonally wet grasslands and drainage channels. These wetland habitats, particularly the fishpond / pond areas and reedbeds, are considered to have moderate to high ecological value due to the supporting faunal diversity and the linkage with the ecologically important Mai Po and Deep Bay areas (PPEL, 2008). However, no direct encroachment of the construction works into these habitats is anticipated.

3.80 Floral diversity in active fishponds / inactive fishponds is generally low due to regular disturbance to bund vegetation. Vegetation commonly recorded from pond bunds including fruit trees (e.g. Musa x paradisiaca and Litchi chinensis), common herbs (e.g. Alocasia odora, Bidens alba, Ipomoea cairica, Ipomoea triloba, Brachiaria mutica, and Panicum maximum) and climbers (e.g. Mikania micrantha). The closest fishpond to the proposed works area of MPV is 10 m north and separated by drainage channel from the directly impacted area.

3.81 Freshwater marshes / reedbeds identified to the north and west of the works area of the MPV, where water is held for most of the time of the year, allows the development of a marsh community. This habitat was dominated by Common Reedgrass which covers 70% of the habitat. Other vegetation including Brachiaria mutica, Panicum maximum, Eichhornia crassipes and Ludwigia octovalvis were also recorded. The works area of the MPV is at least 110 m away from the closest freshwater marsh / reedbed habitat

3.82 Several small scattered seasonally wet grasslands with a total area of 1.17 ha were recorded within the Mai Po Area. This habitat was seasonally wet due its lower-lying topographic feature and water-retaining characteristic during the wet season. The floral diversity within seasonally wet grassland was low with Alternanthera philoxeroides being the dominant species. Common herbs such as Phragmites australis, Paspalum paspaloides, Cyperus imbricatus and Polygonum spp. were also recorded from this habitat.

3.83 With an area of 2.32 ha and a length of 2.2 km, the drainage channels recorded within the Mai Po Area mainly run surrounding the active fishponds immediately northwest to the works area of the MPV. Overgrown vegetation such as Brachiara mutica and Eichhornia crassipes were observed in some of the drainage channels. Riparian vegetation is dominated by herbs Brachiaria mutica, Panicum maximum, and Bidens alba, and some riparian trees, especially Melia azedarach and Macaranga tanarius. Other small drainage channels / ditches were also found along the residential building Palm Springs and some garages. This habitat type was considered of low to moderate ecological value by PPEL (2008) in a previous EIA study.

Active Agriculture

3.84 Several small, isolated areas of actively cultivated land were identified within the study area of the Mai Po Area. Vegetative crops such as Ipomoea batatas, Zea mays and Zingiber officinale dominated the habitat. Some other fruit trees including Dimocarpus longan, Psidium guajava, Carica papaya and Musa x paradisiaca were also planted along the periphery of this habitat. Active agricultural land was considered of low ecological value by PPEL (2008) in a previous EIA study.

Grassland

3.85 The grassland located immediately adjacent to the works area of the MPV was believed to be derived from vegetative succession following the filling of fishponds during the early 1990s. The dominant vegetation species recorded this grassland was Brachiara mutica. Other common plant species recorded included herbs (e.g. Bidens alba and Conyza bonariensis), climbers (e.g. Sesbania cannabina), and grasses (e.g. Cynodon dactylon and Eleusine indica). Plant species diversity within other grasslands recorded elsewhere was low and dominated by ferns (e.g. Dicranopteris pedata) and grasses (e.g. Panicum maximum, Imperata koenigii and Saccharum spp.). Tree species including Macaranga tanarius and Pinus elliottii were also recorded. PPEL (2008) considered grassland within the study area of Mai Po Area as of low to moderate ecological value in a previous EIA study.

Secondary Woodland

3.86 Secondary woodland habitat was located northeast from the works area of the MPV. This woodland habitat is derived from Fung Shui woodland and designated as a SSSI on the basis of the presence of an egretry (See Section 3.54). Dominant tree species in this area include Melia azedarach, Microcos paniculata, Schefflera heptaphylla, Sterculia lanceolata, Macaranga tanarius, Sapium sebiferum and Schima superba. The understorey vegetation cover was moderately well-developed and diverse. The ecological value of this habitat was ranked as moderate in a previous EIA study (PPEL, 2008).

Shrubland

3.87 Limited areas (1.89 ha) of shrubland located on the eastern side of the MPV works area were identified. These shrubland habitats were believed to be developed from grassland and plantation habitats through vegetative succession. Vegetation recorded during the current survey included common trees (e.g. Bridelia tomentosa, Celtis sinensis and Ficus hispida), shrubs (e.g. Lantana camara and Psychotria asiatica), herbs (e.g. Alocasia odora, Polygonum chinense and Wedelia trilobata), and climbers (e.g. Pueraria lobata var. Montana and Paederia scandens).

Plantation

3.88 Plantation habitat within the study area mainly consisted of roadside plantings along the verges of San Tin Highway and Castle Peak Road. A variety of tree species, particularly introduced species, including Eucalyptus citriodora, Bombax ceiba, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia confusa and Albizia lebbeck were recorded. Some native species include Ficus microcarpa, and Celtis sinensis were also recorded.

Developed Area / Wasteground

3.89 Areas of disturbed habitat found within the study area such as village area (Mai Po Village), residential development (Palm Springs, Royal Palms, and Maple Garden), roads (Castle Peak Road and San Tin Highway), garages and open storage areas within the works area of the MPV were regarded as developed area / wasteground. There was little vegetation within this habitat. Scattered vegetation including several pioneer trees (e.g. Leucaena leucocephala and Macaranga tanarius), grasses (e.g. Panicum maximum and Lophatherum gracile), exotic herbs (e.g. Sesbania cannabina and Bidens alba) and the exotic creepers (e.g. Mikania micrantha and Ipomoea cairica) were found within this habitat.

Fauna

3.90 The Mai Po region of the proposed Project alignment is characterized by a diversity of wetland habitats (fishponds, freshwater marshes / reedbeds, etc.). These largely contiguous wetlands are ecologically and hydrologically connected and host to a range of avifauna. Within this region there are sites of both local and global importance. The Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site is an important wintering ground for birds on the East Asian – Australasian Flyway and resident wetland birds. Additionally, nearby woodland habitats host egretries and nesting grounds for many birds.

3.91 In this hotspot of bird diversity, over ninety species of birds were recorded previously. Twenty-four species of the avifauna are considered to have conservation interest. Table 3.5 details the findings of the current avifauna survey and other relevant studies; the table also provides information on the conservation status of each species. Some recorded species are endangered; the Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor) only winters at several sites in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam. The presence of the Black-faced Spoonbill was a major reason for the listing of Deep Bay as a Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site.

3.92 Though this region is excellent habitat for many species of ecological concern, few other species of conservation importance were recorded during the current surveys. The protected (Cap. 170) mammalian species including Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus sphinx), Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus), and the locally uncommon Small Asian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) have been known in the area. The Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra), a species of conservation concern, is known to occupy sites in the Mai Po area. No otters were observed during these surveys.

3.93 The dragonfly Scarlet Basker (Urothemis signata signata), and butterfly Danaid Eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus) of conservation interest were recorded in the Mai Po Area. The freshwater fauna and herpetofauna observed in the current surveys of Mai Po were all widespread and commonplace Hong Kong animals.

3.94 The sections below outline the findings of the current fauna surveys for the Mai Po area. Several sections highlight information on important wetland birds and raptors. This portion of the document provides details on the where animals were observed and their current conservation status. For further details please refer to Appendix 3.4a and Tables 3.5 to 3.10.

Avifauna

3.95 A total of 113 avifaunal species were recorded within the study area of the Mai Po Area (Table 3.5 and Appendix 3.4a refers). The avifaunal community was dominated by common species. Among the recorded avifauna, 12 species are considered to have conservation importance. They are listed in Table 3.5, and described in the following paragraphs. Indicative locations of these species are marked on the habitat maps (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/200 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/201 refer).

3.96 With the presence of wetland habitats, the study area of Mai Po Area was richer in diversity of wetland-dependent avifauna when compared with other study areas. A total of 22 wetland-dependent avifauna species were recorded during the current surveys. They were mainly recorded from active fishpond, inactive fishpond / pond, reedbed / freshwater marsh, and seasonally wet grassland. A number of these wetland dependent species have high ecological significance. Among the observed waterbirds at the Mai Po Area included species of ardeids, cormorants, ducks, grebes, and waders. Other than the previously mentioned Black-faced Spoonbill, Little Grebes (Tachybaptus ruficollis) and the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) were also recorded in fishpond habitats in the study area of the MPV but not the other study areas.

3.97 Other species of conservation interest included raptors and seasonal migrants. Table 3.5 gives a complete list of the birds observed in the current and recent surveys. Appendix 3.4a details other listed species and their corresponding habitat recorded during the current surveys.

3.98 The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society (HKBWS) Breeding Bird Surveys conducted from 1993 to 1996 recorded a total of 70 species in the Mai Po Area and its vicinity (Carey et al., 2001). The majority of these species were the wetland-dependent avifauna including ardeids, ducks, grebes and kingfishers. The HKBWS series of surveys recorded 22 species of conservation interest (Table 3.5 refers).

Table 3.5 Avifaunal Species Recorded from the Mai Po Area

Common Name^(1)^(2)	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^3^)	Level of Concern ^(^4^)	Waterbird Count Report ^(^5^)	Wo Shang Wai ^(^6^)	Cycle Tracks ^(^7^)	HKBWS Breeding Bird Survey ^(8)	Current Surveys
Little Grebe ^(9)	Tachybaptus ruficollis	Common	LC	√	√		B	√
Great Cormorant ^(9)	Phalacrocorax carbo	Common	PRC	√	√			√
Grey Heron ^(9)	Ardea cinerea	Common	PRC	√	√	√	S	√
Purple Heron ^(9)	Ardea purpurea	Uncommon	RC				B
Great Egret ^(9)	Egretta alba	Common	PRC (RC)	√	√	√	B	√
Intermediate Egret ^(9)	Egretta intermedia	Common	RC	√	√
Little Egret ^(9)	Egretta garzetta	Common	PRC (RC)	√	√	√	B	√
Cattle Egret ^(9)	Bubulcus ibis	Common	(LC)	√	√		B	√
Chinese Pond Heron ^(9)	Ardeola bacchus	Common	PRC (RC)	√	√	√	B	√
Striated Heron ^(9)	Butorides striatus	Uncommon	(LC)	√	√		B
Black-crowned Night Heron ^(9)	Nycticorax nycticorax	Common	(LC)	√	√		B	√
Yellow Bittern ^(9)	Ixobrychus sinensis	Uncommon	(LC)				B
Cinnamon Bittern ^(9)	Ixobrychus sinensis	Scarce	LC				S
Black-faced Spoonbill ^(9) (10)	Platalea minor	Common	PGC	√	√			√
Eurasian Wigeon ^(9)	Anas penelope	Abundant	RC	√	√			√
Common Teal ^(9)	Anas crecca	Common	RC		√
Spot-billed Duck ^(9)	Anas poecilorhyncha	Uncommon	RC				B
Northern Pintail ^(9)	Anas acuta	Abundant	RC		√
Northern Shoveler ^(9)	Anas clypeata	Abundant	RC	√
Osprey ^(9)	Pandion haliaetus	Common	RC	√	√			√
Black Baza	Aviceda leuphotes	Uncommon	-				B
Black -winged Kite	Elanus caeruleus	Uncommon	-				B
Black Kite ^(9)	Milvus migrans	Common	(RC)	√	√	√	B	√
White-bellied Sea Eagle ^(9)	Haliaeetus leucogaster	Uncommon	RC		√		S
Crested Serpent Eagle	Spilornis cheela	Uncommon	(LC)				S
Crested Goshawk	Accipiter trivirgatus	Uncommon	-				B
Besra	Accipiter virgatus	Scarce	-			√	S
Greater Spotted Eagle ^(9) (11)	Aquila clanga	Scarce	GC			√
Common Buzzard ^(9)	Buteo buteo	Common	-		√	√
Bonelli’s Eagle	Hieraaetus fasciatus	Scarce	(RC)				S
Common Kestrel	Falco tinnunculus	Common	-		√
Eurasian Hobby	Falco subbuteo	Uncommon	(LC)				S
Chinese Francolin	Francolinus pintadeanus	Common	-				S	√
Slaty-breasted Rail ^(9)	Gallirallus striatus	Scarce	RC				B
White-breasted Waterhen ^(9)	Amaurornis phoenicurus	Common	-	√	√		B	√
Watercock ^(9)	Gallicrex cinerea	Scarce	RC				S
Common Moorhen ^(9)	Gallinula chloropus	Common	-	√	√		B	√
Eurasian Coot ^(9)	Fulica atra	Common	-				S
Black-winged Stilt ^(9)	Himantopus himantopus	Common	RC	√		√
Oriental Pratincole ^(9)	Glareola maldivarum	-	LC	√	√
Little Ringed Plover ^(9)	Charadrius dubius	Common	(LC)	√	√	√	S	√
Green Sandpiper ^(9)	Tringa ochropus	Uncommon	-	√	√	√		√
Wood Sandpiper ^(9)	Tringa glareola	Common	LC	√		√
Common Sandpiper ^(9)	Actitis hypoleucos	Common	-	√	√	√		√
Common Snipe ^(9)	Gallinago gallinago	Common	-	√	√
Temminck's Stint ^(9)	Calidris temminckii	Uncommon	LC			√
Black-headed Gull ^(9)	Larus ridibundus	Common	PRC		√
Rock Dove	Columbia livia	Common	-		√	√	S
Oriental Turtle Dove	Streptopelia orientalis	Common	-		√
Spotted Dove	Streptopelia chinensis	Common	-		√	√	B	√
Large Hawk Cuckoo	Hierococcyx sparverioides	Common	-				S
Indian Cuckoo	Cuculus micropterus	Uncommon	-				B
Plaintive Cuckoo	Cacomantis merulinus	Uncommon	-				B
Common Koel	Eudynamys scolopacea	Common	-		√	√	B	√
Greater Coucal	Centropus sinensis	Common	-		√		B	√
Lesser Coucal	Centropus bengalensis	Common					B
Savanna Nightjar	Caprimulgus affinis	Common	-		√
Pacific Swift	Apus pacificus	Common	(LC)		√		S
Little Swift	Apus affinis	Common	-		√	√	S
Pied Kingfisher ^(9)	Ceryle rudis	Uncommon	(LC)	√	√	√	B
Common Kingfisher ^(9)	Alcedo atthis	Common	-	√	√	√	S	√
White-throated Kingfisher ^(9)	Halcyon smyrnensis	Common	(LC)	√	√	√	S	√
Black-capped Kingfisher ^(9)	Halcyon pileata	Common	(LC)				S
Eurasian Hoopoe	Upupa epops	Uncommon	-
Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica	Common	-		√	√	B	√
Red-rumped Swallow	Hirundo daurica	Uncommon	-		√	√
Yellow Wagtail	Motacilla flava	Common	-		√	√		√
Grey Wagtail	Motacilla cinerea	Common	-		√	√
White Wagtail	Motacilla alba	Common	-		√	√	S	√
Richard’s Pipit	Anthus richardi	Common	-		√	√		√
Olive-backed Pipit	Anthus hodgsoni	Common	-		√	√		√
Red-whiskered Bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus	Abundant	-		√	√	B	√
Chinese Bulbul	Pycnonotus sinensis	Abundant	-		√	√	B	√
Sooty-headed Bulbul	Pycnonotus aurigaster	Uncommon	-				S	√
Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach	Common	-		√	√	B	√
Oriental Magpie Robin	Copsychus saularis	Abundant	-		√	√	B	√
Daurian Redstart	Phoenicurus auroreus	Common	-					√
Common Stonechat	Saxicola torquata	Common	-		√	√		√
Grey Bushchat	Saxicola ferrea	Rare	LC					√
Masked Laughingthrush	Garrulax perspicillatus	Abundant	-		√	√	B	√
Hwamei	Garrulax canorus	Common	-				S
Black-browed Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus bistrigiceps	Common	-					√
Oriental Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus orientalis	Common	-		√		S
Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis	Common	LC		√		B	√
Yellow-bellied Prinia	Prinia flaviventris	Common	-		√		B	√
Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata	Common	-		√	√	B	√
Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius	Common	-		√	√	B	√
Dusky Warbler	Phylloscopus fuscatus	Common	-		√	√		√
Yellow-browed Warbler	Phylloscopus inornatus	Common	-			√
Great Tit	Parus major	Common	-			√	B
Asian Brown Flycatcher	Muscicapa dauurica	Common	-					√
Fork-tailed Sunbird	Aethopyga christinae	Common	-			√		√
Japanese White-eye	Zosterops japonicus	Abundant	-		√	√	B	√
Little Bunting	Emberiza pusilla	Common	-		√
Black-faced Bunting	Emberiza spodocephala	Common	-		√			√
Grey-capped Greenfinch	Carduelis sinica	Rare	LC
White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata	Common	-		√		S	√
Scaly-breasted Munia	Lonchura punctulata	Common	-		√	√	B	√
Baya Weaver	Ploceus philippinus	Rare	-				B
Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer montanus	Abundant	-		√	√		√
Red-billed Starling ^(9)	Sturnus sericeus	Common	GC	√	√			√
White-cheeked Starling	Dicrurus hottentottus	Common	PRC					√
Black-collared Starling	Sturnus nigricollis	Common	-		√		B	√
White-shouldered Starling	Sturnus sinensis	Common	(LC)		√		B	√
Common Myna	Acridotheres tristis	Uncommon	-		√		B	√
Crested Myna	Acridotheres cristatellus	Common	-		√		B	√
Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus	Common	-		√		B
Hair-crested Drongo	Dicrurus hottentottus	Common	-					√
Common Magpie	Pica pica	Common	-		√		B	√
Blue Magpie	Urocissa erythrorhyncha	Common	-				S
Large-billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchus	Common	-		√		S
Collared Crow ^(9) (11)	Corvus torquatus	Uncommon	LC	√	√		B
Azure-winged Magpie	Cyanopica cyanus	-	-		√

Note:

(1) All wild birds are protected under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170)

(2) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface.

(3) AFCD (2006)

(4) Fellowes et al. (2002); GC=Global concern; RC=Regional Concern; LC=Local Concern; PGC=Potential Global Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern. Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in breeding and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(5) Anon (2008a), (2008b).

(6) PPEL (2008)

(7) CEDD (2008). The assessment area of this report is very large. Notwithstanding, only Castle Peak Road Section is relevant to this Study, the relevant area is very small.

(8) Carey et al. (2001): B=Breeding status recorded, S=The species was only seen or heard with no evidence of breeding.

(9) Wetland-dependent Species.

(10) Black-faced Spoonbill is listed as “Endangered” in IUCN Red List 2008.

(11) Greater Spotted Eagle and Collared Crow are listed as “Vulnerable” and “Near Threatened” respectively in IUCN Red List 2008.

Dragonflies

3.99 There were 21 dragonfly species recorded within the study area of the Mai Po Area (Table 3.6 and Appendix 3.4a refer). A single dragonfly species of conservation interest, Scarlet Basker (Urothemis signata signata), was recorded within the study area during the surveys. Most of the species recorded are common and widespread in Hong Kong. The dragonfly species previously and currently recorded from the area are summarized in Table 3.6 below.

Table 3.6 Dragonfly Species Recorded from the Mai Po Area

Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong^(^1^)	Level of Concern ^(^2^)	Wo Shang Wai ^(3)	Current Surveys
Orange-tailed Midget	Agriocnemis femina	Abundant	-	√
Orange-tailed Sprite	Ceriagrion auranticum	Abundant	-	√
Common Bluetail	Ischnura senegalensis	Abundant	-	√	√
Black Threadtail	Prodasineura autumnalis	Abundant	-	√
Lesser Emperor	Anax parthenope	Common	-	√	√
Blue Dasher	Brachydiplax chalybea flavovittata	Common	-		√
Asian Amberwing	Brachythemis contaminata	Abundant	-	√	√
Crimson Darter	Crocothemis servilia	Abundant	-	√	√
Amber-winged Glider	Hydrobasileus croceus	Common	-		√
Blue Percher	Diplacodes trivialis	Abundant	-	√
Pied Percher	Neurothemis tullia	Common	-	√	√
Skimmer sp.	N/A	Abundant / common	-	√
Common Red Skimmer	Orthetrum pruinosum	Abundant	-	√	√
Green Skimmer	Orthetrum sabina	Common	-	√	√
Asian Widow	Palpopleura sexmaculata	Common	-	√
Wandering Glider	Pantala flavescens	Abundant	-	√	√
Variegated Flutterer	Rhyothemis variegata	Common	-	√	√
Evening Skimmer	Tholymis tillarga	Common	-	√
Saddlebag Glider	Tramea virginia	Common	-	√
Crimson Dropwing	Trithemis aurora	Abundant	-	√
Scarlet Basker	Urothemis signata	Common	LC	√	√

Note:

(1) AFCD (2006)

(2) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern

(3) PPEL (2008)

(4) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface.

Butterflies

3.100 A total of 32 butterfly species were recorded within the study area of the Mai Po Area (Table 3.7 and Appendix 3.4a refer). All butterfly species recorded within the study area are common and widespread in Hong Kong. Some uncommon species such as Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora), Danaid Eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus) and Yellow Orange Tip (Ixias pyrene) were also previously recorded from the area. Danaid Eggfly is also considered of Local Conservation Concern by Fellowes et al. (2002).

Table 3.7 Butterfly Species Recorded from the Mai Po Area

Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^1^)	Level of Concern ^(^2^)	Wo Shang Wai ^(3)	Current Surveys
Hesperiidae
Formosan Swift	Borbo cinnara	Common	-	√
Skipper spp.	Hesperiidae	-	-	√
Papilionidae
Common Bluebottle	Graphium sarpedon sarpedon	Common	-		√
Common Jay	Graphium doson axion	Uncommon	-	√
Common Mime	Chilasa clytia	Common	-	√
Common Mormon	Papilio polytes	Common	-	√	√
Great Mormon	Papilio memnon agenor	Common	-	√	√
Spangle	Papilio protenor protenor	Common	-		√
Paris Peacock	Papilio paris	Common	-	√
Pieridae
Red-base Jezebel	Delias pasithoe	Common	-	√
Small Cabbage White	Pieris rapae crucivora	Uncommon	-		√
Indian Cabbage White	Pieris canidia	Common	-	√	√
Great Orange Tip	Hebomoia glaucippe glaucippe	Common	-		√
Yellow Orange Tip	Ixias pyrene	Uncommon	-	√
Mottled Emigrant	Catopsilia pyranthe	Common	-	√
Lemon Emigrant	Catopsilia pomona	Common	-	√	√
Common Grass Yellow	Eurema hecabe	Common	-	√	√
Lycaenidae
Pale Grass Blue	Zizeeria maha	Common	-	√	√
Common Hedge Blue	Acytolepis puspa gisca	Common	-		√
Lime Blue	Chilades lajus	Common	-	√
Dark-brand Bush Brown	Mycalesis mineus	Common	-	√	√
Straight Five-ring	Ypthima lisandra	Common	-	√
Amathusiidae
Large Faun	Faunis eumeus	Common	-	√
Nymphalidae
Angled Castor	Ariadne ariadne	Common	-	√	√
Rustic	Cupha erymanthis	Common	-	√
Great Egg-fly	Hypolimnas bolina	Common	-	√	√
Danaid Egg-fly	Hypolimnas misippus	Uncommon	LC	√
Southern Sullied Sailer	Neptis clinia	Common	-	√
White-edged Blue Baron	Euthalia phemius	Common	-	√
Red Ring Skirt	Hestina assimilis assimilis	Common	-		√
Danaidae
Blue-spotted Crow	Euploea midamus	Common	-	√
Common Tiger	Danaus genutia genutia	Common	-		√

Note:

(1) AFCD (2006)

(2) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern

(3) PPEL (2008)

(4) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface.

Mammals

3.101 A total of seven mammalian species were recorded from the study area of the Mai Po Area (Table 3.8 and Appendix 3.4a refer). While most of them are locally common and widespread. Some have restricted ranges within Hong Kong; namely the Ryuku Mouse (Mus caroli), and Small Asian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus). Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) has a highly restricted distribution in Hong Kong, which had been recorded in the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site and nearby regions (Shek, 2006). This species is protected under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170) and considered to be of regional concern by Fellowes et al. (2002). However, there are no records of this species in the study area under this Project. Table 3.8 summarizes the mammals previously recorded within or adjacent to the study area of the MPV.

Table 3.8 Mammalian Species Recorded from the Mai Po Area

Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong^(^1^)	Protection Status ^(^2^)	Level of Concern ^(^3^)	Wo Shang Wai ^(4)	Current Surveys
Japanese Pipistrelle	Pipistrellus abramus	Abundant	Cap. 170	-	√	√
Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Cynopterus sphinx	Abundant	Cap. 170	-		√
Musk Shrew	Suncus murinus	Common	-	-	√
House Mouse	Mus musculus	Widely distributed in urban areas related to human activities	-	-	√
Ryukyu Mouse	Mus caroli	Recent records have been found in Mai Po Nature Reserve and the Hong Kong Wetland Park	-	-	√
Brown Rat	Rattus norvegicus	Widely distributed in urban areas related to human activities	-	-	√
Small Asian Mongoose	Herpestes javanicus	Uncommon	Cap. 170	-	√

Note:

(1) Shek (2006)

(2) Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170)

(3) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern

(4) PPEL (2008)

(5) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface.

Herpetofauna

3.102 Eight amphibian and three reptile species were previously recorded from the study area of the Mai Po Area (Table 3.9 and Appendix 3.4a refer). Most the recorded species are common and widespread in Hong Kong. An endangered reptile species Chinese Striped Terrapin recorded by PPEL (2008) was considered to be related to a released individual as this species is sometimes sold in local markets (Karsen et al., 1998). Table 3.9 summarizes the records of herpetofauna from the literature review and the current surveys within the study area of the Mai Po Area.

Table 3.9 Herpetofaunal Species Recorded from the Mai Po Area

Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^1^)	Wo Shang Wai ^(2)	Current Surveys
Amphibians
Asian Common Toad	Bufo melanostictus	Abundant	√	√
Asiatic Painted Frog	Kaloula pulchra pulchra	Widely distributed		√
Butler’s Pigmy Frog	Microhyla butleri	Widely distributed		√
Ornate Pigmy Frog	Microhyla ornate	Widely distributed	√	√
Paddy Frog	Fejervarya limnocharis	Widely distributed	√	√
Green Cascade Frog	Rana livida	Widely distributed		√
Günther’s Frog	Rana guentheri	Widely distributed	√
Brown Tree Frog	Polypedates megacephalus	Widely distributed	√	√
Reptiles
Chinese Striped Terrapin	Ocadia sinensis	-	√
Long-tailed Skink	Mabuya longicaudata	Widely distributed	√
Checkered Keelback	Xenochrophis piscator	Widely distributed in streams in the New Territories and Lantau Island	√

Note:

(1) AFCD (2006)

(2) PPEL (2008)

Freshwater Community

3.103 Field survey conducted for this Project covered three drainage ditches near the proposed MPV works area (i.e. Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/200 refers) and recorded 30 taxa within the Mai Po Area (Table 3.10 and Appendix 3.4a refer). Only limited common freshwater species were recorded from these ditches and most of the species were typical pollution tolerant species such as Oligochaetes, Apple Snail (Pomacea lineata) and Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Species such as stoneflies and caddisflies that are usually found from unpolluted water were absent from these channels. The findings indicated a relatively poor water quality as the ditches received a considerable amount of discharge from nearby garages and open storages. The observations were in line with previous findings in other studies in the area.

Table 3.10 Freshwater Community Recorded from the Mai Po Area

Scientific Name	Wo Shang Wai ^(1)	Cycle Tracks ^(2)	AFCD Biodiversity Surveys ^(3)	Current Surveys
Insect
Chironomus sp.	√			√
Other Chironominae sp.	√
Tipula sp.	√			√
Ischnura sp.	√
Trithemis sp.	√
Ptilomera tigrina				√
Enithares sp.				√
Baetidae				√
Coenagrionidae				√
Mollusca
Melanoides tuberculata	√			√
Pomacea lineata	√			√
Sinotaia quadrata	√			√
Radix plicatulus	√			√
Biomphalaria straminea	√			√
Hippeutis cantonensis	√
Physella acuta				√
Crustacea
Caridina cantonensis	√
Lower Invertebrate
Leeches (Hirudinea)				√
Oligochaeta spp.	√			√
Freshwater Fish
Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis)	√		√	√
Redbelly Tilapia (Tilapia zillii)				√
Goldfish (Carassius auratus)				√
Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)				√
Tilapia sp. (Oreochromis sp.)	√	√
Eel (Anguilla sp.)		√
Swampy Eel (Monopterus albus)	√
Snakehead (Channa sp.)	√		√
Snakehead Murrel (Channa striata)	√
Catfish sp. (Clarius sp.)	√
Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)	√

Note:

(1) PPEL (2008).

(2) CEDD (2008). The assessment area of this report is very large. Notwithstanding only Castle Peak Road Section is relevant to this study, the relevant area is very small.

(3) AFCD (2002 - 2008).

Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area

3.104 The following section outlines the important habitat types and areas of conservation concern within the proposed Project areas of the TPP, SSS / ERS, PHV, and TUW. Although spread over several kilometres along the Project alignment; the study areas are composed of similar habitats and terrain. The majority of the 729 ha Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area are composed of developed land (64.3 %), shrubland (9.9%), and active agriculture (6.0%). Additional areas of ecologically valuable habitat in the area include small, yet important, created wetlands (6.87 ha) from mitigation measures for the Kam Tin Bypass and West Rail projects. An additional 34.41 ha of watercourses (drainage channels and streams) are within the study area, with 25.9 km of length. Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/203 to NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/209 show details of habitat types in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area.

3.105 There are several areas of recognized conservation importance within the study area. The Pat Heung Temple Fung Shui woodland and portions of Lam Tsuen Country Park, Tai Lam Country Park, and associated Conservation Areas are also within the study area boundaries. Section 3.106 to 3.164 detail the specific flora and fauna within these habitats.

Habitat and Vegetation

3.106 A total of 13 habitats types were identified within the study area of this section, comprising active agriculture, inactive agriculture, inactive fishponds / ponds, reedbeds / freshwater marshes, created wetlands, watercourses, drainage channels, grasslands, wet grassland, secondary woodlands, shrublands, plantations, and developed areas / wastegrounds. Habitat maps of the study area are given in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/203 to NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/209. Representative photographs of the habitat types identified are provided in Appendix 3.1. The habitats identified within the study area of this section are discussed below.

Agriculture Land

3.107 Agriculture land identified within the study area included active agricultural lands and inactive agricultural lands. Farmlands observed to be actively managed and planted with commercial crop plants are classified as active agricultural lands. Inactive agriculture is defined as the agricultural area which has been left idle and with no farming activities observed. It should be noted that most of the inactive agricultural lands recorded within the study area were found to be left abandoned for a long period of time. Although traces of farming activities can be observed on site or from survey maps, considerably large proportion of these farms had already been densely overgrown with weeds and shrubs.

3.108 Approximately 90% of the agricultural land within the overall study area was identified from Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. The majority of the active farmlands recorded supported dry agriculture, while a small area of wet agricultural lands can be found in Tai Kong Po and Tse Uk Tsuen near the proposed TPP, SSS /ERS and TUW. Active wet agriculture habitat identified within the study area of this section was mainly used to cultivate Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Common herbs such as Alocasia odora, Alternanthera sessilis and Alternanthera philoxeroides; and climber, Mikania micrantha were also commonly found within this habitat. Active dry agriculture was dominated by crops such as Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis, Zea mays; and fruit trees such as Dimocarpus longan, Eriobotrya japonica and Musa x paradisiaca. Other cultivated crops recorded within the active dry agriculture included Aloe vera, Lycopersicum esculentum, Raphanus sativus and Solanum melongena. A rotation of seasonal crops was observed in some areas, with Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) as predominant vegetation in the wet season, and seasonal flowers such as Prunus persica and Gladiolus gandavensis in dry season (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/209 refers). In this connection, most of wet agriculture areas in the study area were found to be turned into dry agricultural land in dry season. A number of organic farms were also recorded from Tai Kong Po and Pat Heung areas.

3.109 Inactive agriculture habitat within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area displayed low diversity in vegetation dominated by common exotic fruit trees such as Musa x paradisiaca; common herbs including some exotic species such as Mikania micrantha, Pilea microphylla, Ageratum conyzoides, Alocasia odora, Bidens alba, Eleusine indica, Saccharum officinarum, and Wedelia trilobata, and some common shrub such as Bridelia tomentosa and Celtis sinensis.

Inactive Fishpond / Pond

3.110 Fishponds or ponds left idle without human management were regarded as inactive. Without human disturbance for a number of years, parts of these inactive fishponds were covered with overgrown vegetation providing shelter for disturbance-sensitive fauna. Only a very small amount of inactive / abandoned fishponds (0.99 ha) were found scattered in villages or developed areas within the study area in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. Judging from the overgrown vegetation in the ponds and at the bunds, it is apparent that most of these ponds had been abandoned for a number of years.

3.111 Floristic diversity in this habitat was low with vegetation mainly dominated by Phragmites spp., Ipomoea cairica and Mikania micrantha. There were also herbs (e.g. Bidens alba, Euphorbia hirta and Conyza bonariensis) and some naturally established tree species (e.g. Macaranga tanarius and Melia azedarach) growing along the bund of the ponds.

Reedbed / Freshwater Marsh

3.112 A small reedbed or marsh (0.31 ha) was recorded near Kam Tin Bypass, next to the Kam Tin Mung Yeung Public School at the Kam Tin Shi. The marsh habitat was the remaining part of the old School Marsh which was previously known as one of the important wetland habitat in Kam Tin area. The area was found to be densely covered by overgrown and it was subject to high level of disturbance from the nearby infrastructure developments in recent years. Dominant vegetation includes Ipomoea aquatica, Alocasia odora, Colocasia esculenta, Hedychium coronarium, Lemna minor, Ludwigia octovalvis, Polygonum hydropiper and Typha angustifolia. Exotic climbers such as Mikania micrantha were also commonly recorded. The marsh is waterlogged and received considerable amount of domestic discharge from nearby village houses.

Created Wetland

3.113 Approximately 6.9 ha of created wetlands provisioned for the loss of ecological sensitive areas arising from the West Rail and Kam Tin Bypass projects are located within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. A total of nine areas of created wetland were identified within study area. Five out of nine parcels of these created wetlands within the study area were also zoned as CAs with an intention to conserve the ecological value of these wetlands. They are all located outside the proposed works boundary.

3.114 The required compensatory habitat provision was undertaken as a series of twelve ‘land parcels’ (Parcels A – J), located on or adjacent to West Rail in the Kam Tin area. Six of the ‘land parcels’ (Parcels C, D, E, F, G and J) are located within the study area underneath the West Rail viaduct, comprises of grassy area with some open shallow water areas. This created wetland was constructed in 2003 by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation. It aimed to provide permanent marshland habitat for a range of wetland-dependent species, including herpetofauna, dragonflies, and avifauna.

3.115 The other three patches of created wetlands with total area of about 1.56 ha was constructed under the Kam Tin Bypass project in 2001 and composed of small pool areas for the use of Greater Painted-snipe. Part of the wetland area had recently been reprofiled to provide shallower water surface for avifauna. More diverse water vegetation such as Polygonum hydropiper, Eleocharis tetraquetra, Cyperus malaccensis and Ludwigia adscendens was planted to replace an exotic tall wetland species (Narrow-leaved Cat-tail, Typha angustifolia) which once dominated the habitat. Herbs such as Bidens alba, Cassytha filiformis, Echinochloa spp., Miscanthus floridulus, Pueraria spp., Panicum maximum, Wedelia trilobata and Phragmites australis were recorded from the two other patches of seasonal wetlands.

Watercourse

3.116 Watercourses such as hillstreams, lowland streams and abandoned meanders (maintained to compensate for the loss of riverine habitats due to the river training works in Kam Tin and Ngau Tam Mei area) were recorded from the study area. Over 90% of the watercourse habitats (area of 10.9 ha spanning over 15.5 km) were recorded within the study area of Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. The watercourses had natural substrata although their stream banks were modified to various degrees. Since the rivers receive considerable volume of raw sewage from nearby open storage, garage, and domestic sources, their water quality appeared to be highly polluted in general. The watercourses have only sparse riparian vegetation formed largely from herbs and shrubs with occasional trees. Most of the watercourses were situated outside the works area proposed under the Project and will not be directly impacted.

3.117 The watercourses potentially affected by the Project include the lowland reach of a stream in Shek Kong. This stream is a relatively large stream with its substrate consisted of boulders and pebbles. The stream has natural riffle / pool formation, and its riverbanks had been variously modified with some sections lined with concrete. Riparian vegetation of this stream is limited, with commonly recorded species including Bidens alba, Pueraria lobata var. Montana, Mikania micrantha, Leucaena leucocephala, Melia azedarach, Ricinus communis, and Lantana camara. Water quality of this stream appeared to be very poor with litters extensively present. It is obvious that the stream received considerable raw sewage from the upper reach where village houses and garages / open storage located along both stream banks.

Drainage Channel

3.118 Drainage channels identified within the study area of Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area included main drainage channels (MDC), smaller drainage ditches in developed areas and catchwaters (about 10.4 km covering an area of 23.51 ha). Over 90% of drainage channel identified in the Project study area were identified within Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. These man-made channels were mainly formed by concrete with grasscrete channel bank lining.

3.119 Some sizable MDC were recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. The banks of the MDC were mostly trapezoidal in shape and lined in various ways with grasscrete, masonry, gabions or concrete. Plantation of native or landscape plants can also be found along the embankment of the channels. The flow in these MDC was low and water quality appeared to be generally poor. Vegetation along MDC comprised locally common herbs (e.g. Bidens alba, Cyrtococcum patens, Euphorbia hirta, Mimosa pudica and Rhynchelytrum repens), shrubs (e.g. Sesbania javanica) and trees (e.g. Celtis sinensis and Ficus spp.).

3.120 The drainage ditches in residential / developed areas were small in size with poor water quality due to the discharge from households. A section of catchwater was recorded along the boundary of Tai Lam Country Park and the water quality appeared to be good.

3.121 Approximately 400 m section of MDC located within the SSS / ERS works area near Kam Tin Road would be temporarily diverted during construction phase. The affected channel section would be reinstated after the completion of works. Under the Project, some access roads would also be upgraded or constructed either temporarily or permanently along the bank of existing MDC. These MDCs are located within the works area of the TPP and the SSS / ERS in Kam Tin and Shek Kong.

Grassland and Wet Grassland

3.122 Grasslands were largely recorded from recently filled areas and highly disturbed unoccupied lands near village areas. A patch of wet grassland was identified near Pak Wai Tsuen within Tai Kong Po. Floral diversity in these two habitats is low and usually dominated by fast growing herbs including some exotic species such as Microstegium ciliatum, Bidens alba, Ludwigia spp., Eclipta prostrata and Cyperus pilosus, Paederia scandens and Ricinus communis.

Secondary Woodland

3.123 Secondary woodland habitats were recorded mainly from hillside area, behind villages, and lowland areas of valley and ravine. The flora community in secondary woodland was dominated by locally common trees species such as Bridelia tomentosa, Celtis sinensis, and Cinnamomum camphora. Other commonly recorded species within secondary woodland included trees (Dimocarpus longan and Ficus hispida), shrubs (Alangium chinense), herbs (Alocasia odora) and climbers (Dalbergia benthamii and Pueraria lobata).

3.124 One plant species of conservation interest, Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis) which is endemic to China, was recorded from the secondary woodland within the study area of the TUW. Indicative location of the Incense Tree is provided in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/209.

Shrubland

3.125 Shrubland habitat was mainly recorded in areas within CA and CP within the study area. Vegetation included common trees (e.g. Acronychia pedunculata, Aporusa dioica, Bridelia tomentosa, Celtis sinensis, Ficus hispida and Litsea glutinosa), shrubs (e.g. Lantana camara, and Psychotria asiatica), herbs (e.g. Alocasia odora, Polygonum chinense and Wedelia trilobata), and climbers (e.g. Pueraria lobata var. Montana and Paederia scandens).

Plantation

3.126 Plantation habitat included the areas with landscape planting e.g. along roadsides, on engineered slopes, and main drainage channels. Floristic diversity of this habitat was low, with communities generally dominated by exotic species of limited ecological value such as Melaleuca quinquenervia, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia confusa, Bombax ceiba and Eucalyptus spp.

Developed Area / Wasteground

3.127 Areas of disturbed habitat found within the study area such as residential areas, roads, open storages, car parks and bare grounds were regarded as developed area / wasteground. These areas were of low ecological value. Vegetation recorded within this habitat was dominated by common plantation such as Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis and Mangifera indica within the village orchards. Other commonly recorded trees (e.g. Macaranga tanarius, Eucalyptus spp. and Casuarina spp.), shrubs (Lantana camara and Calliandra haematocephala) and herbs (e.g. Polygonum chinense, Eleusine indica and Bidens alba) were also recorded in this habitat.

Fauna

3.128 The Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area of the proposed Project alignment possess a variety of habitats with developed lands and natural habitats in close proximity. Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area is an area of more than 729 ha and contains some important sections of habitat. The constructed wetlands made for the West Rail and Kam Tin Bypass projects and more than 25 km of watercourses and drainage channels are two of the most notable. The watercourses are of typically low water quality, with domestic effluent and pollution. The species encountered in these waters are typified as pollution tolerant species (Chironomidae, Tilapia spp., and Oligochaeta) and some locally common waterbirds (Chinese Pond Heron, Little Egret, and Green Sandpiper). The constructed wetlands are of higher quality and given the fragmented nature of the natural habitat in the area, these constructed wetlands are especially important.

3.129 In the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area, 141 species of birds were previously identified. Thirty-three species of which are considered to have conservation interest, most of them were recorded from recreated wetland for West Rail. Table 3.11 details the findings of the current avifauna survey and other recent studies; the table also provides information on the conservation status of each species. Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) was observed in the constructed wetlands in the Tai Kong Po portion of the study area. It has experienced a recent decline in population and efforts are being made to protect this wading bird. The Greater Painted-snipe, the Cinnamon Bittern, and several locally common ardeids are among the ecologically important, wetland associated birds recently observed in this part of the Project alignment.

3.130 Even though the habitat in this section of the alignment is fragmented and largely developed, it contains several other species of ecological concern. Three dragonfly species of ecological concern were previously recorded (Blue Sprite, Pseudagrion microcephalum; Orange-backed Threadtail, Prodasineura croconota; and Scarlet Basker, Urothemis signata signata). The mammal Least Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus pusillus) are also species of interest observed in the area. Although the fauna observed in the area were mostly widespread and common in Hong Kong, some species of conservation interest have been seen in the constructed wetlands. One of the most notable of these species is the Hong Kong Cascade Frog (Amolops hongkongensis).

3.131 The sections below outline the findings of the current fauna surveys for the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area of the Project alignment. This portion of the document provides details on the where animals were observed and their current conservation status. For further details please refer to Appendix 3.4b and Tables 3.11 to 3.16.

Avifauna

3.132 A total of 141 avifaunal species were recorded within the Shek Kong and Kam Tam Area (study areas of the TPP, SSS / ERS, PHV and TUW works sites) (Table 3.11 and Appendix 3.4b refer), dominated by commonly encountered species. Twelve bird species of conservation interest, including some locally common species as listed in Table 3.11. Observed locations of these species are marked on the habitat maps (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/203 to NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/209 refer).

3.133 The Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area host several bird species of conservation interest. In the Kam Tin area two wader species of conservation interest (Greater Painted-snipe, Rostratula benghalensis and Wood Sandpiper, Tringa glareola) were observed during both previous and current surveys. The created wetland was constructed to provide habitat for the Greater Painted-snipe, but it also utilizes adjacent habitats (agricultural lands, watercourses, and drainage channels). Starlings (Red-billed Starling, Sturnus sericeus; White-cheeked Starling, Sturnus cineraceus; White-shouldered Starling, Sturnus sinensis) were also recorded in the area. Active nests of the White-shouldered Starling were sighted within the study area (about 100 m from the nearest works area in SSS / ERS site) during current surveys; breeding populations of starlings are considered to have Local Concern in Hong Kong. Nests of all wild birds in Hong Kong are protected under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

3.134 Of particular interest, Greater Painted-snipe had also been previously recorded within the study area of the TPP at the created wetlands (both the created wetlands for West Rail and Kam Tin Bypass projects) in Kam Tin and was found roosting in the study area of the TPP, SSS / ERS and PHV by KCRC (2005 – 2007) and MTRC (2007, 2008). Greater Painted-snipe had been recorded in the School Marsh, the Buffalo Fields and the adjacent agricultural lands and streams in the study area of the TPP in Kam Tin, in main drainage channel near a village of Tai Kong Po and in villages near Shek Kong in the study area of the SSS / ERS, in agricultural lands at Tsang Uk Tsuen, Lai Uk Tsuen, and wet grassland at Tsat Sing Kong in the study area of the PHV near Shek Kong. Recent records in agricultural lands at Tse Uk Tsuen (within the works area of the TUW) were also made. In addition, Greater Painted-snipe had also been found utilising different habitats in Kam Tin area, including active and inactive agricultural land, marsh, wet grassland, natural stream, drainage channel, pond and wasteland. According to our in-house record from a previous monitoring project in Tai Kong Po in 2008, Greater Painted-snipe was also recorded within the study area of the TPP. Greater Painted-snipe had also been recorded in an abandoned wet field within the study area of the SSS / ERS (per. comm.) but the area was found to be dried out and degraded in the recent visits. Up to ten and seven individuals of Greater Painted-snipe were also seen at Airfield Road in Shek Kong and Cheung Po in Pat Heung respectively (HKBWS, 2003 - 2004).

3.135 Throughout the radio-tracking monitoring for the Greater Painted-sn.ipe from 2005 to 2008, detections within the breeding season of this species were recorded in three sampling seasons including summer 2005, spring 2006 and spring 2007 (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2008). Juveniles were recorded from wetland habitats, such as the School Marsh, Buffalo Field, wet grassland, inactive agricultural land and drainage channel, within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area around the breeding season (April to July). This suggests the possible breeding activities of this species in these wetland habitats.

3.136 According to the latest monitoring results of the West Rail, drainage channel, marsh and inactive agricultural land were identified as preferred habitats for Greater Painted-snipe (MTRC, 2009c). A notable increasing trend in abundance of Greater Painted-snipe in drainage channel habitat, particularly KT5 (the drainage channels adjacent to the proposed access road near TPP) was observed since summer 2008. This coincided with a slight decline in habitat utilization of seasonally wet grassland at the Buffalo Field owing to the construction waste filling activity during late 2007/early 2008, and again during summer 2008, and thus providing less available habitat for Greater Painted-snipe in the area (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2008 - 2009). This indicates a partial migration of population from the area of Buffalo Field to the nearby drainage channels. In addition, juveniles were recorded in drainage channel, grassland and marsh habitats, indicating the potential breeding grounds for Greater Painted-snipe.

3.137 Cisticolas, raptors, ardeids, and other avifauna of conservation interest have also been recorded within the area. Table 3.11 details the birds observed in recent surveys and Appendix 3.4b details habitats in which birds were observed.

3.138 According to our in-house records from previous monitoring project (2005 – 2008) in Kam Tin, Tai Kong Po and Shek Kong areas, a few abandoned meanders with potential ecological values were located along a main drainage channel near the SSS / ERS site. The meanders are located near Kiu Tau Tsuen (approximately 25 m from the access road) and Shek Kong San Tsuen (adjacent to the access road) within the study area of the TPP, and near Wang Toi Shan Hung Mo Tam (adjacent to and within the works area of the SSS). Seven avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded in the meanders, including Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus), Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva), Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola), Zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis) and Red-billed Starling (Sturnus sericeus).

3.139 TDD (2002a and 2002b) also recorded two species of conservation interest including Chinese Pond Heron, and Grey-headed Lapwing in two meanders near Ko Po Tsuen within the study area of the TPP.

3.140 Recent avifauna surveys for Kam Tin and Lam Kam Road Upgrading EIA study recorded 24 species (including two wetland-dependent species and a single species of conservation interest) within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (HyD, 2009) (Table 3.11 refers).

3.141 AFCD (2005) recorded 88 species (including 35 wetland dependent species and 14 species of conservation concern) in abandoned meanders in the northwestern New Territories from 2003 to 2004 (Table 3.11). Six of the meanders (namely 43CD-1, 81CD-9, 81CD-11, 94CD-4, 95CD-5, and 95CD-6) located within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area supported medium or high bird use.

3.142 The ecological monitoring for drainage channels KT4 to KT7 at Ngau Tam Mei recorded a total of 54 avifauna (DSD, 2007 – 2008). KT5 was found to support the highest abundance of avifauna among the monitored drainage channels. Occasional sightings of Greater-painted Snipe were recorded from KT5 channel.

3.143 HKBWS Breeding Bird Surveys from 1993 to 1996 recorded 74 species within Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (Carey et al., 2001), twelve of which were avifauna of conservation importance (Table 3.11). These surveys found the Greater Painted-snipes breeding within Kam Tin area and a high diversity of breeding birds in Shek Kong Catchwater (outside the study area of current Project). These two areas, parts of which are within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area as currently defined under this study, were suggested for classification for designation as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) or protection under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170) (Carey et al., 2001).

3.144 Table 3.11 provide a summary of avifaunal species recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area.

Table 3.11 Avifaunal Species Recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area

Common Name ^(1)^(2)	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^3^)	Level of Concern ^(^4^)	West Rail ^(^5^)	Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road Upgrading ^(6)	HKBWS Breeding Bird Survey ^(7)	Study on Wetland Compen-sation ^(8)	Drainage Channel KT4 to KT7 EM&A^(10)	Current Surveys
Little Grebe ^(^9^)	Tachybaptus ruficollis	Common	LC	√			√
Great Cormorant ^(^9^)	Phalacrocorax carbo	Common	PRC	√			√
Grey Heron ^(^9^)	Ardea cinerea	Common	PRC	√			√		√
Great Egret ^(^9^)	Egretta alba	Common	PRC (RC)	√		S	√	√	√
Intermediate Egret ^(^9^)	Egretta intermedia	Common	RC	√
Little Egret ^(^9^)	Egretta garzetta	Common	PRC (RC)	√	√	B	√	√	√
Cattle Egret ^(^9^)	Bubulcus ibis	Common	(LC)			B	√	√	√
Chinese Pond Heron ^(^9^)	Ardeola bacchus	Common	PRC (RC)	√		B	√	√	√
Striated Heron ^(^9^)	Butorides striatus	Uncommon	(LC)			S
Black-crowned Night Heron ^(^9^)	Nycticorax nycticorax	Common	(LC)	√		S	√	√
Yellow Bittern ^(^9^)	Ixobrychus sinensis	Uncommon	(LC)	√				√
Black Bittern	Dupetor flavicollis	Scarce	LC	√
Cinnamon Bittern ^(^9^)	Ixobrychus cinnamomeus	Scarce	LC	√
Mandarin Duck ^(^9^)	Aix galericulata	Scarce	-	√
Eurasian Wigeon ^(^9^)	Anas Penelope	Abundant	RC	√
Common Teal ^(^9^)	Anas crecca	Common	RC	√			√
Northern Shoveler ^(^9^)	Anas clypeata	Abundant	RC	√
Black Baza	Aviceda leuphotes	Uncommon	-			S
Crested Goshawk	Accipiter Trivirgatus	Uncommon	-		√	B
Chinese Goshawk	Accipiter soloensis	Uncommon	-	√
Black-winged Kite	Elanus caeruleus	Occasional	-				√
Black Kite ^(^9^)	Milvus migrans	Common	(RC)	√		S	√		√
Besra	Accipiter virgatus	Scarce	-	√		S			√
Crested Serpent Eagle	Spilornis cheela	Uncommon	(LC)			S
Common Buzzard ^(^9^)	Buteo buteo	Common	-	√			√		√
Common Kestrel	Falco tinnunculus	Common	-	√
Peregrine Falcon ^(^9^)	Falco peregrinus	Scarce	(LC)	√
Eurasian Hobby	Falco subbuteo	Uncommon	(LC)			S
Chinese Francolin	Francolinus pintadeanus	Common	-			B
White-breasted Waterhen ^(^9^)	Amaurornis phoenicurus	Common	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Watercock ^(^9^)	Gallicrex cinerea	Scarce	RC			S
Common Moorhen ^(^9^)	Gallinula chloropus	Common	-	√		S	√		√
Greater Painted-snipe	Rostratula benghalensis	-	LC	√		S	√	√	√
Black- winged Stilt ^(^9^)	Himantopus himantopus	Common	RC	√
Temminck's Stint ^(^9^)	Calidris temminckii	Uncommon	LC	√
Northern Lapwing ^(^9^)	Vanellus vanellus	Scarce	LC				√
Little Ringed Plover ^(^9^)	Charadrius dubius	Common	(LC)	√			√	√	√
Common Greenshank ^(^9^)	Tringa nebularia	Abundant	RC	√			√
Green Sandpiper ^(^9^)	Tringa ochropus	Uncommon	-	√			√	√	√
Wood Sandpiper ^(^9^)	Tringa glareola	Common	LC	√			√	√	√
Common Sandpiper ^(^9^)	Actitis hypoleucos	Common	-	√			√	√	√
Pintail Snipe / Swinhoe’s Snipe ^(^9^)	Gallinago stenura / megala	Common	-				√	√	√
Common Snipe ^(^9^)	Gallinago gallinago	Common	-	√			√		√
Rock Dove	Columbia livia	Common	-			S	√	√	√
Rufous Turtle Dove	Streptopelia orientalis	Common	-				√	√	√
Spotted Dove	Streptopelia chinensis	Common	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Emerald Dove	Chalcophaps indica	Scarce	-			S
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo	Clamator coromandus	Uncommon	-			B
Large Hawk Cuckoo	Hierococcyx sparverioides	Common				B
Indian Cuckoo	Cuculus micropterus	Uncommon	-			B	√
Plaintive Cuckoo	Cacomantis merulinus	Uncommon	-	√		S	√		√
Common Koel	Eudynamys scolopacea	Common	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Greater Coucal	Centropus sinensis	Common	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Lesser Coucal	Centropus bengalensis	Common				S
Asian Barred Owlet	Glaucidium cuculoides	Uncommon	-				√
Savanna Nightjar	Caprimulgus affinis	Common	-	√
Collared Scops Owl	Otus bakkamoena	Common	-			B
Eurasian Eagle Owl	Bubo bubo	Scarce	RC			S
Asian Barred Owlet	Glaucidium cuculoides	Uncommon	-			S
Ruddy-breasted Crake	Porzana fusca	Scarce	LC	√
Grey-headed Lapwing	Vanellus cinereus	Scarce	LC	√
Pacific Swift	Apus pacificus	Common	(LC)				√
Little Swift	Apus affinis	Common	-	√	√	B	√		√
Pied Kingfisher ^(^9^)	Ceryle rudis	Uncommon	(LC)	√			√
Common Kingfisher ^(^9^)	Alcedo atthis	Common	-	√		S	√		√
White-throated Kingfisher ^(^9^)	Halcyon smyrnensis	Common	(LC)	√		S	√	√	√
Black-capped Kingfisher ^(^9^)	Halcyon pileata	Common	(LC)				√
Great Barbet	Megalaima virens	Common	-			S
Eurasian Wryneck	Jynx torquilla	Uncommon	-						√
Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica	Common	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Forest Wagtail	Dendronanthus indicus	Scarce	-				√
Yellow Wagtail	Motacilla flava	Common	-	√			√	√	√
Grey Wagtail	Motacilla cinerea	Common	-	√			√	√	√
White Wagtail	Motacilla alba	Common	-	√	√	S	√	√	√
Richard’s Pipit	Anthus richardi	Common	-	√		S	√	√	√
Olive-backed Pipit	Anthus hodgsoni	Common	-	√			√	√	√
Red-throated Pipit	Anthus cervinus	Common	LC	√					√
Black-winged Cuckoo-shrike	Coracina melaschistos	Scarce	-						√
Scarlet Minivet	Pericrocotus flammeus	Common	-			S			√
Red-whiskered Bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus	Abundant	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Chinese Bulbul	Pycnonotus sinensis	Abundant	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Sooty-headed Bulbul	Pycnonotus aurigaster	Uncommon	-	√		B	√	√
Chestnut Bulbul	Hypsipetes castanonotus	Common	-			S			√
Brown Shrike	Lanius cristatus	Common	-	√			√
Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach	Common	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Siberian Rubythroat	Luscinia calliope	Common	-	√				√	√
Oriental Magpie Robin	Copsychus saularis	Abundant	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Daurian Redstart	Phoenicurus auroreus	Common	-	√			√	√	√
Common Stonechat	Saxicola torquata	Common	-	√			√		√
Blue Rock Thrush	Monticola solitarius	Uncommon	-				√
Blue Whistling Thrush	Myophonus caeruleus	Common	-			B	√		√
Common Blackbird	Turdus merula	Common	-	√			√	√	√
Grey-backed Thrush	Turdus hortulorum	Common	-	√			√		√
Streak-breasted Scimitar Babbler	Pomatorhinus ruficollis	Common	-						√
Rufous-capped Babbler	Stachyris ruficeps	Uncommon	LC						√
Masked Laughingthrush	Garrulax perspicillatus	Abundant	-		√	B	√	√	√
Greater Necklaced Laughing- thrush	Garrulax pectoralis	Common	-			S
Black-throated Laughing-thrush	Garrulax chinensis	Common	-			S			√
Hwamei	Garrulax canorus	Common	-			B			√
White-browed Laughing-thrush	Garrulax sannio	Scarce	-			S
Silver-eared Mesia	Leiothrix argentauris	Common	-			B
Red-billed Leiothrix	Leiothrix lutea	Uncommon	-			B
Japanese Bush Warbler	Cettia diphone	Common	-				√
Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis	Common	LC	√		S	√	√
Bright-capped Cisticola	Cisticola exilis	Scarce	LC	√					√
Yellow-bellied Prinia	Prinia flaviventris	Common	-	√		B	√	√	√
Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata	Common	-	√		B	√	√	√
Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius	Common	-	√	√	B	√		√
Dusky Warbler	Phylloscopus fuscatus	Common	-	√			√	√	√
Palla’s Leaf Warbler	Phylloscopus proregulus	Common	-				√		√
Yellow-browed Warbler	Phylloscopus inornatus	Common	-	√	√		√	√	√
Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler	Locustella certhiola	Common	LC	√
Black-naped Oriole	Oriolus chinensis	Scarce	LC	√
Asian Brown Flycatcher	Muscicapa dauurica	Common	-				√		√
Red-throated Flycatcher	Ficedula albicilla	Uncommon	-	√					√
Hainan Blue Flycatcher	Cyornis hainana	Uncommon	-			B
Great Tit	Parus major	Common	-	√	√	B	√		√
Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker	Dicaeum Cruentatum	Common	-			B	√
Fok-tailed Sunbird	Aethopyga christinae	Common	-			B	√		√
Japanese White-eye	Zosterops japonicus	Abundant	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Little Bunting	Emberiza pusilla	Common	-				√	√	√
Chestnut Bunting	Lonchura atricapilla	Common	-				√		√
Black-faced Bunting	Emberiza spodocephala	Common	-	√					√
Common Rosefinch	Carpodacus erythrinus	Rare	LC						√
White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata	Common	-		√	B	√	√	√
Scaly-breasted Munia	Lonchura punctulata	Common	-	√		B	√	√	√
Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer montanus	Abundant	-	√	√		√	√	√
Red-billed Starling ^(^9^)	Sturnus sericeus	Common	GC	√				√	√
Black-collared Starling	Sturnus nigricollis	Common	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
White- shouldered Starling	Sturnus sinensis	Common	(LC)	√		S	√	√	√
White-cheeked Starling	Sturnus cineraceus	Common	PRC	√			√
Common Myna	Acridotheres tristis	Uncommon	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Crested Myna	Acridotheres cristatellus	Common	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Black-naped Oriole	Oriolus chinensis	Scarce	LC			B
Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus	Common	-	√		B	√	√
Hair-crested Drongo	Dicrurus hottentottus	Common	-			B	√	√	√
Eurasian Jay	Garrulus glandarius	Scarce	LC			S
Blue Magpie	Urocissa erythrorhyncha	Common	-			B			√
Common Magpie	Pica pica	Common	-	√	√	B	√	√	√
Large-billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchus	Common	-	√		S	√	√	√
Collared Crow ^(9) (11)	Corvus torquatus	Uncommon	LC				√	√

Note:

(1) All wild birds are protected under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170)

(2) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface.

(3) AFCD (2006)

(4) Fellowes et al. (2002): GC=Global concern; RC=Regional Concern; LC=Local Concern; PGC=Potential Global Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern. Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in breeding and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(5) MTRC (2008 – 2009)

(6) HyD (2009)

(7) Carey et al: (2001): B=Breeding status recorded, S=The species was only seen or heard with no evidence of breeding.

(8) Information on bird use in abandoned meanders in northwest New Territories were extracted from AFCD (2005)

(9) Wetland-dependent Species.

(10) DSD (2007-2008)

(11) Collared Crow is listed as ”Near Threaten” in the IUCN Red List 2008.

Dragonflies

3.145 A total of 39 dragonfly species were recorded from recent and current studies conducted in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (Table 3.12 and Appendix 3.4b refer). Most of the species recorded were common and widespread in Hong Kong. Two dragonfly species of conservation interest were found in the recent visits. The Scarlet Basker (Urothemis signata signata) was recorded in a watercourse within the works area of the SSS / ERS near the Shek Kong Airfield and Orange-backed Threadtail (Prodasineura croconota) were recorded in active wet agriculture habitat near the works area of the TUW at Lai Uk Tsuen. The Scarlet Basker had also been observed in created wetlands within the study area of the TPP in Kam Tin (MTRC, 2008c). An additional species of conservation importance, the Blue Sprite (Pseudagrion microcephalum) was also recorded in the created wetlands (MTRC, 2009a) (refer to Table 3.12).

3.146 Ten dragonfly species were reported within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area from surveys for Upgrading of the Remaining Section of Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road EIA Study (HyD, 2009). All the recorded species are common and widespread in Hong Kong (Table 3.12 refers).

3.147 The ecological monitoring for drainage channels KT4 to KT7 at Ngau Tam Mei (DSD, 2007-2008) recorded a total of 14 dragonfly species with a record of uncommon species, Chinese Hooktail (Ophiogomphus sinicus) within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (Table 3.12 refers).

Table 3.12 Dragonfly Species Recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area

Common Name^(7)	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^1^)	Level of Concern ^(^2^)	West Rail ^(^3^)	Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road Upgrading ^(5)	Drainage Channel KT4 to KT7 EM&A^(6)	Current Surveys
Orange-tailed Midget	Agriocnemis femina oryzae	Abundant	-	√		√
Wandering Midget	Agriocnemis pygmaea	Common	-	√	√
Eastern Lilysquatter	Cercion melanotum	Uncommon	-	√			√
Orange-tailed Sprite	Ceriagrion auranticum	Abundant	-	√		√
Common Bluetail	Ischnura senegalensis	Abundant	-	√	√	√	√
Blue Sprite	Pseudagrion microcephalum	Uncommon	LC	√
Orange-faced Sprite	Pseudagrion rubriceps rubriceps	Common	-	√
Black-kneed Featherlegs	Copera ciliata	Abundant	-		√
Black-banded Gossamerwing	Euphaea decorata	Abundant			√
Yellow Featherlegs	Copera marginipes	Abundant	-	√	√	√	√
Common Blue Jewel	Rhinocypha perforata	Abundant	-		√
Black Threadtail	Prodasineura autumnalis	Abundant	-			√
Orange-backed Threadtail	Prodasineura croconota	Common	LC				√
Pale-spotted Emperor	Anax guttatus	Abundant	-	√
Lesser Emperor	Anax parthenope	Common	-	√			√
Common Flangetail	Ictinogomphus pertinax	Abundant	-	√			√
Regal Pond Cruiser	Epophthalmia elegans	Common	-	√
Asian Pintail	Acisoma panorpoides	Common	-	√
Blue Dasher	Brachydiplax chalybea	Common	-	√
Asian Amberwing	Brachythemis contaminate	Abundant	-	√	√	√	√
Crimson Darter	Crocothemis servilia servilia	Abundant	-	√		√	√
Blue Percher	Diplacodes trivialis	Abundant	-	√
Russet Percher	Neurothemis fulvia	Abundant	-	√
Pied Percher	Neurothemis tullia	Common	-	√
Red-faced Skimmer	Orthetrum chrysis	Common	-		√		√
Common Blue Skimmer	Orthetrum glaucum	Abundant	-		√		√
Marsh Skimmer	Orthetrum Iuzonicum	Abundant	-				√
Common Red Skimmer	Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum	Abundant	-	√		√	√
Green Skimmer	Orthetrum sabina	Common	-	√	√	√	√
Greater Blue Skimmer	Orthetrum melania	Uncommon	-			√
Wandering Glider	Pantala flavescens	Abundant	-	√		√	√
Pied Skimmer	Pseudothemis zonata	Common	-	√
Variegated Flutterer	Rhyothemis variegate	Common	-	√		√	√
Evening Skimmer	Tholymis tillarga	Common	-	√
Saddlebag Glider	Tramea virginia	Common	-	√
Crimson Dropwing	Trithemis aurora	Abundant	-	√		√	√
Scarlet Basker	Urothemis signata signata	Common	LC	√			√
Dingy Dusk-darter	Zyxomma petiolatum	Common	-	√
Chinese Hooktail	Ophiogomphus sinicus	Uncommon	-			√

Note:

(1) AFCD (2006)

(2) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern

(3) MTR (2008 – 2009)

(4) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface.

(5) HyD (2009)

(6) DSD (2007-2009)

(7) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface

Butterflies

3.148 A total of 75 butterfly species were previously recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (Table 3.13 and Appendix 3.4b refer). Among the 39 butterfly species recorded within the study area during the current survey, most of them are common and widespread in Hong Kong. Six locally uncommon (Bush Hopper, Ampittia dioscorides; Common Jay, Graphium doson axion; Small Cabbage White, Pieris rapae crucivora; Yellow Orange Tip, Ixias pyrene pyrene; Cornelian, Deudorix epijarbas menesicles and Dark Grass Blue, Zizeeria karsandra karsandra) species were recorded.

3.149 MTRC (2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d, 2009a, 2009b) also recorded 34 butterfly species in the created wetlands within the study area of the TPP in 2008 (Table 3.13 refers). These included another uncommon species Yellow Band Dart (Potanthus pava).

3.150 The butterfly surveys for the Upgrading of the Remaining Section of Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road EIA Study reported 43 butterfly species from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (HyD, 2009). Three of them, Golden Birdwing (Troides aeacus aeacus), Glassy Bluebottle (Graphium cloanthus clymenus) and Plain Hedge Blue (Celastrina lavendularis limbata) are considered of Local Concern by Fellowes et al. (2002) (Table 3.13 refers).

3.151 An additional locally rare butterfly species of conservation interest, Dark Edged Snow Flat (Tagiades menaka) was recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (DSD, 2007-2008) (Table 3.13 refers). This species is considered of Local Concern (Fellowes et al. 2002).

Table 3.13 Butterfly Species Recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area

Common Name^(6)	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^1^)	Level of Concern ^(^2^)	West Rail ^(^3^)	Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road Upgrading ^(4)	Drainage Channel KT4 to KT7 EM&A^(5)	Current Surveys
Hesperiidae
Water Snow Flat	Tagiades litigiosus litigiosus	Common	-				√
Dark Edged Snow Flat	Tagiades menaka	Rare	LC			√
Chestnut Angle	Odontoptilum angulatum angulatum	Common	-		√
Bush Hopper	Ampittia dioscorides etura	Uncommon	-	√	√		√
Banana Skipper	Erionota torus	Common	-	√
Yellow Band Dart	Potanthus pava pava	Uncommon	-	√
Contiguous Swift	Polytremis lubricans lubricans	Common	-	√
Swift sp.	Pelopidas sp.	-	-	√
Papilionidae
Common Bluebottle	Graphium sarpedon sarpedon	Common	-	√	√		√
Glassy Bluebottle	Graphium cloanthus clymenus	Rare	LC		√
Common Jay	Graphium doson axion	Uncommon	-		√		√
Tailed Jay	Graphium agamemnon agamemnon	Common	-	√			√
Five-bar Swordtail	Pathysa antiphates antiphates	Common	-				√
Common Mime	Chilasa clytia clytia	Common	-		√		√
Red Helen	Papilio helenus helenus	Common	-		√		√
Common Mormon	Papilio polytes polytes	Common	-	√	√	√	√
Great Mormon	Papilio memnon agenor	Common	-	√	√		√
Spangle	Papilio protenor protenor	Common	-		√		√
Golden Birdwing	Troides aeacus aeacus	Uncommon	LC		√
Common Rose	Pachliopta aristolochiae goniopeltis	Uncommon	-		√
Chinese Peacock	Papilio bianor bianor	Common	-				√
Pieridae
Red-base Jezebel	Delias pasithoe pasithoe	Common	-	√
Small Cabbage White	Pieris rapae crucivora	Uncommon	-				√
Indian Cabbage White	Pieris canidia canidia	Common	-	√	√	√	√
Yellow Orange Tip	Ixias pyrene pyrene	Uncommon	-				√
Great Orange Tip	Hebomoia glaucippe glaucippe	Common	-		√		√
Mottled Emigrant	Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe	Common	-	√	√	√	√
Lemon Emigrant	Catopsilia Pomona Pomona	Common	-	√	√		√
Common Grass Yellow	Eurema hecabe hecabe	Common	-	√	√	√	√
Grass Yellow sp.	Eurema sp.	-	-	√
Lycaenidae
Silver Streak Blue	Iraota timoleon timoleon	Uncommon	-		√
Long-banded Silverline	Spindasis lohita formosana	Uncommon	-		√
Purple Sapphire	Heliophorous epicles phoenicoparyphus	Common	-				√
Broad Spark	Sinthusa chandrana grotei	Uncommon	-			√
Dark Cerulean	Jamides bochus bochus	Common	-	√		√	√
Cornelian	Deudorix epijarbas menesicles	Uncommon	-				√
Long-tailed Blue	Lampides boeticus	Common	-	√
Pale Grass Blue	Zizeeria maha serica	Common	-	√	√	√	√
Dark Grass Blue	Zizeeria karsandra karsandra	Uncommon	-				√
Lesser Grass Blue	Zizina otis otis	Common	-	√
Common Hedge Blue	Acytolepis puspa gisca	Common	-	√	√		√
Plain Hedge Blue	Celastrina lavendularis limbata	Rare	LC		√
Gram Blue	Euchrysops cnejus cnejus	Common	-	√			√
Slate Flash	Rapala manea schistacea	Common	-		√
Satyridae
Dark Brand Bush Brown	Mycalesis mineus mineus	Common	-	√	√	√	√
Dark Evening Brown	Melanitis phedima muskata	Common	-		√
South China Bush Brown	Mycalesis zonata	Common	-		√		√
Banded Tree Brown	Lethe confusa confusa	Very Common	-		√
Common Five-ring	Ypthima baldus baldus	Common	-	√	√		√
Nymphalidae
Angled Castor	Ariadne ariadne alterna	Common	-	√	√		√
Rustic	Cupha erymanthis erymanthis	Common	-		√		√
Indian Fritillary	Argyreus hyperbius hyperbius	Common	-	√
Blue Admiral	Kaniska canace canace	Common	-	√
Chocolate Pansy	Junonia iphita iphita	Uncommon	-		√
Blue Pansy	Junonia orithya orithya	Uncommon	-	√
Common Jester	Symbrenthia lilaea lilaea	Common	-		√	√
Peacock Pansy	Junonia almana almana	Common	-			√	√
Great Egg-fly	Hypolimnas bolina kezia	Common	-	√	√	√	√
Common Sailer	Neptis hylas hylas	Common	-	√			√
Southern Sullied Sailer	Neptis clinia susruta	Common	-		√
Short-banded Sailer	Phaedyma columella columella	Uncommon	-		√
Common Lascar	Pantoporia hordonia	Common	-		√		√
Common Mapwing	Cyrestis thyodamas chinensis	Common	-
Black Prince	Rohana parisatis staurakius	Common	-		√
Color Segeant	Athyma nefte seitzi	Common	-	√			√
Five-dot Sergeant	Parathyma sulpitia	Common	-	√
White-edged Blue Baron	Euthalia phemius seitzi	Common	-		√		√
Guady Baron	Euthalia lubentina	Uncommon	-		√
Red Ring Skirt	Hestina assimilis assimilis	Common	-		√		√
Danaidae
Glassy Tiger	Parantica aglea melanoides	Common	-	√
Ceylon Blue Glassy Tiger	Ideopsis similis similis	Common	-		√	√
Common Tiger	Danaus genutia genutia	Common	-	√			√
Blue Tiger	Tirumala limniace limniace	Common	-		√
Blue-spotted Crow	Euploea midamus midamus	Common	-	√	√
Riodinidae
Plum Judy	Abisara echerius echerius	Common	-			√

Note:

(1) AFCD (2006)

(2) Fellowes et al. (2002); LC=Local Concern

(3) MTR (2008 – 2009)

(4) HyD (2009)

(5) DSD (2007-2008)

(6) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface

Mammals

3.152 A total of fifteen mammalian species were previously recorded in the area (Table 3.14 and Appendix 3.4b refer). Two mammal species, Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus) and Pallas's Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus), were recorded within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area during the current surveys. Japanese Pipistrelles were recorded flying over various habitats within the study area, including watercourses, drainage channels and developed areas / wastegrounds. A single Pallas’s Squirrel was recorded from a shrubland located near the Shek Kong Airfield Road outside the works area of the SSS / ERS site. This species has a fairly wide distribution in Hong Kong. Record of the styani subspecies have been found in Tai Lam, Shing Mun, and Tai Po Kau; while the thai subspecies have been found on Hong Kong Island, e.g. Tai Tam and Pok Fu Lam.

3.153 Seven bat boxes were found on a Chinese Hackberry tree (Celtis sinensis) adjacent to a declared monument (Chik Kwai Study Hall) at Sheung Tsuen of Pat Heung (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/209 refers). The building was under restoration during the course of surveys. The bat boxes were probably installed as alternative roosts for bats impacted by the restoration works of the Study Hall. These bat roosts are situated approximately 280 m from the boundary of the TUW site. However, no bat was observed in these roosts during the recent surveys.

3.154 The AFCD Biodiversity Surveys (AFCD, 2002 – 2008) provided a record of mammals within the study area of the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. Among the five uncommon bat species recorded, Least Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus pusillus) is considered to have conservation interest.

3.155 Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla auritus) and Chinese Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) had also been recorded from hillside near a main drainage channel within the study area of the TPP (Babtie, 1996 and Reels, 1996).

Table 3.14 Mammalian Species Recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area

Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^1^)	Protection Status ^(^2^)	Level of Concern ^(^3^)	AFCD Biodiversity ^(^4^)	Improve-ment to Kam Tin Raod EIA ^(6)	Porcupine! ^(7)	Current Survey
Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat	Hipposideros armiger	Abundant	Cap. 170	(LC)	√		√
Leschenault's Rousette	Rousettus leschenaulti	Common	Cap. 170	(LC)	√		√
Chinese Horseshoe Bat	Rhinolophus sinicus	Abundant	Cap. 170	-	√		√
Intermediate Horseshoe Bat	Rhinolophus affinis	Uncommon	Cap. 170	(LC)	√		√
Least Horseshoe Bat	Rhinolophus pusillus	Uncommon	Cap. 170	PRC	√		√
Chinese Myotis	Myotis chinensis	Uncommon	Cap. 170	(LC)	√		√
Rickett's Big-footed Bat	Myotis ricketti	Uncommon	Cap. 170	(LC)	√		√
Japanese Pipistrelle	Pipistrellus abramus	Abundant	Cap. 170	-	√		√	√
Lesser Bamboo Bat	Tylonycteris pachypus	Abundant	Cap. 170	(LC)	√		√
Common Bent-winged Bat	Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus	Abundant	Cap. 170	(LC)	√		√
Lesser Bent-winged Bat	Miniopterus pusillus	Uncommon	Cap. 170	(LC)	√		√
Indochinese Forest Rat	Rattus andamanensis	Abundant	-	-	√		√
Pallas’s Squirrel	Callosciurus erythraeus	Uncommon	Cap. 170	-				√
Chinese Pangolin	Manis pentadactyla auritus	Rare	Cap. 170	RC			√
Leopard Cat	Prionailurus bengalensis	Uncommon	Cap. 170	-		√	√

Note:

(1) AFCD (2006)

(2) Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170)

(3) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern.

(4) AFCD (2002 – 2008)

(5) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface.

(6) Babtie (1996)

(7) Reels (1996)

Herpetofauna

3.156 A total of 40 herpetofaunal species were previously recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (Table 3.15 and Appendix 3.4b refers). The majority of the species observed are common and widespread in Hong Kong, apart from a single juvenile of Chinese Bullfrog (Rana rugulosa) observed in a drainage channel near the proposed TPP. This species is considered to have ecological interest and had also been recorded within the study area of the TPP by KCRC (2005, 2006a, 2007b, 2007c, 2008b, 2008d and 2009a).

3.157 The AFCD Biodiversity Surveys (AFCD, 2002 to 2008) totally recorded 22 herpetofaunal species with four amphibians (Hong Kong Cascade Frog, Amolops hongkongensis; Chinese Bullfrog, Rana rugulosa; Lesser Spiny Frog, Rana exilispinosa and Brown Wood Frog, Rana latouchii) and five reptiles (Anderson’s Stream Snake, Opisthotropis andersonii; Chinese Mountain Snake, Sibynophis chinensis; Diamond-backed Water Snake, Sinonatrix aequifasciata; Mountain Water Snake, Sinonatrix percarinata and Many-banded Krait, Bungarus multicinctus) of conservation interest within the study area of the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (Table 3.15 refers).

3.158 A total of 25 herpetofauna species had been recorded in the created wetlands in Kam Tin within the study area of the TPP in 2008 (MTRC, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d, 2009a). These included Chinese Bullfrog and another four reptile species of conservation importance (Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis; Five-striped Blue-tailed Skink, Eumeces elegans; Common Rat Snake, Ptyas mucosus and Many-banded Krait) (Table 3.15 refers).

3.159 Another recent herpetofauna survey reported seven amphibians and two reptile species from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (HyD, 2009). All the recorded herpetofauna are common and widespread in Hong Kong (Table 3.15 refers).

Table 3.15 Herpetofaunal Species Recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area

Common Name^(6)	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong^(1)	Protection Status ^(^2)	Level of Concern ^(^3^)	West Rail^(4)	AFCD Biodiversity Survey ^(5)	Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road Upgrading ^(7)	Drainage Channel KT4 to KT7 EM&A^(5)	Current Surveys
Amphibians
Asian Common Toad	Bufo melanostictus	Widely distributed	-	-	√	√	√	√	√
Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog	Kalophrynus interlineatus	Widely distributed	-	-	√	√	√		√
Asiatic Painted Frog	Kaloula pulchra pulchra	Widely distributed	-	-		√	√		√
Butler's Pigmy Frog	Microhyla butleri	Widely distributed	-	-	√	√			√
Ornate Pigmy Frog	Microhyla ornata	Widely distributed	-	-	√				√
Marbled Pigmy Frog	Microhyla pulchra				√		√
Hong Kong Cascade Frog	Amolops hongkongensis	Widely distributed in mountain streams	Cap. 170	PGC		√
Paddy Frog	Rana limnocharis	Widely distributed	-	-	√	√	√		√
Chinese Bullfrog	Rana rugulosa	Widely distributed	-	PRC	√	√			√
Lesser Spiny Frog	Paa exilispinosa	Widely distributed in mountain streams	-	PGC		√
Gunther's Frog	Rana guentheri	Widely distributed	-	-	√	√	√		√
Brown Wood Frog	Rana latouchii	Recorded in several localities in the New Territories including Tai Shing Stream, Pak Sha O and Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve	-	LC		√
Green Cascade Frog	Rana livida	Widely distributed	-	-		√
Brown Tree Frog	Polypedates megacephalus	Widely distributed	-	-	√	√	√		√
American Bullfrog	Rana catesbeiana				√
Reptiles
Checkered Keelback	Xenochrophis piscator	Widely distributed	-	-	√
Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle	Pelodiscus sinensis	Locally found in reservoirs and fishponds in Deep Bay area	Cap. 170	GC	√
Chinese Gecko	Gekko chinensis	Widely distributed	-	-	√	√
Bowring's Gecko	Hemidactylus bowringii	Widely distributed	-	-	√	√	√		√
Four-clawed Gecko	Gehyra mutilata	Widely but thinly distributed	-	-			√
Changeable Lizard	Calotes versicolor	Widely distributed	-	-	√	√			√
Grass Lizard	Takydromus sexlineatus ocellatus	Distributed in grassland and woodland throughout Hong Kong	-	-	√
Chinese Skink	Eumeces chinensis chinensis	Widely distributed	-	-	√				√
Five-striped Bule-tailed Skink	Eumeces elegans	Distributed in woodlands in Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, Tai Mo Shan Country Park and Shing Mun Country Park	-	LC	√
Long-tailed Skink	Mabuya longicaudata	Widely distributed	-	-	√				√
Reeves' Smooth Skink	Scincella reevesii	Widely distributed	-	-	√			√
Brown Forest Skink	Sphenomorphus incognitus	Distributed in streams in central and eastern New Territories	-	-		√
Common Blind Snake	Ramphotyphlops braminus	Abundant	-	-	√
Greater Green Snake	Cyclophiops major	Widely distributed	-	-		√
Anderson's Stream Snake	Opisthotropis andersonii	Widely distributed	-	PGC		√
Common Rat Snake	Ptyas mucosus	Widely distributed	-	PRC	√
Red-necked Keelback	Rhabdophis subminiatus helleri	Widely distributed	-	-					√
Chinese Mountain Snake	Sibynophis chinensis chinensis	Distributed in eastern and central New Territories, on Hong Kong Island and Lantau Island	-	LC		√
Diamond-back Water Snake	Sinonatrix aequifasciata	Distributed restirctedly in streams in Shing Mun Country Park, Shek Kong and Lam Tsuen	-	LC		√
Mountain Water Snake	Sinonatrix percarinata percarinata	Distributed in streams in central New Territories (Shing Mun Country Park, Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, Tai Lam Country Park)	-	LC		√
Plumbeous Water Snake	Enhydris plumbea	Widely disturbed	-	-					√
Many-banded Krait	Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus	Widely distributed in New Territories, Hong Kong Island and Lantau Island	-	PRC	√	√
Bamboo Snake	Trimeresurus albolabris	Distributed in shrubland, grassland throughout Hong Kong	-	-	√
Red-eared Slider	Trachemys scripta elegans	-	-	-	√
Red-eared Slider	Trachemys scripta elegans	Widely distributed	-	-					√

Note:

(1) AFCD (2006)

(2) Protected under Wild Animal Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170)

(3) Fellowes et al. (2002). GC=Global concern; LC=Local Concern; PGC=Potential Global Concern; PRC=Potential

Regional Concern.

(4) MTR (2008 – 2009)

(5) AFCD (2002 – 2008)

(6) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface

(7) HyD (2009)

(8) DSD (2007-2008)

Freshwater Community

3.160 A total of 51 taxa of freshwater fauna were recorded in previous and current surveys within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. During the current surveys, 29 taxa of freshwater fauna were recorded in watercourse within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (Table 3.16 and Appendix 3.4b refers). Since Watercourses 1 and 2 (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/206) are within the study area of the SSS / ERS received considerable raw sewage from the upper reach and also discharges from village houses and garages / open storage, freshwater communities were low in diversity and dominated by two pollution indicators: Chironomidae and Oligochaeta.

3.161 Three locally common fish species including Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis), Chinese Catfish (Clarias fuscus) and Poecilia reticulata were recorded during the current surveys. All of them were tough fishes able to live in rivers with very poor water quality. Other recorded macroinvertebrate taxa included leeches, snails, mayflies, and odonates, etc.

3.162 Watercourse 3 (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/208) runs along the foot of a hill on the boundary of PHV works area. Watercourse 3 was recorded to have comparatively better water quality, which was indicated by a more diverse freshwater fauna including some taxa (e.g. caddisfly Trichoptera) sensitive to pollution. Other fauna commonly found in this watercourse included snails (e.g. Physella acuta) and mayflies (Baetidae). Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis) was the only fish species recorded from Watercourse 3.

3.163 Two additional species of crustacean, Caridina cantonensis and Crytopotamon anacoluthon, and two fish species, Freshwater Minnow (Zacco platypus), were recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area by HyD (2009) and AFCD (2002 – 2008) respectively (Table 3.16 refers). Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) was also found in streams near Kat Hing Wai and Kam Tin San Tsuen within the study area of the TPP (DSD, 2002).

3.164 According to our in-house records from previous ecological monitoring (2005 – 2008) in several abandoned meanders located along a main drainage channel near the SSS / ERS site, a pollution indicator taxon (Chironomidae) was recorded from all the meanders throughout the monitoring period. A decreasing trend of taxon diversity for freshwater macro-invertebrates and shift of community dominance towards pollution indicator species were noted from these monitoring results indicating the deterioration in water quality during the monitoring period. Other commonly recorded from these meanders taxa included Glossiphoniidae, Baetidae, Oligochaeta and gastropoda (Physella acuta).

Table 3.16 Freshwater Community Recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area

Common Name / Scientific Name	West Rail ^(1)	Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road Upgrading ^(2)	AFCD Biodiversity Surveys ^(3)	Drainage Channel KT4 to KT7 EM&A^(4)	Current Surveys
Arthropoda
Cryptopotamon anacoluthon					√
Bivalvia
Bivalve sp.	√
Gastropoda
Biomphalaria	√
Biomphalaria straminea		√		√	√
Brotia hainanensis		√		√	√
Melanoides tuberculata	√			√
Physella acuta		√		√	√
Pomacea lineata	√	√		√	√
Pulmonata sp.
Unidentified Prosobranchia spp.					√
Pulmonata					√
Radix plicatulus					√
Clitellata
Hirudinea sp.		√			√
Oligochaeta sp.	√				√
Polychaeta sp.	√
Crustacea
Copepod sp.	√
Caridina contonensis		√
Crytopotamon anacoluthon		√
Insecta
Anisocentropus maculatus (Calamoceratidae)					√
Baetidae sp.					√
Brachycera sp. pupa	√
Ceratopogonidae	√
Chironomidae spp.	√	√			√
Collembola sp.
Coenagrionidae					√
Dolichopodidae	√
Ephemerellidae					√
Ephydridae sp.	√
Euphaea decorata					√
Gerridae sp.
Goerodes doligung (Lepidostomatidae)					√
Hydropsychidae sp.					√
Leptophlebiidae sp.					√
Metrocoris sp. (Gerrinae)					√
Nematocera sp. pupa	√
Neochauliodes boweringi					√
Philopotamidae sp.					√
Psychodidae sp.	√
Ptilomera tigrina					√
Tabanidae sp.	√	√
Tipulidae sp.	√
Trithemis festiva					√
Zygonyx iris					√
Fish
Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis)		√			√
Freshwater Minnow (Zacco platypus)			√
Chinese Catfish (Clarias fuscus)					√
Poecilia reticulata					√
Channa asiatica				√
Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)				√
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)				√
Reptile
Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)					√

Note:

(1) MTR (2008 – 2009)

(2) HyD (2009)

(3) AFCD (2002 – 2008)

(4) DSD (2007-2008)

Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area

3.165 The Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area contain a number of habitat types and are in close proximity to sites of ecological importance. This section summarizes these habitats. The Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area is composed of two sites; NTV is located along the Project alignment and TSW is approximately 6 km southeast of the NTV (refer to Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/202 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/210). The largest habitat types in this 265 ha area are shrublands (33.3 %), plantations (27.7 %), and developed lands (19.0 %). The Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area also contain smaller areas of watercourses, agricultural lands, and fishponds.

3.166 The Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area are situated close to areas of recognized ecological importance. NTV is within 200 m of portions of Lam Tsuen Country Park and its associated CA. The proposed TSW magazine site is within a CA and fewer than two hundred meters from the boundary of Tai Lam Country Park. More complete information on the flora and fauna of these sites are detailed from Section 3.167 to 3.196.

Habitat and Vegetation

3.167 Current field surveys identified 12 habitat types within the study area of the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area, comprising active agriculture, inactive agriculture, active fishpond, inactive fishpond / pond, reedbed / freshwater marsh, watercourse, drainage channel, grassland, secondary woodland, shrubland, plantation and developed area / wasteground. Habitat maps of the study area are given in NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/203 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/210. Representative photographs of the habitat types identified are provided in Appendix 3.1. The habitats and vegetation identified within the study area of this section are discussed below.

3.168 Although these two study areas are not geographically connected with each other, they are grouped together in view of the similar habitat characteristics and composition. These two study areas are located at the hillside and upland areas largely characterized by plantation, shrubland and secondary woodland habitats.

Plantation

3.169 Locations of the works area for the proposed NTV and TSW have been selected mainly on plantation habitat to avoid direct impacts to the more ecologically diverse natural shrubland and woodland as far as possible. Much of the plantation habitat within the study area of the NTV is in the form of tree planting on formed road-side slopes for purpose of structural stabilization whereas the plantation within the study area of the TSW were planted for restoration of a borrow area (see Section 3.65 for more details). Due to limited human disturbance, the plantation at TSW is relatively mature, with more understory vegetation (e.g. Melastoma candidum, Psychotria asiatica and Lantana camara) established, than that at NTV. In general, none of the flora species within the plantation habitat are rare or protected. Typical plantation species within both study areas included Acacia spp., Melaleuca quinquenervia, Bridelia tomentosa, Eucalyptus spp. Leucaena leucocephala and Tristania conferta with limited ecological value.

Shrubland

3.170 Shurbland was mainly identified in areas of Country Park (CP), Conservation Area (CA), and Green Belt (GB) within both study areas of NTV and TSW. A large percentage of the study area of the NTV is occupied by shrubland which covers the upland areas south to the works area and hillside area behind the Ngau Tam Mei village. The shrubland within the study area of the TSW is confined to lowland valley alongside the watercourse. Vegetation recorded within shrubland included common trees (e.g. Acronychia pedunculata, Celtis sinensis, Cinnamomum camphora, Ficus spp., Leucaena leucocephala, Mallotus paniculatus, Microcos paniculata, Rhus succedanea, Schefflera heptaphylla, Syzygium jambos), shrubs (e.g. Rhodomytus tomentosa and Smilax spp.), herbs (e.g. Blechnum orientale, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Dicranopteris pedata, and Polygonum chinense), and climbers (e.g. Mikania micrantha, Paederia scandens and Maesa perlarius). Trees species native to Hong Kong were also found within the study area of the NTV, e.g. Glochidion wrightii, Phyllanthus emblica and Diospyros spp.

3.171 A few individuals of Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis) were also recorded from a natural slope in the proposed works area of NTV. Location of the Incense Tree is provided in habitat map Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/202.

Secondary Woodland

3.172 Secondary woodland habitat within the study area was mainly recorded from the Tai Lam Country Park south to the proposed works areas of TSW within the study area. This habitat contains a more diverse floral community dominated by Bridelia tomentosa, Cinnamomum camphora, Litsea rotundifolia, Mallotus paniculatus, Cratoxylum cochinchinense and some planted exotic species such as Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia confusa. Other commonly recorded species associated with the understorey of secondary woodland included, shrubs (Psychotria asiatica), herbs (Blechnum orientale and Pteris vittata), and climbers (Desmos chinensis and Maesa perlarius). None of the recorded flora is considered rare or protected.

Grassland

3.173 Grassland habitat within the study areas of the NTV and TSW was originated from low-lying abandoned agricultural land through vegetative succession. Common plant species recorded from this habitat included herbs (e.g. Microstegium ciliatum, Alternanthera sessilis, Cyperus pilosus, and Emilia sonchifolia), climbers (e.g. Palhinhaea cernua, Phyllanthus reticulates) and some isolated shrubs (e.g. Boehmeria nivea, Lantana camara, Ricinus communis, and Sesbania javanica),

Watercourse and Drainage Channel

3.174 Several watercourses, which were predominately hillstreams, were identified within the study area of the NTV and TSW. Running downhill, the watercourses from the study area of the TSW were generally natural. The watercourses were 1 – 1.5 m in width and have sandy or stony substrata. Water quality appeared to be fair with no obvious pollution source. Riparian vegetation along the watercourse was mainly contiguous with adjacent habitats such as plantation, shrubland and secondary woodland. At lowland, the watercourses were generally natural and 0.5 – 1.0 m in width. These lowland watercourses were mainly open with little riparian vegetation along both sides. Their substrata were quite sandy and water quality appeared fair.

3.175 The watercourses within the study area of the NTV originated from the hillside shrubland. Upper sections of the watercourse were natural with riverbed formed by bedrock and boulders, however, the lower sections had been partly channelized for drainage purpose for the lowland housing village. Water quality was fair at the upper section of the watercourse. Signs of slight pollution due to domestic effluence from village house were observed at the channelized section. Dense riparian vegetation from the adjacent shrubland contributed a shading canopy on top of the upper watercourse.

Developed Area / Wasteground

3.176 The existing roads, village residential areas, scattered village-associated orchards as well as open bare ground are grouped under developed area / wasteground and considered of low ecological value. Botanical diversity is mainly dominated by managed orchard plantation such as Litchi chinensis and Artocarpus heterophyllus. Other commonly recorded vegetation within this habitat included Alocasia odora, Bidens alba, Bridelia tomentosa, Casuarina spp., Eleusine indica, Eucalyptus spp., Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Macaranga tanarius.

Other minor habitats

3.177 Other habitats including active and inactive agriculture, active fishponds, inactive fishponds/ ponds, reedbeds / freshwater marshes identified within the study area are regarded as minor habitats in view of their small size and fragmented nature.

3.178 Small and scattered active agricultural lands, with an area of 1.3 ha, were only identified within the study area of the NTV. Vegetation compositions of these habitats were generally similar to their counterparts within the Shek Kong area.

3.179 The two types of fishpond or pond habitats are small in both size and number within the study area of the NTV and TSW as compared with that within the Mai Po Area. Riparian vegetation cover of the active fishponds was limited to plantation of common fruit trees, Litchi chinensis, whereas inactive fishponds were overgrown with grasses (e.g. Brachiaria mutica and Eichhornia crassipes) and reeds (Phragmites spp.).

3.180 A very small area (0.11 ha) of reedbed / freshwater marsh was identified from the study area of NTV. This habitat was derived from abandoned and filled fishponds of the Ngau Tam Mei village. The small patch of marsh within the study area is isolated and fragmented from the nearby habitat of its kind. Hence, the ecological value of this area is considered very limited.

Fauna

3.181 The Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area of the Project alignment consist mainly of shrubland, secondary woodland, and plantations. This area is ecologically connected to nearby Country Parks and Conservation Areas and may host a number of woodland species. Though the study areas are mostly plantations with immature understorey and a canopy of introduced species, it is likely that fauna from nearby woodland habitats occasionally use these habitats.

3.182 In the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area fifty-two species of birds were recorded. The bird species observed were predominantly common species. Six of these species are considered to have conservation interest. The Bonelli’s Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) was observed flying over the NTV study area. Three other ardeids were also observed foraging in Ngau Tam Mei. Table 3.17 details the findings of the current avifauna survey.

3.183 Even though this area is vegetated and not developed, it harbours few other species of concern. Five insect species of ecological concern were recorded in the current survey (Orange-backed Threadtail (Prodasineura croconota), Ruby Darter (Rhodothemis rufa), Dark Grass Blue (Zizeeria karsandra karsandra), Common Dart (Potanthus pseudomaesa) and Pale Palm Dart (Telicota colon). The only other sign of any animals of interest was scat from a Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla auritus) in the Tai Tong area. In the past the protected species (Cap. 170) Small Indian Civet and Asian Mongoose have been recorded in the area. The freshwater fauna, herpetofauna, and other mammals observed in the current survey were widespread and commonplace Hong Kong animals.

3.184 The sections below outline the findings of the current fauna surveys for the Ngau Tau Mei and Tai Tong Area of the Project area. This portion of the document provides details on where the animals were observed and their current conservation status. For further details please refer to Appendix 3.4c and Tables 3.17 to 3.22.

Avifauna

3.185 A total of 83 avifauna species were recorded within the study area of the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (Table 3.17 and Appendix 3.4c refer). The avifauna community in the study area was dominated by commonly encountered land birds such as Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), Chinese Bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis), Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis), Black-collared Starling (Sturnus nigricollis), and Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus).

3.186 Among the recorded avifauna, six species of conservation importance were recorded within the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area during the current surveys. They are listed in Table 3.17 and described in the following paragraphs. Indicative locations of these species are marked on the habitat maps (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/202 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/210 refer).

3.187 A total of 65 avifauna species were recorded from the areas from the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area by the HKBWS Breeding Bird Survey from 1993 to 1996 (Carey et al., 2001) (Table 3.17). The majority (80%) of the records were birds with no evidence of breeding. No breeding records of species of conservation interest were reported.

Ardeids

3.188 Three ardeid species of conservation interest, including Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), and Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) were recorded within the study area of the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area. A single Grey Heron was recorded roosting in the secondary woodland within the study area of the NTV. Individuals of Little Egret were more common with sightings from fishpond, plus occasional aerial “at flight” records within the study area of the NTV. Chinese Pond Heron was observed from the shrubland and grassland west to the Project Area of the TSW.

Raptors

3.189 Aerial record of a raptor species of conservation importance, the Bonelli’s Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) flying over secondary woodland, was marked within the study area of the NTV.

Table 3.17 Avifaunal Species Recorded from the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area

Common Name ^(1)^(2)	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^3^)	Level of Concern ^(^4^)	HKBWS Breeding Bird Survey ^(5)	Current Surveys
					NTV	TSW
Little Grebe ^(6)	Tachybaptus ruficollis	Common	LC	S
Grey Heron ^(6)	Ardea cinerea	Common	PRC	S	√
Little Egret ^(6)	Egretta garzetta	Common	PRC (RC)	S	√	√
Cattle Egret ^(6)	Bubulcus ibis	Common	(LC)	S	√
Chinese Pond Heron ^(6)	Ardeola bacchus	Common	PRC (RC)	S		√
Straited Heron ^(6)	Egretta intermedia	Common	RC	S
Yellow Bittern ^(6)	Ixobrychus sinensis	Uncommon	(LC)	S
Black Baza	Aviceda leuphotes	Uncommon	-	S
Black-winged Kite	Elanus caeruleus	Uncommon	-	S
Black Kite ^(6)	Milvus migrans	Common	(RC)	S	√	√
Crested Serpent Eagle	Spilornis cheela	Uncommon	(LC)	S
Crested Goshawk	Accipiter Trivirgatus	Uncommon	-	S
Besra	Accipiter virgatus	Scarce	-	S
Bonelli's Eagle	Hieraaetus fasciatus	Rare	(RC)		√
Peregrine Falcon ^(6)	Falco peregrinus	Scarce	(LC)	S
Eurasian Hobby	Falco subbuteo	Uncommon	(LC)	S
Common Buzzard ^(6)	Buteo buteo	Common	-		√
Chinese Francolin	Francolinus pintadeanus	Common	-	S
White-breasted Waterhen ^(6)	Amaurornis phoenicurus	Common	-	S	√	√
Common Moorhen ^(6)	Gallinula chloropus	Common	-	S
Green Sandpiper ^(6)	Tringa ochropus	Uncommon	-		√
Common Sandpiper ^(6)	Actitis hypoleucos	Common	-		√
Rock Dove	Columba livia	Common	-	S	√
Spotted Dove	Streptopelia chinensis	Common	-	S	√	√
Emerald Dove	Chalcophaps indica	Scarce		S
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo	Clamator coromandus	Uncommon	-	S
Large Hawk Cuckoo	Hierococcyx sparverioides	Common	-	S		√
Indian Cuckoo	Cuculus micropterus	Uncommon	-	S		√
Plaintive Cuckoo	Cacomantis merulinus	Uncommon	-	S		√
Common Koel	Eudynamys scolopacea	Common	-	S	√	√
Greater Coucal	Centropus sinensis	Common	-	S	√	√
Lesser Coucal	Centropus bengalensis	Common	-	S
Eurasian Eagle Owl	Bubo bubo	Scarce	RC	S
Pacific Swift	Apus pacificus	Common	-	S
Little Swift	Apus affinis	Common	-	S	√	√
Common Kingfisher ^(6)	Alcedo atthis	Common	-	S	√
White-throated Kingfisher^(6)	Halcyon smyrnensis	Common	(LC)	S		√
Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica	Common	-	B	√
Grey Wagtai l^(6)	Motacilla cinerea	Common	-			√
White Wagtail ^(6)	Motacilla alba	Common	-	S	√	√
Richard’s Pipit	Anthus richardi	Comoon	-	B
Olive-backed Pipit	Anthus hodgsoni	Common	-		√
Red-throated Pipit	Anthus cervinus	Common	LC			√
Upland Pipit	Anthus sylvanus	Uncommon	-	S
Red-whiskered Bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus	Abundant	-	B	√	√
Chinese Bulbul	Pycnonotus sinensis	Abundant	-	B	√	√
Sooty-headed Bulbul	Pycnonotus aurigaster	Uncommon	-	B
Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach	Common	-	S	√	√
Siberian Rubythroat	Luscinia sibilans	Common	-		√
Oriental Magpie Robin	Copsychus saularis	Abundant	-	S	√	√
Daurian Redstart	Phoenicurus auroreus	Common	-			√
Common Stonechat	Saxicola torquata	Common	-		√
Blue Whistling Thrush	Myophonus caeruleus	Common	-	S
Masked Laughingthrush	Garrulax perspicillatus	Abundant	-	S	√	√
Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush	Garrulax pectoralis	Common	-	S	√	√
Black-throated Laughingthrush	Garrulax chinensis	Common	-	S
Hwamei	Garrulax canorus	Common	-	S
White-browed Laughingthrush	Garrulax sannio	Scarce	-	S
Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis	Common	LC	S
Yellow-bellied Prinia	Prinia flaviventris	Common	-	S	√	√
Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata	Common	-	S	√	√
Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius	Common	-	S	√	√
Dusky Warbler	Phylloscopus fuscatus	Common	-		√	√
Yellow-browed Warbler	Phylloscopus inornatus	Common	-		√	√
Great Tit	Parus major	Common	-	B	√	√
Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker	Dicaeum Cruentatum	Common	-	S
Fork-tailed Sunbird	Aethopyga Christinae	Common	-	S
Japanese White-eye	Zosterops japonica	Abundant	-	B	√	√
Little Bunting	Emberiza pusilla	Common	-		√
Crested Bunting	Melophus lathami	Rare	LC	S
Black-faced Bunting	Emberiza spodocephala	Common	-		√
White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata	Common	-	B
Scaly-breasted Munia	Lonchura punctulata	Common	-	S	√
Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer montanus	Abundant	-		√
Black-collared Starling	Sturnus nigricollis	Common	-	B	√	√
Common Myna	Acridotheres tristis	Uncommon	-	S	√
Crested Myna	Acridotheres cristatellus	Common	-	B	√
Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus	Common	-	B
Hair-crested Drongo	Dicrurus hottentottus	Common	-	B	√	√
Eurasian Jay	Garrulus glandarius	Scarce	LC			√
Blue Magpie	Urocissa erythrorhyncha	Common	-	S		√
Common Magpie	Pica pica	Common	-		√	√
Large-billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchus	Common	-	B	√

Note:

(1) All wild birds are protected under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170)

(2) AFCD (2006)

(3) Fellowes et al. (2002): GC=Global concern; RC=Regional Concern; LC=Local Concern; PGC=Potential Global Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern. Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in breeding and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(4) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface.

(5) Carey et al. (2001): B=Breeding status recorded, S=The species was only seen or heard with no evidence of breeding.

(6) Wetland-dependent species

Dragonflies

3.190 A total of 19 dragonfly species were previously recorded within the study area of the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (Table 3.18 and Appendix 3.4c refer). Wandering Glider (Pantala flavescens) was the dominant species within the Area. All of the recorded dragonflies are common and widespread in Hong Kong, except the two species of conservation interest, Ruby Darter (Rhodothemis rufa) and Orange-backed Threadtail (Prodasineura croconota), recorded from shrublands within the study area of the NTV (Table 3.18 refers).

Table 3.18 Dragonfly Species Recorded from the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area

Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^1^)	Level of Concern ^(^2^)	Current Surveys
				NTV	TSW
Orange-tailed Sprite	Ceriagrion auranticum ryukyuanum	Abundant	-	√
Yellow Featherlegs	Copera marginipes	Abundant	-	√	√
Chinese Greenwing	Neurobasis chinensis chinensis	Common	-		√
Orange-backed Threadtail	Prodasineura croconota	Common	LC	√
Crimson Darter	Crocothemis servilia servilia	Abundant	-	√	√
Blue Percher	Diplacodes trivialis	Abundant	-		√
Russet Percher	Neurothemis fulvia	Abundant	-	√
Red-faced Skimmer	Orthetrum chrysis	Common	-	√
Common Blue Skimmer	Orthetrum glaucum	Abundant	-	√	√
Common Red Skimmer	Orthetrum pruinosum	Abundant	-	√	√
Green Skimmer	Orthetrum sabina Sabina	Common	-	√
Wandering Glider	Pantala flavescens	Abundant	-	√	√
Ruby Darter	Rhodothemis rufa	Common	LC	√
Crimson Dropwing	Trithemis aurora	Abundant	-		√
Indigo Dropwing	Trithemis festiva	Abundant	-		√
Orange-tailed Midget	Agriocnemis femina oryzae	Abundant	-		√
Pied Percher	Neurothemis tullia tullia	Common	-		√
Variegated Flutterer	Rhyothemis variegata arria	Common	-		√
Saddlebag Glider	Tramea virginia	Common	-		√

Note:

(1) AFCD (2006).

(2) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern.

(3) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface.

Butterflies

3.191 A total of 49 butterfly species were previously recorded within the study area of the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (Table 3.19 and Appendix 3.4c refer). All of them are locally common and widespread except the Dark Grass Blue (Zizeeria karsandra karsandra) and Large Eight-ring (Neope muirheadii muirheadii), which are uncommon in Hong Kong. Two record Hesperiidae butterflies, Common Dart (Potanthus pseudomaesa) and Pale Palm Dart (Telicota colon) are considered of Local Concern by Fellowes et al. (2002).

3.192 The AFCD Biodiversity Surveys (AFCD, 2002 – 2008) reported 11 butterfly species within the study area of the NTV including the record of an uncommon species, the Plain Tiger (Danaus chrysippus) (Table 3.19 refers).

Table 3.19 Butterfly Species Recorded from the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area

Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^1^)		Level of Concern ^(2)	AFCD Biodiversity Surveys ^(^3^)	Current Surveys
						NTV	TSW
Hesperiidae
Greenish Palm Dart	Telicota ancilla horisa	Common		-	√
Common Tart	Potanthus pseudomaesa	Rare		LC		√
Chestnut Angle	Odontoptilum angulatum angulatum	Common		-		√	√
Forest Hopper	Astictopterus jama chinensis	Common		-			√
Contiguous Swift	Polytremis lubricans lubricans	Common		-			√
Pale Palm Dart	Telicota colon	Common		LC			√
Papilionidae
Common Bluebottle	Graphium sarpedon sarpedon	Common		-		√
Tailed Jay	Graphium agamemnon agamemnon	Common		-		√
Common Mime	Chilasa clytia clytia	Common		-		√	√
Red Helen	Papilio helenus helenus	Common		-		√	√
Common Mormon	Papilio polytes polytes	Common		-	√	√	√
Great Mormon	Papilio memnon agenor	Common		-		√	√
Spangle	Papilio protenor protenor	Common		-	√	√
Chinese Peacock	Papilio bianor bianor	Common		-			√
Paris Peacock	Papilio paris paris	Common		-		√	√
Pieridae
Red-base Jezebel	Delias pasithoe pasithoe	Common		-			√
Indian Cabbage White	Pieris canidia canidia	Common		-	√	√	√
Mottled Emigrant	Catopsilia pyranthe	Common		-	√
Lemon Emigrant	Catopsilia pomona pomona	Common		-		√	√
Common Grass Yellow	Eurema hecabe hecabe	Common		-	√	√	√
Amathusiidae
Large Faun	Faunis eumeus	Common		-			√
Lycaenidae
Dark Cerulean	Jamides bochus bochus	Common		-		√
Slate Flash	Rapala manea schistacea	Common		-		√	√
Purple Sapphire	Heliophorous epicles phoenicoparyphus	Common		-	√
Pea Blue	Lampides boeticus	Common		-		√
Pale Grass Blue	Zizeeria maha serica	Common		-	√	√	√
Dark Grass Blue	Zizeeria karsandra karsandra	Uncommon		-		√	√
Gram Blue	Euchrysops cnejus cnejus	Common		-		√
Satyridae
Dark Evening Brown	Melanitis phedima muskata	Common		-		√
Common Evening Brown	Melanitis leda leda	Common		-			√
Banded Tree Brown	Lethe confusa confusa	Common		-		√	√
Dark-brand Bush Brown	Mycalesis mineus mineus	Common		-			√
South China Bush Brown	Mycalesis zonata	Common		-		√	√
Common Five-ring	Ypthima baldus baldus	Common		-		√	√
Straight Five-ring	Ypthima lisandra lisandra	Common		-			√
Large Eight-ring	Neope muirheadii muirheadii	Uncommon		-			√
Riodinidae
Plum Judy	Abisara echerius echerius	Common	-			√	√
Nymphalidae
Angled Castor	Ariadne ariadne alterna	Common	-		√	√	√
Blue Admiral	Kaniska canace canace	Common	-				√
Indian Red Admiral	Vanessa indica indica	Common	-			√
Great Egg-fly	Hypolimnas bolina kezia	Common	-		√	√	√
Common Sailer	Neptis hylas hylas	Common	-			√	√
Staff Sergeant	Athyma selenophora leucophryne	Common	-			√	√
White-edged Blue Baron	Euthalia phemius seitzi	Common	-				√
Red Ring Skirt	Hestina assimilis assimilis	Common	-			√
Danaidae
Common Tiger	Danaus genutia genutia	Common	-			√	√
Glassy Tiger	Parantica aglea melanoides	Common	-				√
Plain Tiger	Danaus chrysippus chrysippus	Uncommon	-		√
Blue-spotted Crow	Euploea midamus midamus	Common	-				√

Note:

(1) AFCD (2006)

(2) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern.

(3) AFCD (2002 – 2008)

Mammals

3.193 A total of six mammalian species were recorded from the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (Table 3.20 refers). A specimen of mammal scat probably from the insectivorous Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla auritus) was recorded on an engineered slope within the study area of the TSW during the current surveys (Appendix 3.4c refers). Chinese Pangolin is a locally rare species occurs in woodlands, grassland and hillside areas (Shek, 2006). Previous Biodiversity Survey conducted by AFCD (AFCD, 2002 to 2008) recorded another uncommon mammal Small Asian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) within the study area of TSW. (Table 3.20 refers).

Table 3.20 Mammalian Species Previously Recorded from the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area

Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^1^)	Protection Status ^(^2^)	Level of Concern ^(^3^)	AFCD Biodiversity Surveys ^(^4^)	Current Surveys
						NTV	TSW
Small Asian Mongoose	Herpestes javanicus	Uncommon	Cap. 170	-	√
Eurasian Wild Pig	Sus scrofa	Common	-	-	√
Small Indian Civet	Viverricula indica	Abundant	Cap. 170	-	√
Japanese Pipistrelle	Pipistrellus abramus	Abundant	Cap. 170	-		√	√
Chinese Pangolin	Manis pentadactyla auritus	Rare	Cap. 170	RC			√
Musk Shrew	Suncus murinus	-	-	-			√

Note:

(1) Shek (2006)

(2) Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170)

(3) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern.

(4) AFCD (2002 – 2008)

(5) Species of conservation interests are in bold typeface.

Herpetofauna

3.194 A total of five reptile species and eight amphibian species were recorded within the study areas of the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (Table 3.21 and Appendix 3.4c refer). Reptile species were mainly recorded from developed areas / wastegrounds, whereas amphibians were more diversified in reedbeds / freshwater marshes. All the recorded herpetofauna species are common and widespread in Hong Kong.

Table 3.21 Herpetofaunal Species Recorded from the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area

Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong ^(^1^)	Current Surveys
			NTV	TSW
Amphibians
Gunther's Frog	Rana guentheri	Widely distributed	√	√
Asian Common Toad	Bufo melanostictus	Widely distributed	√	√
Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog	Kalophrynus interlineatus	Widely distributed	√	√
Asiatic Painted Frog	Kaloula pulchra pulchra	Widely distributed	√	√
Butler's Pigmy Frog	Microhyla butleri	Widely distributed	√	√
Green Cascade Frog	Rana livida	Widely distributed	√
Brown Tree Frog	Polypedates megacephalus	Widely distributed	√	√
Ornate Pigmy Frog	Microhyla ornata	Widely distributed	√	√
Reptiles
Bowring's Gecko	Hemidactylus bowringii	Widely distributed	√	√
Long-tailed Skink	Mabuya longicaudata	Widely distributed	√	√
Chinese Skink	Eumeces chinensis chinensis	Widely distributed	√	√
Slender Forest Skink	Scincella modesta	Distributed in woodlands		√
Checkered Keelback	Xenochrophis piscator	Widely distributed		√

Note:

(1) AFCD (2006).

Freshwater community

3.195 Freshwater watercourses within the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area supported a total of 38 taxa of freshwater fauna (Table 3.22 refers). During the current surveys, watercourses 4 and 5 (see Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/210) located within the study area of the TSW was inhabited by 32 taxa of common freshwater fauna, among which freshwater shrimp Caridina spp. and a caddisfly species Anisocentropus maculates were dominant. These invertebrates were relatively abundant in Watercourse 4 among the leave litter of a riparian plantation Acacia mangium in pools. A stonefly species (i.e. Kamimuria sp.) was also found in Watercourse 4. Stoneflies, together with caddisflies, were very intolerant to polluted water. Their existence in Watercourse 4 indicated a fairly good water quality of this hillstream. Two goby fishes, Rhinogobius duospilus and Rhinogobius giurinus, were also recorded during the surveys (Appendix 3.4c refers). Lowland Watercourse 5 supported high diversities in mayflies, dragonflies and snails (Appendix 3.4c refers). Fishes dominating this watercourse were Rhinogobius duospilus and Oreochromis niloticus.

3.196 The AFCD Biodiversity Surveys (2002 to 2008) recorded several common freshwater fish species within or in close vicinity of the study area of the NTV, including Channa sp., Clarias focus, Gambusia affinis, and Oreochromis niloticus. The freshwater habitats within the study area of TSW were found to harbour lowland stream fish species including Pterocryptis cochinchinensis, Puntius semifasciolatus, Rhinogobius duospilus, and R. giurinus (AFCD 2002 – 2008). All of the recorded species are common and widespread in Hong Kong. Table 3.22 provides a summary of the freshwater fish recorded by the AFCD Biodiversity Survey within the study area of the NTV and TSW.

Table 3.22 Freshwater Species Recorded from the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area

Common Name / Scientific Name	AFCD Biodiversity Surveys^(1)	Current Surveys
Lower Invertebrate
Oligochaeta		√
Insect
Heptageniidae		√
Anisocentropus maculatus		√
Baetidae		√
Chironomus plumosus		√
Ephemera spilosa		√
Odontoceridae		√
Ophiogomphus sinicus		√
Philopotamidae		√
Protosticta taipokauensis		√
Ptilomera tigrina		√
Helicopsychidae		√
Kamimuria sp. (Perlidae)		√
Leptophlebiidae		√
Enithares sp. (Naucoridae)		√
Metrocoris sp. (Gerrinae)		√
Megalogomphus sommeri		√
Heliogomphus scorpio		√
Serratella sp.		√
Tetracanthagyna waterhousei		√
Tramea virginia		√
Zygonyx iris		√
Spider
Arthropoda		√
Shrimp
Caridina spp.		√
Snails
Radix plicatulus		√
Physella acuta		√
Biomphalaria straminea		√
Melanoides tuberculata		√
Amphibian
Tadpoles		√
Freshwater Fish
Channa sp.	√
Whitespotted Walking Catfish (Clarias fuscus)	√
Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis)	√
Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	√
Vietnam catfish (Pterocryptis cochinchinensis)	√
Chinese Barb (Puntius semifasciolatus)	√
Rhinogobius duospilus	√	√
Barcheek Goby (Rhinogobius giurinus)	√	√
Oreochromis niloticus		√

Note:

(1) AFCD (2002 – 2008)

Southern Section

3.197 The southern portion of the Project alignment is characterized by a highly urbanized and developed environment. Few areas of natural habitat exist within this section of the Project alignment. The only site of known conservation interest that falls within the 500 m study area is a small portion of the Shing Mun Country Park. Within these developed areas, several work sites are planned and composed of several types of projects; barging points, ventilation and construction shafts, and small aboveground works (storage, base yards, etc). Presented below is a brief overview of these works sites and their condition.

3.198 The proposed ventilation shaft sites in the southern portion of the Project alignment are located within the urban areas of Kowloon, Kwai Chung, Shing Mun, and Nam Cheong. These areas are mostly developed or under construction. The sites proposed for Kwai Chung and the Mei Lai Road areas are currently used as car parks and are paved with asphalt and concrete. The small amounts of vegetation present in the shaft sites are in roadside landscaping. Appendix 3.1 provides representative photos of these sites. Habitat maps of these sites are given in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/211 to NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/229. For a more detailed overview of these sites please refer to Section 3.201 to 3.216.

3.199 The Nam Cheong Barging Point (NCB), the West Kowloon Barging Point (WKB), the Rambler Channel Barging Point (RCB), the Siu Lam Barging Point (SLB), the Lung Kwu Sheung Tan Barging Point (LKB) and the Tsing Chau Tsai Barging Point (TCB) are the waterfront components of the Project. Located along highly developed shorelines, the vegetation on these sites is sparse and composed of common wasteground and urban plants (Casuarina spp., Lantana spp., and Leucaena leucocephala.). For representative photos of these sites please refer to Appendix 3.1. The barging points are located in active industrial zones and experience heavy marine and commercial traffic. For a more detailed overview of these sites please refer to Section 3.217 to 3.228.

3.200 Construction base yards, city parks, and car parks currently exist at the remaining proposed small work sites. These areas are in highly urban parts of Hong Kong and have little vegetation. However, the proposed Nam Cheong small works are located within the grounds of a park with extensive landscaping. Additionally, the proposed storage facility at Kwai Chung has plantings of Musa x paradisiaca and Cordyline fruticosa within the site. Appendix 3.1 provides representative photos of these sites. For a more detailed overview of these sites please refer to Section 3.229 to 3.244.

Ventilation Building (VB), Construction Shaft and Adit

3.201 VBs will be the air exchange route for the railway system in normal operation and essential components of the tunnel smoke control system in emergency mode. Also, the VBs will serve as fire escapes from the tunnel, combined with emergency access points (EAPs).

3.202 Land selection for VB should avoid any site of conservation interest and use of land within village zones, conservation areas, or private lands should be minimized. Besides, sites suitable for VBs are also restricted by safety consideration, engineering constraints, land availability, and public perception. This is particularly true in the densely populated urban areas. With these considerations in mind, five VBs have been proposed on the southern section of the Project alignment.

3.203 Shafts and adits along the alignment will be used for tunnel ventilation during the construction and operational phases. Shafts and adits will be typically located at permanent VBs to minimize the potential disturbance and impact to the public and environment. Additionally, shafts also provide access for tunnelling equipment, permanent material and spoil removal during construction.

Shing Mun Ventilation Building (SMV) and Shing Mun Construction Shaft

3.204 SMV and Shing Mun Construction Shaft are located at the intersection of Cheung Shan Estate Road East and Cheung Shan Estate Road West (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 refers). The site is currently used as a bus stop (i.e. Shing Mun Bus Stop), and nearby habitats are mostly developed areas such as schools, sports grounds, and residential areas, etc (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/212 refers). Most vegetation within the site is commonly planted trees in urban area such as Cinnamomum camphora, Bombax ceiba and Melaleuca quinquenervia. The current land status (OZP) of the site is ‘Residential (A)’. About 0.06 ha roadside plantation of low ecological value would be affected by the proposed SMV.

3.205 A ventilation building will be constructed at this site for ventilation, drill and blast tunnelling works and emergency access. The ventilation building will consist of a long decline underground adit linking tunnel to the underground ventilation fans (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/105 refers). Drill and blast techniques will be adopted for construction of tunnel adit at this site in order to minimize the disturbance to land, wildlife and public activities at ground level throughout the period of construction. Thus, there will be no construction work on the nearby artificial slope.

3.206 SMV is located 400 m from the southern boundary of Shing Mun Country Park (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/312 refers). Previously recorded fauna species of conservation interest within and around the catchwater under the EIA Report for Drainage Improvement in Tsuen Wan, Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi, Tsuen Wan Drainage Tunnel (DSD, 2005) are listed in the following table:

Table 3.23 Faunal Species of Conservation Interest Previously Recorded within the Study Area of SMV

Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution in Hong Kong	Protection Status ^(1)	Level of Concern^(2)	Location
Japanese Pipistrelle	Pipistrellus abramus	Abundant	Cap. 170	-	Plantation and grassland along Shing Mun catchwater
Rhesus Macaque	Macaca mulatta	Common	Cap. 170	-	Woodland along Shing Mun catchwater
Pallas's Squirrel	Callosciurus erythraeus	Uncommon	Cap. 170	-	Plantation along Shing Mun catchwater
Chinese Pond Heron	Ardeola bacchus	Common	Cap. 170	PRC	Shing Mun catchwater
Little Egret	Egretta garzetta	Common	Cap. 170	PRC (RC)	Shing Mun catchwater
Emerald Dove	Chalcophaps indica	Scarce	Cap. 170	-	Woodland along Shing Mun catchwater
Hong Kong Cascade Frog	Amolops hongkongensis	Common	Cap. 170	PGC	Streams along Shing Mun catchwater

Note:

(1) Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170)

(2) Fellowes et al. (2002): GC=Global concern; RC=Regional Concern; LC=Local Concern; PGC=Potential Global Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern. (Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in breeding and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence).

3.207 In addition, one individual of Hong Kong Newt (Paramesotriton hongkongensis) was recorded at Sam Dip Tam stream near the Yuen Yuen Institute, which is approximately 1 km to the northwest of the proposed SMV (DSD, 2005). This species is protected under Cap. 170 and is considered to be of potential global concern by Fellowes et al. (2002). Their distributions in Hong Kong and coastal areas in Guangdong province (Karsen et al., 1998) are restricted.

Kwai Chung Ventilation Building (KCV) and Kwai Chung Adit

3.208 KCV is next to Wing Yip Street (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 refers). Its current usage is an open car park and serves as the Kwai Chung Highways Department Depot. Habitats near KCV are almost developed area with little vegetation inside the car park (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/213 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/214 refers). KCV is currently zoned as ‘Industrial’ in land status (OZP).

3.209 The site of KCV will be used as a VB. The VB has a permanent site area of around 0.32 ha and 20 m in height. A permanent elevated adit with an approximate length of 650 m connecting to the tunnel will be provided. The elevated adit will be constructed by drill and blast method through the tunnel portal on an engineered slope adjacent to Wah Wing Industrial Building. Thus, a small part of the adit outside the portal will be above ground (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/106 refers). South-western part of this site will be used for site storage and site office during construction.

Nam Cheong Ventilation Building (NCV) and Nam Cheong Construction Shaft

3.210 NCV is on the southeast of the intersection of Hing Wah Street West and Sham Mong Road and to the north of the existing MTR Nam Cheong Station PTI (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/216 to NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/218 refer). The current usage of NCV is an open car park. Vegetation found surrounding the car park was dominated by Macaranga tanarius and Aleurites moluccana. Its nearby habitats are all developed area. A VB will be constructed at this car park (zoned as ‘Comprehensive Development Area’ in OZP) for ventilation, crossover and emergency access. The site has a permanent site area of around 0.13 ha and 14 m in height. The Nam Cheong Construction Shaft will be constructed at NCV. The existing drainage culvert on the east of NCV (at the intersection of Fat Tseung Street West and Sham Mong Road) will be diverted during construction. The existing entrance of MTR Nam Cheong Station PTI will be maintained and modified during construction.

Mong Kok West Ventilation Building (MKV) and Mong Kok Road West Construction Shaft

3.211 MKV is adjacent to Lai Cheung Road and is currently an open car park with some roadside planting along its margin (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/219 refer). The land status (OZP) of MKV is ‘Government Land (not zoned yet)’, and nearby habitats are all developed area. A VB will be built here. The permanent site area of this VB is about 760 m² and its height is 13 m. Mong Kok Road West Construction Shaft will be constructed at MKV.

West Kowloon Ventilation Building (WKV)

3.212 An open area next to Jordan Road to the south of PTI will be constructed as an integrated underground building with shafts and an emergency assembly area for ventilation and emergency access (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/219 refer). The site has a permanent site area of around 0.19 ha and 19 m in height. The location of WKV is now zoned as ‘Open Space’ in OZP, and its nearby habitats are all developed areas. Plants within the site were very limited with Ficus microcarpa and Aleurites moluccana scattered around the corner.

Shek Yam Works Area (SYW)

3.213 SYW is situated next to Cheung Wing Road and now used as an open car park surrounded by an engineered slope (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 refers). It is zoned as ‘Village Type Development’ and ‘Open Space’ in OZP. Surrounding habitats include mainly developed areas and some plantations (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/211 refers). Parthenocissus dalzielii and Pueraria lobata were the most common climbers found on the nearby slope. Apart from this, trees such as Macaranga tanarius, Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia confusa and herbs such as Wedelia trilobata also distributed near to the site.

3.214 During the construction phase, a temporary construction shaft will be built to drive the drill and blast tunnel north and south. Also, there will be an elevated adit to transport the spoil generated during the tunnelling work. A small part of the elevated adit will be above ground. As the construction shaft is a temporary work, this site will be reinstated afterwards.

Mei Lai Road Works Area (MLW)

3.215 The site of MLW is now used as a temporary car park adjacent to the Po Leung Kuk Tong Nai Kan College between Castle Peak Road and Mei Lai Road (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/215 refer). Its current land status (OZP) is ‘Government, Institution or Community’ and it also covers a narrow part of ‘Green Belt’. Habitats near MLW are mainly developed area with some plantation and grassland, etc. However, within the car park, few plants could be found inside. A temporary construction shaft for the tunnel boring machine (TBM) reception and drill and blast tunnelling works will be constructed at this site. An underground adit will be made linking the shaft and the tunnel. The site will be reinstated afterwards.

Hoi Ting Road Construction Shaft (HTW)

3.216 HTW is situated near Hoi Ting Road, south of Yau Ma Tei Catholic Primary School and now used as a car park with some roadside planting along its margin (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/219 refer). It is zoned as ‘Government, institution or community’ in OZP. During the construction phase, a temporary construction shaft will be built for the retrieval of TBM. Part of the shaft will form permanent cut-and-cover tunnel afterwards.

Barging Point (BP)

3.217 Six barging points have been proposed for the purpose to transport the spoil generated from the Project to Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge or to Tai Shan in the Mainland for reuse or disposal. Cable stayed structures with a jig will be constructed at WKB, while loading ramps will be installed at the remaining five barging points. Moreover, enclosed tipping hall and wheel washing facility will be provided at each barging point to minimize the construction dust impact on surrounding environment.

West Kowloon Barging Point (WKB)

3.218 WKB will be located on the open area between Pop TV Arena and West Kowloon Waterfront Promenade (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002, NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/220 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/221 refer). It is now an open area and zoned as ‘Open space’ in the OZP. Small trees such as Leucaena leucocephala and herbs such as Wedelia trilobata L. and Pueraria lobata were found scattered within the site. The habitats nearby are all developed areas. Although some temporary access roads will be built within this site, the main proposed usage of WKB is a barging point providing temporary barge loading facilities. At any given time, a maximum of five barges loading general fill, marine sediments, and rocks will work at this point and primarily serving the WKT. The site will be reinstated afterwards. No marine work will be conducted within this barging point.

Nam Cheong Barging Point (NCB)

3.219 NCB is now an area for public cargo handling located to the north of Cheung Sha Wan Wholesale Food Market Office and covers a part of Hing Wah Street West (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002, NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/216 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/217 refer). It is now zoned as ‘Other Specified Uses (Arts, Cultural, Entertainment, Commercial and Other Uses)’ in the OZP, and its nearby habitats are mainly developed areas. Only a few common roadside plantings existed along the site margin with Leucaena leucocephala as the dominant species.

3.220 This site will be used as a barging point for temporary barge loading facilities and supporting overhead conveyor system. A maximum of three barges at a time will transport general fill, marine sediments and rocks from this point. WKT, Nam Cheong, and Mong Kok West sites are the areas served by the NCB. The site will be reinstated afterwards. No marine work will be conducted within this barging point.

Rambler Channel Barging Point (RCB)

3.221 RCB is now an open area with some vegetation coverage next to Kwai Chung Incineration Plant and Kwai Chung Sewage Treatment Works (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/222 refer). Most vegetation was grasses such as Echinochloa spp., Imperata koenigii, Panicum maximum and Miscanthus floridulus, etc. A few of tree species such as Hibiscus tiliaceus and Leucaena leucocephala could also be found within the site. It is now zoned as ‘Government, Institution or Community’ im the OZP, and its nearby habitats are developed area and plantation.

3.222 This site will be used as a barging point providing temporary barge loading facilities. A maximum of two barges loading general fill and marine sediments will work at this point at a time. Kwai Chung, Mei Lai Road, Shek Yam, and Shing Mun sites are the serving areas of the RCB. The site will be reinstated after construction stage and no marine work will be conducted within this site.

Siu Lam Barging Point (SLB)

3.223 SLB is adjacent to Tsing Fat Street near Lok On Pai Siu Lam Flea Market and it is currently an open area vegetated with some grass species (e.g. Bidens alba, Miscanthus sinensis and Neyraudia reynaudiana) (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/003 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/225 refer). Casuarina equisetifolia, Macaranga tanarius and other common tree species were planted along the site margin. Its current land status (OZP) is ‘Comprehensive Development Area’, and the habitats nearby included developed area, plantation, grassland and shrubland.

3.224 A temporary barging point will be built here providing barge loading facilities. Two barges at one time loading general fill and marine sediments, which are mainly from SSS / ERS site, can be accommodated at this point. The site will be reinstated after construction stage and no marine work will be conducted within this site.

Lung Kwu Sheung Tan Barging Point (LKB)

3.225 LKB is located at Lung Kwu Sheung Tan (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/003, NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/228 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/229 refer). It is now an area for loading and unloading of construction material and its surrounding habitats are mainly developed area, shrubland and plantation. The proposed barging point at Lung Kwu Sheung Tan is located on developed land with no natural habitats. A small area of agricultural land (orchard) planted mainly with Litchi chinensis is located near the existing loading area. There will be small-scaled dredging and marine works, no land-based construction activities would be required (refer to Appendix 3.6 for details). A maximum of two barges loading general fill and rocks will work at this point at one time serving the NTV, TPP, and MPV sites.

Tsing Chau Tsai Barging Point (TCB)

3.226 TCB is in Tsing Chau Wan (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/003 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/226 refer). It is now an area for loading and unloading of construction material. The habitats nearby included developed area, plantation, grassland and shrubland. However, within the site, only some widespread grass species could be found along its margin, e.g. Echinochloa spp., Imperata koenigii and Miscanthus floridulus.

3.227 The proposed usage of this site during construction will be a barging point. Two barges for loading and unloading of construction materials will work at this site at a time, and serving the PHV and SYW sites. TCB will be reinstated after construction stage and no marine work will be required within this site.

3.228 Previous records of egretries were marked at To Kau Wan (summer 2002) and San Po Tsui (summer 2005) which are located approximately 700 m and 1.1 km east to the TCB respectively, during the previous egretry count surveys (Wong, 2002 and Anon, 2005a). The latest egretry count recorded no breeding activities from these previous nesting sites (Anon, 2008a).

Nursery Area and Temporary Explosives Magazine

3.229 Siu Lang Shui (SLSW) and So Kwun Wat (SKW) sites will serve as tree nursery sites providing areas for the transplanted trees from other sites and allowing them to grow during the construction under the Project. Additionally, the So Kwun Wat sites will be used as a temporary site explosive magazine.

So Kwun Wat Magazine Sites and Works Area (SKW)

3.230 SKW is currently an open area at So Kwun Wat (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/003, NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/223 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/224 refer). It is zoned as ‘Government, Institution or Community’ in OZP with a paved path in the ‘Green Belt’. Although shrublands, woodlands, plantations, and some artificial slopes are within and around this site, no area of conservation interest falls within the site boundary and its vicinity. Casuarina equisetifolia was the dominant species at this site. Other commonly planted tree species such as Acacia confusa, Leucaena leucocephala and Eucalyptus spp. Were also recorded.

3.231 SKW will be used as a temporary magazine at ground level, which will store the explosives used in the drill and blast construction. A stepped site formation profile will also be constructed. The site will be surfaced with hard standing and enclosed with security fences. Widening of the access road to SKW will be required. However, no work will be required on the artificial slope. The site will also be used as a temporary nursery site providing a growing area for the transplanted trees during construction.

Siu Lang Shui Storage and Plant Nursery Areas (SLSW)

3.232 SLSW is now an open area next to Siu Lang Shui Road (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/003 refers). Although the area is zoned as a ‘Green Belt’ in OZP, vegetation coverage was rather sparse. Leucaena leucocephala and Miscanthus floridulus were the dominant tree and grass species at this site. Siu Lang Shui SSSI is situated within the 500 m boundary of this site (refer to the details in Section 3.57 and Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/313). The habitats near SLSW are woodland, shrubland, plantation, and some small parts of a developed area (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/227 refers).

3.233 SLSW will be used as temporary plant nursery area for the transplanted trees during construction to allow trees to grow during the construction period. Only minor works including erection of fencing and installation of irrigation pipes and surface drainage will be carried out in the area.

Terminus

3.234 The terminus will be a principal gateway between Hong Kong and the Mainland, and will also form a regional transport hub.

West Kowloon Terminus (WKT)

3.235 WKT is now an open area to the south of WKV near to the intersection of Austin Road West and Lin Cheung Road (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002, NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/220 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/221 refer). There were some grass and herbs (e.g. Echinochloa spp. and Bidens alba) scattered on the paved ground of this area, but very few trees existed within the site.

3.236 Work to this Terminus will include the construction of station building entrance and podium, as well as vehicular access and subway, footpath and footbridge connecting to the Terminus. Around WKV and WKT, there will be a series of temporary works area, which houses a concrete batching plant, a worker’s shed, a site office, a stockpiling area, a mud plant, a temporary works laydown area, a reinforcement bar bending yard, and workshop. Also, a permanent seawater intake and outfall for a seawater cooling system (refer to Section 2 and Appendix 3.7 for details) will be located along the seaside near the Pop TV Arena.

Other Sites in Southern Section

3.237 In addition to the sites used as VBs, shafts, BPs, nursery, magazine and terminus, etc, there are other sites in the southern section of Project alignment to function as transport interchanges, storage and site offices, etc. Piles modification and other simple site formation might be required within these sites where necessary.

Lai Chi Kok Works Area (LCW)

3.238 LCW is located at the intersection of Kwai Chung Road and Tsing Sha Highway (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002, NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/215 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/216 refer). Public road is its existing usage. It is zoned as ‘Government, Institution or Community’ in OZP, and its surrounding habitats include mainly develop areas with some roadside planting along its margin mainly for a landscaping function. The construction work involved within this site includes modification of piles of Lai Chi Kok Bridge, construction sump pit, and modification of the existing MTR sump pit, and the modification of existing piles of drainage culvert. The site will be reinstated after the completion of construction work.

Public Transport Interchange (PTI)

3.239 The open area at 300 m south to MKV adjacent to Lin Cheung Road will be used as public transport interchange (PTI) including landscape deck (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/219 refer). Common roadside planted species such as Aleurites moluccana could be found sparsely distributed along its margin. The current land status (OZP) of the PTI is ‘Open Space’ and its nearby habitats are all developed area.

Other Unnamed Work Areas

3.240 An open area next to Kwai Chung Public School and near the SYW will be used as a stockpiling area with some simple site formation work required (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 refers). When the construction is completed, this site will be reinstated. Some common and widespread plant species (e.g. Aleurites moluccana, Schefflera heptaphylla, Casuarina equisetifolia and Canna indica) were recorded on the periphery of this area.

3.241 A current car park next to the San Kwai Street with a distance of 200 m from the southwest of the KCV will be used as a temporary site office during the construction stage under the Project (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 refers). Some roadside plantings were recorded along the margin of this car park.

3.242 There are two work sites near the LCW. One is on Sham Mong Road near to Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education Haking Wong Waterfront Annex, which is currently used as public road (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 refers). An electrical equipment room building will be demolished from this site. The other site is at the intersection of Sham Mong Road and Shum Shing Road and is also a public road at present (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 refers). Demolition and reprovision of footbridge and construction of temporary footbridge will be required for this site. Both sites are located within highly developed areas, within which only some commonly planted landscaping species were found, e.g. Spathodea campanulata and Melaleuca quinquenervia.

3.243 Three work areas are located near the NCV (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 refers). One of them is currently a public road section of Yen Chow Street. The existing drainage culvert will be modified at this site. Another work area will occupy a small portion of Nam Cheong Park, a section of Chui Yu Road, the intersection of Sham Mong Road and Hoi Fai Road, and a section of Hoi Fai Road. The works area in Nam Cheong Park will be used as a temporary stockpiling area. The existing drainage culvert on the Chui Yu Road will be modified. Demolition and reprovisoning of footbridge will be required on the intersection of Sham Mong Road and Hoi Fai Road. A temporary at-grade pedestrian crossing will be made on the Hoi Fai Road section. The third site will also occupy a part of Nam Cheong Park and this area will be used as a site office during construction. All of the three work areas will be reinstated after completion of the construction works. Since all these work areas are located at either public road or urban park, most plants found within these sites were common landscaping species such as Bombax ceiba, Bauhinia blakeana, Spathodea campanulata and Wodyetia spp.

3.244 There is a car park with some roadside plantings at Hoi Ting Road to the north of MKV (Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M50/002 refers). During construction phase, this area will be used as a temporary site office and stockpiling area and reinstated afterwards.

Ecological Importance

3.245 In accordance with the EIAO-TM Annex 8 criteria, the ecological importance of recorded habitats has been evaluated in Tables 3.24 to 3.36.

Northern Section

Active Agricultural Lands

3.246 The Project area has a small total area (48.47 ha) of active agricultural land. These lands are low in floral diversity; consisting mostly of common crops (e.g. Ipomoea batatas, Zea mays and Zingiber officinale) and fruit orchards (e.g. Musa x paradisiaca and Litchi chinensis). The actively cultivated lands in Mai Po Area and Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area are highly fragmented and small in total area. The agricultural lands in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area were larger in extent and less fragmented; approximately 90% of the agricultural lands in the Project area are in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin region. Moreover, the cultivated lands at Shek Kong and Kam Tin had low to moderate faunal diversity, with six avifaunal species of ecological interest recorded (Greater Painted-snipe, Wood Sandpiper, Little Egret, Chinese Pond Heron, Red-throated Pipit, and Bright-capped Cisticola) during the current surveys. The active agricultural land in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area is considered to have low to moderate ecological value. In the low diversity agricultural lands at MPV and NTV and TSW few species of ecological interest were observed. In the past, two ecologically important bird species were observed in cultivated fields in Mai Po and none at NTV and TSW. Farmlands in these areas have low ecological value. Agricultural lands Table 3.24 presents the results of the habitat evaluation for active agricultural lands.

Table 3.24 Ecological Evaluation of Active Agriculture Habitat

Criteria	Active Agriculture
	Mai Po Area (MPV)	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)
Naturalness	Low	Low	Low
Size	Small, about 3.7 ha	Moderate, about 43.47 ha	Small, about 1.3 ha
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low to moderate	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	A fairly common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, one mammal of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. Two locally common avifauna of conservation interest (Little Egret, Chinese Pond Heron) were previously recorded from this habitat by PPEL (2008).	A fairly common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, 6 avifauna and one dragonfly species of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) was recorded from this habitat during West Rail radio-tracking monitoring surveys (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2007 – 2009).	A fairly common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, no records of flora or fauna species of conservation interest during current surveys.
Re-creatability	High	High	High
Fragmentation	High	Moderate	High
Ecological linkage	A small farmland at the Mai Po Village has some ecological linkage to nearby wetland habitats.	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.
Potential value	Low	Low	Low
Nursery / breeding ground	No record of nursery or breeding ground.	No record of nursery or breeding ground.	No record of nursery or breeding ground.
Age	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Low	Low	Low
Ecological value	Low	Low to moderate	Low

Inactive Agricultural Lands

3.247 Inactive agricultural lands accounted for a relatively small portion of the Project area (26.3 ha). There were no inactive agricultural lands in the Mai Po Area and in Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area less than a hectare of inactive agricultural land was reported. The bulk of the inactive agricultural land was recorded in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (26.18 ha). These areas had low floral diversity composed of mostly exotic species and some fruit trees (Musa x paradisiaca, Litchi chinensis, etc). Faunal diversity was low to moderate in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. Three locally common birds of ecological concern were recorded in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. Greater Painted-snipe of ecological concern has been recorded in inactive agricultural lands in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. Otherwise, these highly fragmented lands are not known as important habitat for fauna nor are they ecologically linked to other high value habitats.

Table 3.25 Ecological Evaluation of Inactive Agriculture Habitat

Criteria	Inactive Agriculture
	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)
Naturalness	Low	Low
Size	Small to moderate, about 26.18 ha	Small, about 0.12 ha
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low to moderate	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	A fairly common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, 3 locally common avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded during the current surveys. Greater Painted-snipe was recorded from this habitat (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2007 – 2009; per. comm.).	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, no records of flora or fauna species of conservation interest during the current surveys.
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	High	High
Ecological linkage	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery / breeding ground	No records of nursery or breeding ground.	No records of nursery or breeding ground.
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Low	Low
Ecological value	Low to moderate	Low

Fishpond Habitats

3.248 Fishponds are found in all three of the areas considered for the ecological evaluation of the Project. The majority of this habitat type was found within the Mai Po area; more than 30 ha of active and inactive fishponds are found in Mai Po. Active fishponds are used for rearing commercially important fish and can provide habitat for a number of insects, birds, and mammals.

3.249 The largely unfragmented active/inactive fishponds at Mai Po had a high richness of species. The Mai Po fishponds are highly connected through hydrology and ecology to the nearby and environmentally significant Mai Po-Deep Bay System (Mai Po Marshes, Inner Deep Bay SSSI, CA, etc). Animals using the fishponds may also utilize these nearby habitats more than 26 bird species of concern have been recorded in the fishponds near the MPV (11 species in the current surveys). These birds include the globally threatened Black-faced Spoonbill, breeding populations of ardeids, and regionally uncommon duck species. Additionally, the fishpond habitats host a number of insect species; including two dragonfly species of concern.

3.250 In Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area fishponds were an isolated and uncommon habitat. They were not functionally linked with the surrounding habitats and hosted only one avifaunal species of concern. In the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area only limited inactive fishponds were recorded; they had low floral and faunal diversity. These fragmented, manmade habitats are not significant components of natural landscape in either the Shek Kong or Ngau Tam Mei areas.

Table 3.26 Ecological Evaluation of Fishpond Habitat

Criteria	Active Fishpond and Inactive Fishpond / Pond
	Mai Po Area (MPV)	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)
Naturalness	Low	Low	Low
Size	Moderate, about 28.56 ha active fishpond and 3.72 ha inactive fishpond	Small, about 0.99 ha of inactive fishpond	Small, about 1.26 ha active fishpond and 1.29 ha inactive fishpond
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Moderate to High	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	Fishpond habitats are common in Hong Kong (North-west New Territories). Predominantly common species recorded, eleven avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded during the current surveys. A total of 26 avifauna species of conservation interest, were previously recorded from this habitat by PPEL (2008).	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, no records of flora or fauna species of conservation interest during the current surveys.	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, one avifauna species of conservation interest was recorded from active fishpond during the current surveys.
Re-creatability	High	High	High
Fragmentation	Low. Largely contiguous with other inactive and active fishponds in the area.	High	High.
Ecological linkage	The fishponds within the study area of the MPV are functionally and structurally linked to adjacent wetlands (e.g. Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site, WCA).	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.
Potential value	High with proper management	Low	Low to moderate with management but value would be limited as the fishponds are in small size and highly fragmented.
Nursery / breeding ground	No record of nursery or breeding ground.	No record of nursery or breeding ground.	No record of nursery or breeding ground.
Age	Over 30 years. Some fishponds were probably abandoned for about 10 – 15 years	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	High	Low	Low
Ecological value	Moderate to High	Low	Low

Reedbeds/Freshwater Marshes

3.251 Reedbeds/freshwater marshes are an important and uncommon habitat type in Hong Kong, any patch of this habitat greater than 1 ha in size is considered ecologically significant. The majority of reedbeds and marshes were recorded in the Mai Po area (4.66 ha). These marshes are wet year round and are largely contiguous. The Mai Po reedbeds and marshes are also ecologically connected to the adjacent fishponds, drainage channels, and other wetlands. Faunal diversity was moderate in Mai Po’s reedbeds; nine bird species and one butterfly of conservation interest were observed in recent surveys (PPEL, 2008). Moreover, habitats are known as breeding grounds for important dragonfly species and possibly common amphibians. In Mai Po reedbeds are a moderately important habitat. Though manmade, from the filling of fishponds, these are not always easily recreatable.

3.252 In the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area and Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area this habitat type was isolated, highly fragmented, and small in size (less than 0.5 ha for each site). In both of these areas no significant linkage between reedbeds and the surrounding habitats was observed. Floral and faunal diversity was low and the dominant vegetation was Phragmites spp. In Shek Kong and Ngau Tam Mei the potential for reedbeds as a significant habitat is limited by the small extent of reedbed/marshes. Overall these habitats are not important in the landscape of Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area and Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area given the degree of fragmentation and limited extent.

Table 3.27 Ecological Evaluation of Reedbed / Freshwater Marsh Habitat

Criteria	Reedbed / Freshwater Marsh
	Mai Po Area (MPV)	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)
Naturalness	Moderate. Developed from filled ponds and subject to disturbance from regular vegetation management.	Moderate. Developed from abandoned or filled fishponds.	Moderate. Developed from abandoned or filled fishponds.
Size	Small, about 4.66ha	Small, about 0.31 ha	Small, about 0.11 ha
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Moderate	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	Freshwater marsh is uncommon habitat and with area over 1 ha is considered important in Hong Kong. Species recorded predominantly common, two locally common avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. Nine bird species and one butterfly species of conservation interest were recorded by PPEL (2008).	Freshwater marsh is uncommon habitat. However, the reedbed / freshwater marsh habitat recorded from the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area were small in size, highly scattered and isolated. Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) was recorded from this habitat during West Rail radio-tracking monitoring surveys (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2007 – 2009).	Freshwater marsh is uncommon habitat. However, the reedbed / freshwater marsh habitat recorded from the study area of NTV was small in size. No records of flora or fauna species of conservation interest during the current surveys.
Re-creatability	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Fragmentation	Low	High	High
Ecological linkage	The reedbed / freshwater marsh habitat recorded within the study area of the MPV is structurally and functionally linked with the wetland habitat within the Mai Po area.	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.
Potential value	High with proper water level and vegetation management.	Low, as the habitats are highly fragmented which limited the potential ecological value to wildlife.	Low, as the habitats are highly fragmented and small which limited the potential ecological value to wildlife.
Nursery / breeding ground	Potential breeding ground for common amphibian and dragonfly species (PPEL, 2008).	Potential breeding ground for Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2007 – 2009). May support breeding for common amphibians and dragonflies.	No record of nursery or breeding ground, but may support common amphibians and dragonflies.
Age	Approximately 15 years, developed from filled fishponds.	Approximately 15 years, developed from filled fishponds.	Approximately 15 years, developed from filled fishponds.
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Moderate	Low to moderate	Low
Ecological value	Moderate	Low	Low

Created Wetlands

3.253 The northern section of the study area contains two areas of created wetland habitats. These manmade habitat types are scarce in Hong Kong, though examples exist in the Deep Bay and Lok Ma Chau regions. Both of these created wetlands are in the Kam Tin Valley and part of an 11.16 ha complex of created wetlands; a total 6.87 ha of created wetland fall within the study area. These created wetlands in the Kam Tin area are in two separate sites; the West Rail Created Wetlands and the Kam Tin Bypass Created Wetlands.

3.254 The West Rail Created wetlands are moderate in extent (5.31 ha) and have a low floral diversity. The faunal diversity is relatively moderate, 29 species of conservation interest have been recorded in the site in the recent past. Among these are common ardeid species of concern and raptors. The wetland is likely a breeding ground for common amphibians and dragonfly species. The West Rail Created Wetlands are significantly linked to adjacent wetlands though fragmented by the railway and other infrastructure developments. The habitat value for this created wetland should increase as an active management scheme is in place.

3.255 The Kam Tin Bypass created wetland is small (1.56 ha) and fragmented by developments in the region. This wetland is relatively low in floral and faunal diversity. The wetland is habitat for the Greater Painted-snipe, a species of concern, and has been observed using the pools under the roadway. This wetland is actively managed; recent reprofiling and plantings have increased its floral diversity. Fragmented and small, this wetland is not significantly linked or of high value to the surrounding environment.

Table 3.28 Ecological Evaluation of Created Wetland Habitat

Criteria	Created Wetland for West Rail	Created Wetland for Kam Tin Bypass
Naturalness	Man-made habitat, but mimicking natural wetland habitat	Man-made habitat.
Size	Moderate for this habitat type (11.16 ha within the Kam Tin valley), approximately 5.31 ha within the study area of the TPP.	Small for this habitat type (1.56 ha in Kam Tin), approximately 1.56 ha within the study area of the TPP.
Diversity	Moderate structural complexity and faunal diversity but relatively low botanical diversity.	Low structural complexity, botanical diversity and faunal diversity.
Rarity	Scarce habitat type in Hong Kong but other examples in the Deep Bay area. Twenty-nine faunal species of conservation interest (22 avifauna, two dragonflies, five herpetofauna) were recorded during the latest monitoring surveys (MTR, 2008 – 2009). The Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) was recorded from this habitat during West Rail radio-tracking monitoring surveys.	Scarce habitat type in Hong Kong but other examples in the Deep Bay area. Roosting record one avifauna of conservation interest (Greater Painted-snipe, Rostratula benghalensis) was made from this habitat during the West Rail radio-tracking monitoring surveys.
Re-creatability	Readily re-creatable if resources are available.	Readily re-creatable if resources are available.
Fragmentation	Fragmented by West Rail and other infrastructure.	Fragmented by adjacent land use.
Ecological linkage	Significant linkages with adjacent wetlands.	Limited linkages with adjacent wetlands due to size and fragmentation.
Potential value	Significant scope for further increase in value due to active management regime.	Limited scope for further increase in value due to shape, size and location.
Nursery / breeding ground	Some value as breeding area, notably for amphibians and dragonflies.	Not a significant nursery or breeding area.
Age	Recently formed and adaptive management ongoing.	Recently formed and adaptive management ongoing.
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Moderate abundance and diversity of wildlife.	Low abundance and diversity of wildlife.
Ecological value	Moderate	Moderate

Watercourses

3.256 Watercourses are a fairly common habitat in Hong Kong and were found in both the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area and the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area. These habitats were small to moderate in size at Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (10.9 ha, 15.5 km) and small at Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (0.96 ha, 2.7 km). Though fairly large and natural, many of the watercourses in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area are heavily influenced by effluent and are characterized by pollution-tolerant species. These watercourses feed into heavily polluted tributaries and are not significantly linked to important ecological habitats. Nevertheless, six sections of abandoned meanders in this Area were previously recorded to have moderate or high bird use. The watercourses near Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area are smaller in extent and length with reasonable water quality. The overall ecological value of these watercourses is limited given their degraded water quality, and low biological diversity.

Table 3.29 Ecological Evaluation of Watercourse Habitat

Criteria	Watercourse
	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)
Naturalness	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Size	Small to moderate, about 10.9 ha (15.5 km)	Small, about 0.96 ha (2.8 km)
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, three faunal species of conservation interest (two avifauna and one dragonfly) were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. The Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) was recorded from meanders within and/or near the study area (AFCD, 2005). Six additional avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded from abandoned meander during previous ecological monitorings (2005-2008, in-house; TDD, 2002a; 2002b). Twelve additional avifauna of conservation interest recorded were recorded from abandoned meander in the northwestern New Territories (AFCD, 2005).	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, no record of rare flora or fauna were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.
Recreatability	Moderate	Moderate
Fragmentation	N/A	N/A
Ecological linkage	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.
Potential value	Moderate at upper course. Low at lower course due to pollution stress and anthropogenic influences.	Moderate at upper course. Low at lower course due to pollution stress and anthropogenic influences.
Nursery / breeding ground	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.	Tadpoles were recorded from the watercourse 4 in TSW indicating the potential breeding ground for amphibian species.
Age	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low to moderate	Low

Drainage Channels

3.257 Drainage Channels are a fairly common, manmade habitat in Hong Kong and were recorded in the Mai Po, Shek Kong, and Ngau Tam Mei areas of the Project alignment. The drainage channels were found around fishponds in Mai Po, throughout the Shek Kong area, and at the lower reaches of watercourses in Ngau Tam Mei.

3.258 The drainage channels were largest in extent and length in Shek Kong (23.51 ha, 10.4 km). These channels ranged in size from main drainage channels to ditches around ponds. Generally, the water quality in these channels was poor; domestic effluent is discharged into the channels. The Greater Painted-snipe and Wood Sandpiper were two of the four bird species of interest were recorded in the current drainage channel surveys. Other significant species recorded included a dragonfly and one species of herpetofauna. Otherwise these channels were not high in floral or faunal diversity. With the poor water quality, low diversity, and ability to re-create of the channels in the Shek Kong region this is not an ecologically significant habitat.

3.259 The drainage channels at Mai Po (2.32 ha, 2.2 km) and Ngau Tam Mei (0.04 ha, 0.20 km) were much smaller in extent and length. The channels at Mai Po are typically wet year round and had low floral diversity; dominated by common riparian vegetation (Macaranga tanarius, Brachiaria mutica, etc). Fauna diversity was moderate; the adjacent wetland habitats host a number of bird species that also utilize or pass through the drainage channel habitats. In Ngau Tam Mei, the drainage channels short and insignificant; no significant fauna or flora were observed and the biological diversity was low. Given the low diversity, small size, and high potential for remaking these channels the ecological value was considered low at Mai Po and Ngau Tam Mei.

Table 3.30 Ecological Evaluation of Drainage Channel Habitat

Criteria	Drainage Channel
	Mai Po Area (MPV)	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)
Naturalness	Low	Low	Low
Size	Small, about 2.32 ha (2.2 km)	Moderate, about 23.51 ha (10.4 km)	Small, about 0.04 ha (200 m)
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low to moderate	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, 4 avifauna species of conservation interest, were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. Thirteen faunal species of conservation interest (12 avifauna and one dragonfly) were recorded from this habitat by PPEL (2008)	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, 5 faunal species of conservation interest (four avifauna and one herpetofauna) were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. The Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) was recorded from this habitat during West Rail radio-tracking monitoring surveys (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2007 – 2009). Additional five avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded from drainage channel (KT4 - 7) during previously ecological monitoring (DSD, 2007-2008).	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, no rare flora or fauna was recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.
Re-creatability	High	High	High
Fragmentation	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ecological linkage	Habitat is structurally or functionally linked to nearby wetland habitats.	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.
Potential value	Low	Low	Low
Nursery / breeding ground	No record of any nursery or breeding ground During the current surveys Potential breeding ground for dragonfly and amphibian species. (PPEL, 2008)	Potential breeding ground for Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2007 – 2009).	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.
Age	Recently channelized	Recently channelized	Recently channelized
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Low	Low to moderate	Low
Ecological value	Low	Low-moderate	Low

Grasslands

3.260 Grassland habitats are a common habitat in Hong Kong and were found at MPV, Shek Kong and Kam Tin, Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong areas of the Project alignment. These grasslands were all relatively small (less than 25 ha) and low in floral diversity (dominated by common herbs and grasses). The grassland habitats in the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area and Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area were created through hillslope engineering, succession on burned areas, and in recently disturbed areas and abandoned farmland. These areas were also highly fragmented and low in species diversity. Although, common birds species of interest have been reported (Red-throated pipit in Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area and the Chinese Pond Heron in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area) in current surveys. The grasslands in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area are moderately fragmented while those in Mai Po Area and Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area were highly fragmented. Due to the fragmented nature, low biological diversity and manmade (or influenced) nature of these habitats they are not considered ecologically important in general.

3.261 The grasslands at Mai Po Area had a higher faunal diversity than the other grasslands in the Project area. Five bird species and one dragonfly species of conservation interest were recorded in current surveys. Because of the connectivity between these grasslands and nearby wetland habitats the species spill over into the grasslands. Given the connectivity and species abundance on this habitat in Mai Po Area it is considered of low to moderate ecological importance. The grassland adjacent to the Buffalo Field also supported a population of Greater Painted-snipe. Its potential value is, however, affected by the increasing development pressure and illegal waste dumping activities in the area, and therefore its ecological value is rated as moderate to high.

Table 3.31 Ecological Evaluation of Grassland Habitat

Criteria	Grassland
	Mai Po Area (MPV)	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)
Naturalness	Moderate. Developed from filled ponds and subject to disturbance from regular vegetation management.	Low. Developed from recently disturbed lands or on engineered slope. Also found on natural hillside but subject to disturbance from hill fire.	Low to moderate. Developed from low-lying abandoned agricultural land through vegetative succession.
Size	Small, about 19.65 ha	Small, about 22.65 ha	Small, about 22.7 ha
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Moderate	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, six faunal species of conservation interest (five avifauna and one dragonfly) were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. Five avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat by PPEL (2008).	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, one avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) was recorded from this habitat (near “Buffalo Field”) during West Rail radio-tracking monitoring surveys (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2007 – 2009).	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, three faunal species (two avifauna, one butterfly and one mammal) of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys
Re-creatability	High	High	High
Fragmentation	Low	Moderate	Low
Ecological linkage	The grassland habitat within the study area of MPV is structurally and functionally linked with the wetland habitat within the Mai Po area.	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.
Potential value	With the potential to be enhanced if vegetation was suitably managed, although such a management regime is unlikely in practice.	With potential to develop into shrubland / woodland if undistributed in 10 to 20 years.	With potential to develop into shrubland / woodland if undistributed in 10 to 20 years.
Nursery / breeding ground	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.	Potential breeding ground for Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2007 – 2009).	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.
Age	Approximately 15 years, developed from filled fishponds.	Young	Young
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Moderate	Low	Low
Ecological value	Low to moderate	Low (Moderate to high near “Buffalo Field”)	Low

Note:

(1) Part of Buffalo field fall within study area consists of grassland and agricultural land.

Seasonally Wet Grasslands / Wet Grassland

3.262 Several, scattered small patches of seasonally wet grassland were found in the Mai Po Area. This 1.17 ha seasonal wetland was derived from filled fishponds and has low floral diversity. The vegetation is dominated by common species (Alternanthera philoxeroides, Phragmites spp., Polygonum spp., etc). The faunal diversity was moderate with a three ecologically significant birds observed. This habitat is a suitable nursery habitat for dragonflies and amphibians and is linked to the nearby wetland ecosystems in Mai Po. Even though it is highly fragmented and limited in size, this wetland habitat is considered to have low to moderate ecological importance. The wet grassland in the Buffalo Field, developed from abandoned agricultural land, supported a significant population of Greater Painted-snipe. Its potential value is, however, affected by the increasing development pressure and illegal waste dumping activities in the area, and therefore its ecological value is rated as moderate to high.

Table 3.32 Ecological Evaluation of Seasonally Wet Grassland / Wet Grassland Habitat

Criteria	Seasonally Wet Grassland in Mai Po Area (MPV)	Wet Grassland in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)
Naturalness	Moderate. Developed from filled ponds and subject to disturbance from regular vegetation management.	Low to moderate. Former agricultural land but greatly degraded recently due to dumping of excavated fill materials since late 2007 / early 2008.
Size	Small, about 1.17 ha	Small, about 1.97 ha
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Moderate	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Moderate
Rarity	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, 3 locally common avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the surveys. Seven bird species of conservation interest were recorded by PPEL (2008).	Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) was recorded from this habitat (in “Buffalo Field”) during West Rail radio-tracking monitoring surveys (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2007 – 2009).
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	High	High
Ecological linkage	Structurally and functionally linked with the surrounding grassland and nearby freshwater marsh.	Structurally and functionally linked with the surrounding grassland.
Potential value	Moderate with proper management but the ecological value is limited by small size.	The condition of “Buffalo Field” is degrading and hence limits its potential as roosting and breeding ground for Greater Painted-snipe.
Nursery / breeding ground	Breeding ground for common dragonfly and amphibian species (PPEL, 2008).	Potential breeding ground for Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) (KCRC, 2005 – 2007; MTRC, 2007 – 2009).
Age	Approximately 15 years, developed from filled fishponds.	Unknown
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Moderate.	Moderate.
Ecological value	Low to moderate	Moderate to high

Secondary Woodland Habitat

3.263 The secondary woodland habitat consists of natural woodlands established since 1945. The woodland at Mai Po Area consisted of a fung shui woodland. This wooded area was small (approximately 4 ha) and was composed of native plant assemblages. The biological diversity was low and it was fragmented, though the site did host an egretry.

3.264 The woodlands at Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area and Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area are more extensive (25.28 ha and 42.15 ha respectively) and it was ecologically linked to the country parks. Two avifaunal species of concern have been recorded with in these forests and the Incense Tress was also recorded within woodlands in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area. Given the age, relative intactness, and difficulty in recreating this type of habitat these three areas are considered to have moderate ecological value.

Table 3.33 Ecological Evaluation of Secondary Woodland Habitat

Criteria	Secondary Woodland
	Mai Po Area (MPV)	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)
Naturalness	Moderate to high	Moderate to high	Moderate to high
Size	Small, about 4.34 ha	Moderate, about 42.15 ha	Small, about 25.28 ha
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low to moderate Fauna diversity: Low to moderate	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, no flora or fauna of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, 2 avifauna species of conservation interest, were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. A locally common plant species of conservation interest (Aquilaria sinensis) was recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, two avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.
Re-creatability	Low to moderate. It would take decades to re-create woodland habitat.	Low to moderate. It would take decades to re-create woodland habitat.	Low to moderate. It would take decades to re-create woodland habitat.
Fragmentation	Moderate	Low	Low
Ecological linkage	Some linkage to Deep Bay wetland habitat via foraging egrets.	The secondary woodland near the TUW and PHV is linked to Tai Lam CP. And the secondary woodland to the north of TPP is linked to Lam Tsuen CP	The secondary woodland near the TSW is linked to Tai Lam CP.
Potential value	Moderate to high. Value could be enhanced by suitable management.	Moderate to high	Moderate to high
Nursery / breeding ground	An active egretry was recorded from this habitat within the study area of the MPV.	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.
Age	Most secondary woodland was established since 1945.	Most secondary woodland was established since 1945.	Most secondary woodland was established since 1945.
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Low to moderate	Moderate	Low to moderate
Ecological value	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate

Shrublands

3.265 Shrublands were recorded at Mai Po, Shek Kong and Kam Tin as well as the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Areas in current habitat surveys. These habitats appear to moderately natural, derived from succession of cleared lands. The Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area and Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area both had moderate expanses of shrublands (88.38 ha and 72.33 ha respectively). Both of these shrublands had moderate floral diversity with common species (Lantana camara, Ficus hispida, Celtis sinensis, etc) dominating the community. Both shrubland habitats were structurally linked to the nearby Lam Tseun Country Park and Tai Lam Country Park. In shrublands of NTV site a plant (Incense Tree, Aquilaria sinensis) of conservation interest were recorded. The shrublands at Shek Kong were moderately fragmented while the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area shrublands were largely contiguous. However, the observed faunal diversity was low and these habitats are not considered of high ecological value.

3.266 The shrublands in Mai Po Area were smaller (1.89 ha) and highly fragmented. These shrublands were not linked to nearby habitats of ecological significance. Moreover, no species were observed in the Mai Po shrublands. Given the small, species depauperate nature of these shrublands, they are not considered ecologically important.

Table 3.34 Ecological Evaluation of Shrubland Habitat

Criteria	Shrubland
	Mai Po Area (MPV)	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)
Naturalness	Low to moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Size	Small, about 1.89 ha	Moderate, about 72.33 ha	Moderate, 88.38 ha
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low to moderate Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low to moderate Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low to moderate Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, no flora or fauna species of conservation interest, were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, one avifaunal species of conservation interest was recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.	A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded. One locally common floral species and two dragonfly species of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat (in NTV works area) during the current surveys. Only one locally common bird species of conservation interest was recorded from this habitat (in TSW works area) during the current surveys.
Re-creatability	Low to moderate. Readily re-creatable with time allowed for natural succession.	Low to moderate. Readily re-creatable with time allowed for natural succession.	Low to moderate. Readily re-creatable with time allowed for natural succession.
Fragmentation	Moderate to high	Moderate to high	Low
Ecological linkage	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.	Shrubland is structurally and functionally linked with Lam Tsuen and Tai Lam CPs within the Study Area.	Shrubland is structurally and functionally linked with Lam Tsuen and Tai Lam CPs within the Study Area.
Potential value	Low to moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Nursery / breeding ground	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.
Age	N/A	N/A	N/A
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Ecological value	Low	Low to moderate	Low to moderate

Plantation

3.267 Plantations are a very common habitat type in Hong Kong. These are typically planted along roadsides in narrow strips. The plantation habitat in the Mai Po Area and Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area were small (7.61 ha and 10.62 respectively) and highly fragmented. The floral diversity was low, dominated by exotic tree species (Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia spp.) and the observed faunal diversity was also low. The only species of conservation interest seen in current surveys was a Chinese Pond Heron at Mai Po. This habitats are of low value, young (20 years), easily re-creatable, and not ecologically connected to nearby environments.

3.268 The plantations at the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area were larger, 73 ha, and mostly contiguous. These larger plantations are connected with the Tai Lam Country Park and adjacent to / within the Conservation Area. Because the biological diversity is low (dominated by exotic species), the habitat readily re-creatable, and planted to restore a former borrow area (see Section 3.65 for details) this habitat is considered to have low ecological value. A small patch of plantation (located within the proposed TSW works area) was enhanced by AFCD through planting of various native species at the understorey. The floral diversity was higher compared with the rest of the plantation within the study area, the ecological value of the area is therefore rated as low to moderate.

Table 3.35 Ecological Evaluation of Plantation Habitat

Criteria	Plantation
	Mai Po Area (MPV)	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)
Naturalness	Low	Low	Low
Size	Small, about 7.61 ha	Small, about 10.62 ha	Moderate, about 73.32 ha
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low dominated by exotic species Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low dominated by exotic species Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low in general dominated by exotic species, but low to moderate within TSW works area where some native species were planted in understorey. Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, one locally common avifauna species of conservation interest, was recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, no flora or fauna of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, one butterfly of conservation interest was recorded from this habitat (in NTV study area)during the current surveys.
Re-creatability	High	High	High
Fragmentation	Highly fragmented	Highly fragmented	Low
Ecological linkage	Road side planting has limited linkage to secondary woodland. Some ecological linkage to Deep Bay wetland via foraging egret (if the abandoned egretry is recolonized).	Road side planting is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.	Part of plantation habitat within the study area of TSW is located within CA and is structurally linked to Tai Lam CP
Potential value	Low for road side planting. Value can be enhanced if the abandoned egretry can be recolonized and maintained.	Low for road side planting	Moderate for plantation in protected areas such as CAs and CPs.
Nursery / breeding ground	Important breeding colony of Little Egret recorded (35 pairs in 2006), although no breeding birds recorded in 2007 and 2008.	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.
Age	Young, less than 20 years	Young, less than 20 years	Young, less than 20 years
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Low	Low	Low
Ecological value	Low	Low	Low (Low to moderate in TSW area)

Developed Areas/Wastegrounds

3.269 Developed areas in the project area consisted of villages, residential areas, roads and open storage sites. These areas had botanical communities dominated by common orchard species and common exotic species. In general, the floral and faunal diversity for these areas is low. Although, the faunal abundance in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area was moderate, including three locally common avifauna species of conservation interest. No ecological linkage to the natural environment is apparent. This common, widespread, and extensive habitat type is not considered ecologically significant.

Table 3.36 Ecological Evaluation of Developed Area / Wasteground Habitat

Criteria	Developed Area / Wasteground
	Mai Po Area (MPV)		Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area (TPP, SSS, PHV and TUW)	Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area (NTV and TSW)
Naturalness	Low	Low			Low
Size	Moderate, about 58.63 ha	Large, about 469.11 ha			Moderate, about 50.33 ha
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low dominated by exotic species Fauna diversity: Low	Flora diversity: Low dominated by exotic species Fauna diversity: Low			Flora diversity: Low dominated by exotic species Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, two locally common avifauna species of conservation interest, were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. Four avifauna of conservation interest recorded by PPEL (2008).	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded, two locally common avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. The Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) was recorded from this habitat during at Airfield Road in Shek Kong (HKBWS, 2003 - 2004).			A very common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded no flora or fauna species of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.
Re-creatability	High	High			High
Fragmentation	N/A	N/A			N/A
Ecological linkage	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.			Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.
Potential value	Very Low	Very Low			Very Low
Nursery / breeding ground	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.	Two active nests of White-shouldered Starling were recorded from this habitat.			No record of any nursery or breeding ground.
Age	Considerably increased in developed area during last 20 years.	Considerably increased in developed area during last 20 years.			Considerably increased in developed area during last 20 years.
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Low to moderate	Low to moderate			Low to moderate
Ecological value	Low	Low			Low

Southern Section (Urbanized and Developed Habitats)

3.270 The developed, urban habitat is a commonplace in Hong Kong. This type of habitat in the southern portion of the Project alignment is characterized by industrial / commercial sites, dense urban developments, carparks, and reclaimed lands. In the Nam Cheong region portions of a landscaped urban park will be temporarily used a storage site. These sites have little linkage to the natural environment and are used by primarily urban and common species. In the past, seven faunal species of concern were observed in the SMV area. Given the highly developed and urban nature of the southern portion of the Project alignment these habitats have little ecological value to the surrounding natural environment.

Table 3.37 Ecological Evaluation of Urbanized and Developed Habitat at Southern Section

Criteria	Urbanized and Developed Habitats at Southern Section
Naturalness	Low
Size	Large
Diversity	Flora diversity: Low Fauna diversity: Low
Rarity	A very common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common species recorded. Seven faunal species of conservation interest (3 avifauna, 3 mammals, 1 herpetofauna) were previously recorded within or in vicinity of SMV (DSD, 2005)
Re-creatability	High
Fragmentation	N/A
Ecological linkage	Habitat is not structurally or functionally linked to any high ecological value resources.
Potential value	Very Low
Nursery / breeding ground	No record of any nursery or breeding ground.
Age	N/A
Abundance / Richness of wildlife	Low
Ecological value	Very low

Identification of Environmental Impact

3.271 The proposed alignment of the Project will extend from highly developed area in the southern section to the rural area in the northern side where conservation areas such as country parks are located. The proposed railway alignment will be wholly constructed by tunnelling method avoiding impact to natural habitats of conservation interest.

3.272 It is anticipated that the major sources of ecological impact would be associated with areas at which aboveground works (such as ventilation buildings, stabling sidings, emergency rescue station, etc) would be conducted. Potential ecological impact that may arise during the construction and operational phases are outlined below.

· Direct impact in relation to loss of habitat and associated wildlife; and

· Indirect, secondary and cumulative impact to habitat, groundwater and wildlife such as disturbance impact, and loss of feeding, breeding and roosting habitat, loss or reduction of ecological linkages and functions and habitat fragmentation.

Direct Ecological Impacts

Construction Phase

3.273 The proposed development would affect habitats within the footprint of the Project scheme boundary. The major impacts on ecological resources would be direct habitat loss.

· Permanent direct habitat and vegetation loss and potential habitat fragmentation resulting from land take for the construction activities in the aboveground works areas, such as SSS / ERS, ventilation buildings, construction of access; and

· Temporary direct habitat and vegetation loss resulting from land take for the construction of temporary structures such as construction shaft, construction access to allow necessary transportation of machinery and spoil.

3.274 The estimated habitat loss is calculated based on a conservative assumption that all land within the footprint of the Project scheme boundary would be lost as shown in Table 3.38.

Table 3.38 Estimated Habitat Loss within the Project Scheme Boundary

Habitat Type	Loss in Habitat (ha)							Total Habitat Loss (ha)	% of Total Habitat Loss
	Mai Po Area	Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area				Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area
	MPV ^(1)	TPP	SSS / ERS	PHV	TUW	NTV	TSW
Active Agriculture	-	0.04	3.35	0.09	0.64	-	-	4.12	7.77%
Inactive Agriculture	-	0.04	4.02	-	0.52	-	-	4.58	8.64%
Active Fishpond	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Inactive Fishpond / Pond	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Reedbed / Freshwater Marsh	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Created Wetland	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Watercourse	-	0.01 [22m]	3.03 ^(3) [2.4 km]	0.00 [110 m]	0.00 [37 m]	-	-	3.04	5.74%
Drainage Channel	0.17 ^(2) [262 m]	0.02 [15 m]	1.10 [500 m]	-	-	[5 m]	-	1.29	2.43%
Grassland	0.23 (0.34)	-	2.91	-	-	-	-	3.14	5.92%
Seasonally Wet Grassland	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Shrubland	-	-	2.23	0.07	-	0.66	-	2.96	5.58%
Secondary Woodland	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Plantation	0.05 (0.08)	0.75	0.25	-	-	0.89	0.32	2.26	4.26%
Developed Area / Wasteground	4.58 (1.48)	4.67	19.26	2.37	0.18	0.03	0.52	31.61	59.64%
Total:	5.03 (2.08)	5.53	36.15	2.53	1.34	1.58	0.84	53.00	100%

Note:

(1) Part of the MPV would temporarily occupy a formed works area under the “Proposed Comprehensive Development at Wo Shang Wai, Yuen Long”. Figures in parentheses indicate area of formed land by other parties.

(2) The drainage channel would be diverted by other parties under other project during the site formation stage. No habitat loss of this habitat would be resulted under the current Project.

(3) The loss of sizeable watercourse with permanent flow is approximately 2.32 ha.

(4) Approximately 0.06 ha road side plantation would be affected by construction of SMV in the Southern Section. Direct impact to other plantation or natural habitats is not anticipated.

1. No direct impact and loss of moderate or moderate to high valued active / inactive fishpond, reedbed / freshwater marsh, created wetland, seasonally wet grassland and secondary woodland habitats was identified within the Project Scheme Boundary. The affected habitats are of low or low to moderate ecological value, the potential direct impact resulting from habitat loss is summarized below:

Ÿ Main direct impact is the loss of approximately 53 ha of habitats within the footprint of the scheme boundary. About 60% of area of which (about 32 ha) is situated within developed area / wasteground. Direct impacts on developed area / wasteground habitats are not further discussed as these anthropogenic habitats are heavily disturbed and with only limited ecological resources;

Ÿ Permanent loss of approximately 1.55 km (2.32 ha) of a sizeable watercourse due to the construction of SSS and ERS and its associated ancillary buildings and vehicular access in the SSS / ERS site. It should be noted that about 160 m of the watercourse within the SSS / ERS site would not be affected by the proposed works;

Ÿ Loss of 8.71 ha of active / inactive agricultural lands due to construction of SSS / ERS and associated ancillary buildings, emergency vehicular access, carriageway and footpath as well as temporary construction shafts in the TPP, SSS / ERS, and TUW sites;

Ÿ Loss of 3.14 ha of grassland due to construction of SSS / ERS, emergency vehicular access, carriageway and footpath as well as temporary construction access in the MPV and SSS / ERS sites;

Ÿ Loss of 2.96 ha of shrubland due to construction of SSS / ERS, ventilation building, emergency vehicular access, carriageway and footpath as well as temporary construction access in the NTV, SSS / ERS, and PHV sites;

Ÿ Loss of 2.26 ha of plantation due to construction of SSS / ERS, temporary magazine site, and associated ancillary buildings, emergency vehicular access, carriageway and footpath in the MPV, TPP,SSS / ERS and TSW; while approximately 0.06 ha road side plantation would be affected in southern section by construction of SMV;

Ÿ Temporary loss of approximately 1.29 ha of drainage channel. About 1.1 ha of which would be temporarily occupied for drainage diversion works. Some access roads / bridges across the drainage channel (covering an area of 0.19 ha )would be upgraded;

Ÿ Potential loss of foraging areas for associated common wildlife; and

Ÿ Injury / mortality to wildlife of lower mobility during construction phase.

2. The works area of the MPV would be located within the boundary of Wetland Buffer Area (WBA) which is currently a highly degraded land occupied by garage and open storage. A small area of plantation (0.32 ha) in a Conservation Area (CA) in Tai Tong would be temporarily affected by the proposed works at the TSW. Apart from these two areas, no other recognized sites of conservation interest in the study area and its vicinity such as Tai Lam Country Park, Lam Tsuen Country Parks, Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site, Mai Po Nature Reserve, WCA, Mai Po Village SSSI, Siu Lang Shui SSSI, mitigation wetlands in Kam Tin, Pat Heung Temple Fung Shui woodland, egretries in Mai Po Village, Tam Kon Chau and Mai Po Lung would be directly impacted by the Project.

Operation Phase

3. The potential direct impact resulting from the operation of the Project are likely to be:

Ÿ Permanent net loss in habitat; and

Ÿ Mortality of wildlife (e.g. avifauna) from collision with associated railway structures / buildings.

Indirect Ecological Impacts

Construction Phase

4. The proposed Project would result in indirect impact to the surrounding/off-site habitats and associated fauna:

Ÿ Associated potential indirect impact to wildlife, such as restriction of wildlife utilization (i.e., transit, feeding and roosting), degradation of habitat quality / ecological function, as a result of temporary and permanent loss, isolation and fragmentation of ecological habitat;

Ÿ Potential indirect impact to the surrounding and off-site habitats and associated wildlife due to physical disturbance of habitat such as noise, dust deposition, sedimentation, and increased human activities;

Ÿ Potential hydrological disruptions such as draw down of water table and consequential impact on wetlands resulting from tunnelling works.

Operation Phase

5. The potential indirect impacts resulting from the operation of the Project are likely to be:

Ÿ Habitat fragmentation;

Ÿ Disturbance from operation of railway and associated facilities;

Ÿ Pollution from the railway operation such as leakage of oil, lubricants, toxic chemical; and

Ÿ Hydrological disruption.

Evaluation of Ecological Impacts

Direct Ecological Impacts

Habitat Loss and Impact to Vegetation

6. As discussed in the above section, the primary direct impact would be the loss of approximately 53 ha of habitat within the footprint of the Project scheme boundary. About 60% of the affected habitat is situated within developed area / wasteground of low ecological value, the rest are low to moderate value habitats subject to disturbance from existing human activities. No habitats of high ecological importance would be directly affected. Sites of conservation interest such as Lam Tsuen Country Park and Tai Lam Country Park, Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site, Wetland Conservation Area, Mai Po Village SSSI, Mai Po Village Egretry, Tam Kon Chau Egretry, Mai Po Lung Egretry are avoided from direct impact through alignment selection and no aboveground works would be constructed within these ecologically sensitive areas. As such, the overall ecological impact due to the proposed rail line is anticipated to be low.

7. The Project would unavoidably require removal of certain existing vegetation in shrubland, plantation habitats from the proposed works area in the northern and southern sections. Vegetation coverage is low in the MPV, TPP, SSS, PHV, NTV, TUW, and SMV sites given the disturbed nature of the areas and only common species would be affected. However, the loss of plantation area in the TSW might affect the potential roosting and foraging habitats for wildlife in the nearby CA and Tai Lam Country Park, if unmitigated. Compensatory planting of native species in the affected area should be provided as a mitigation measure.

8. The flora species recorded within the works area were predominantly common species. However, a plant species of conservation interest (Incense Tree) would unavoidably be affected under the proposed works in NTV. As only a small number of Incense Tree would be affected, transplantion is recommended to minimize impact to this species where site conditions allow.

9. Temporary works areas occupied during construction phase activities would be reinstated after completion of site works. Under the Project, a small area (0.64 ha) of active agricultural land in Tse Uk Tsuen (within the TUW works area) would be used as a temporary construction shaft during construction phase. The affected area would be reinstated to a condition suitable for agricultural use, operational phase impact in this area is not expected. Impact to other temporarily occupied work sites such as SKW is expected to be acceptable. Area with vegetation would be avoided and any areas to be occupied under the Project would be confined to disturbed land only. Any area affected by the Project would be reinstated.

10. The operation of the Project would be confined to the proposed Project boundary only. No additional land would be taken up during operation. Hence, no direct impact on surrounding habitats is anticipated during the operational phase.

11. As discussed above, habitats located within the footprint of the Project scheme boundary include only developed area / wasteground, watercourse, drainage channel, active and inactive agricultural lands, grassland, shrubland and plantation. Given the limited ecological resources in developed area / wasteground habitat, the potential direct and indirect ecological impact during the construction and operation phase of the Project is considered to be minor. The significance of predicted ecological impacts to the other directly affected habitats is summarized in Tables 3.39 to 3.45 below.

Direct Impact to Watercourse

12. The Project alignment will be underground while some surface works will be required in some areas in the northern section such as the SSS / ERS (refer to Section 2 for project details and site selection considerations of SSS / ERS). Presently, a natural stream is flowing through the future SSS / ERS area. The SSS / ERS site falls within Drainage Basin 9 of Yuen Long, Kam Tin, Ngau Tam Mei and Tin Shui Wai Drainage Master Plan Study (DMP). In line with the design principle of the DMP the peripheral drains - a box culvert along the eastern edge of the SSS / ERS is designed to take a 200 year storm.

13. The MTRCL Design Standard Manual (DSM) also requires that the railway be protected from extreme sea and storm events. The Drainage Services Department (DSD) Stormwater Drainage Manual hydrological combinations for determining the 200 year flood level has been adopted. Flood levels at the railway surface works have been estimated by assessing the 200 year flood level hydrological combinations to identify the combination that results with the highest water level, which will be the design flood level to be used for the railway design. The estimated flood levels are higher than the existing ground levels at the SSS / ERS and cut and cover approach tunnel to the SSS / ERS.

14. Perimeter drainage channels and temporary earth bunds will therefore be required during construction to protect these site areas from flood waters that may overtop adjacent watercourse banks and reach the low-lying areas surrounding the SSS / ERS. In operation phase, the ERS is an open structure that will directly receive rainfall during a storm. A surface water drainage system will be provided at the ERS to remove and collect storm water flows from the ERS tracks. The surface water drainage system have been sized to convey storm water flows from a 200 year storm event and discharge the storm flows to pump sumps situated at both ends of the ERS.

15. The existing stream passing through the SSS / ERS will be integrated with the SSS / ERS storm water system mainly in the form of a box culvert where it is under the SSS / ERS access roads. Lesser storm will be carried by the widened existing channel and box culvert along the western edge of the SSS / ERS. Such flood protection measure would require stream diversion. A watercourse with area of approximately 2.32 ha would be potentially affected due to the proposed works in the SSS / ERS. Direct impact to a total of about 160 m of watercourse habitat within the SSS / ERS site is avoided through engineering design and would not be affected by the proposed works. With the implementation of this drainage bypass system, the current flooding problem at the existing SSS / ERS site and adjacent area would be eased while preserving a considerable portion of natural stream in the site. The flow along the upgraded natural stream section could be maintained throughout the year. No direct impact to the abandoned meanders of conservation interest (95CD-4 and 95CD-5) near the SSS / ERS is anticipated, as they are located outside the proposed works area.

Table 3.39 Potential Direct Ecological Impacts to Watercourse Habitat

Criteria	Impacts to Watercourse at the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate
Species	The habitat within the study area supports low floral diversity and low faunal diversity (26 bird species, 11 dragonfly species, 16 butterfly species, 4 reptile species, 4 amphibian species and freshwater communities). Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded, three faunal species of conservation interest (two avifauna and one dragonfly) were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. Species include Little Egret, Chinese Pond Heron, and Scarlet Basker. The Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) was previously recorded from this habitat during West Rail radio-tracking monitoring surveys.
Size / Abundance	Approximately 2.32 ha (total length 1.55 km, about 10% of the total length of watercourse within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area) of watercourse in the footprint of SSS / ERS site in Shek Kong area would be affected.
Duration	Direct impact to the watercourse in the SSS / ERS site and the associated fauna would be long term. During operational phase, direct impact to the associated fauna due to activities from SSS / ERS operation is not anticipated, though low impact minor routine maintenance (e.g. de-silting, vegetation control) would be required.
Reversibility	Direct impact to watercourse is expected to be temporary and reversible during construction phase. Impact to the associated fauna as the loss of stream habitat would be mitigated through provision of enhanced habitats during operation phase. Minor impact resulting from routine maintenance works would be reversible.
Magnitude	Without mitigation measures in place, the magnitude of environmental changes is expected to be low to moderate.
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low to moderate

Direct Impact to Other Habitats

Table 3.40 Potential Direct Ecological Impacts to Drainage Channel Habitat

Criteria	Impacts to Drainage Channel in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate
Species	The habitat within the study area supports low floral diversity and low to moderate faunal diversity (39 bird species, 7 dragonfly species, 10 butterfly species, 1 reptile species, 4 amphibian species and freshwater community). A common habitat in Hong Kong. Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded, 5 faunal species of conservation interest (four avifauna and one amphibian) were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. Species included Little Egret, Chinese Pond Heron, Greater Painted-snipe, Wood Sandpiper and Chinese Bullfrog. The Greater Painted-snipe was also previously recorded from this habitat during West Rail radio-tracking monitoring surveys. No Greater Painted-snipe has been recorded from the proposed works area.
Size / Abundance	Approximately 1.1 ha (0.5 km, less than 5% of the total length of drainage channel within the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area) of a section of a main drainage channel in Kam Tin and 0.01 ha man-made channel in Tai Kong Po.
Duration	Direct impact to the drainage channel near the SSS / ERS site and the associated fauna would be short term during construction phase. Direct impact is not expected during operational phase and the affected channel section would be reinstated after construction.
Reversibility	Direct impact to drainage channel is expected to be temporary and reversible during construction phase. Impact to the associated fauna due to the temporary loss of channel habitat would be minor as the affected channel section would be reinstated after construction.
Magnitude	Without mitigation measures in place, the magnitude of environmental changes is expected to be low.
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low

Table 3.41 Potential Direct Ecological Impacts to Active Agriculture Habitat

Criteria	Impacts to Active Agriculture in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area
Habitat Quality	Low
Species	The active agricultural land habitat within the study area supports low floral diversity and low to moderate faunal diversity (43 bird species, 9 dragonfly species, 9 butterfly species, 1 reptile species, 5 amphibian species). Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded, 6 avifauna and one dragonfly species of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. Species included Little Egret, Chinese Pond Heron, Wood Sandpiper, Red-throated Pipit, Bright-capped Cisticola, Red-billed Starling and Orange-backed Threadtail. The Greater Painted-snipe was recorded from agricultural field near Lai Uk Tsuen area during West Rail radio-tracking monitoring surveys, although information on whether the farm is active or inactive is unknown. No Greater Painted-snipe has been recorded from the proposed works area.
Size / Abundance	Approximately 4.13 ha (about 9.5% of this habitat type in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area) in total agricultural land would be affected under the proposed works in SSS / ERS, TPP, PHV and TUW works areas. (Comprised of about 3.35 ha active agricultural land in Shek Kong, 0.04 ha in Tai Kong Po, 0.09 ha at Pat Heung, 0.64 ha in Tse Uk Tseun).
Duration	The impact would persist during the construction and operational phases for in the SSS / ERS, TPP and PHV sites, but would be temporary for the access road and construction shaft in the TUW as the affected area would be reinstated after completion of construction works.
Reversibility	Habitat loss in the SSS / ERS, TPP and PHV sites is permanent but that for access road and construction shaft in the TUW would be reversible.
Magnitude	The scale of habitat loss is low in the context of the surrounding similar habitats. The nature of farmland is also subject to change due to agricultural activities.
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low

Table 3.42 Potential Direct Ecological Impacts to Inactive Agriculture Habitat

Criteria	Impacts to Inactive Agriculture in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate
Species	The inactive agricultural land habitat within the study area supports low floral diversity and low faunal diversity (21 bird species, 9 dragonfly species, 5 butterfly species, and 4 amphibian species). Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded, 3 locally common avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded during the current surveys. The inactive agricultural land habitat does not appear to be important for species of conservation interest. Species recorded including Great Egret, Little Egret, and Chinese Pond Heron. The Greater Painted-snipe was recorded from agricultural field near Lai Uk Tsuen area during West Rail radio-tracking monitoring surveys, although information on whether the farm is active or inactive is unknown. No Greater Painted-snipe has been recorded from the proposed works area.
Size / Abundance	Approximately 4.58 ha (about 17% of this habitat type in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area) in total due to the proposed works in SSS / ERS, TPP and TUW sites. (Comprised of about 4.02 ha inactive agricultural land in Shek Kong, 0.04 ha in Tai Kong Po, 0.52 ha in Tse Uk Tsuen).
Duration	The impact would persist during the construction and operational phases for the SSS / ERS, TPP, TUW sites, but would be temporary for the access road and construction shaft in the TUW as the affected area would be reinstated after completion of construction works.
Reversibility	Habitat loss due to construction in the SSS / ERS site is permanent but that for access road and construction shaft in the TUW would be reversible.
Magnitude	The scale of habitat loss is low in the context of the surrounding similar habitats. The nature of farmland is also subject to change due to agricultural activities.
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low

Table 3.43 Potential Direct Ecological Impacts to Grassland Habitat

Criteria	Impacts to Grassland in Mai Po Area	Impacts to Grassland Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area
Habitat Quality	Low to moderate	Low
Species	The grassland habitat within the study area supports low floral diversity and low to moderate faunal diversity (27 bird species, 12 dragonfly species, and 9 butterfly species). Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded, six faunal species of conservation interest (five avifauna and one dragonfly species) were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. Species recorded including Little Egret, Grey Heron, Chinese Pond Heron, Grey Bushchat, Zitting Cisticola, and Scarlet Basker. Five avifauna species of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat by PPEL (2008).	The grassland habitat within the study area supports low floral diversity and low faunal diversity (16 bird species, 8 dragonfly species, and 4 butterfly species). Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded, only one avifauna species of conservation interest (Chinese Pond Heron) was recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.
Size / Abundance	Approximately 0.23 ha in Wo Shang Wai (about 1.2% of this habitat type in the Mai Po Area).	Approximately 2.91 ha in SSS / ERS works area (about 12.8% of this habitat type in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area).
Duration	The impact would persist during the construction and operational phases for the access road in the MPV.	The impact would persist during the construction and operational phases for the SSS / ERS.
Reversibility	Habitat loss due to construction of access road in the MPV is permanent.	Habitat loss due to construction of SSS / ERS is permanent.
Magnitude	The scale of habitat loss is low in the context of the surrounding similar habitats.	The scale of habitat loss is low in the context of the surrounding similar habitats.
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low	Low

Table 3.44 Potential Direct Ecological Impacts to Shrubland Habitat

Criteria	Impacts to Shrubland in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area	Impacts to Shrubland in Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area
Habitat Quality	Low	Low
Species	The habitat within the study area supports low floral diversity and low faunal diversity (13 bird species, 10 butterfly species, and 1 mammal species). Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded, two faunal species of conservation interest (one avifauna: Chinese Pond Heron, and one mammal: Pallas’s Squirrel) were record from this habitat during the current surveys.	Only a small area of shrubland habitat in NTV site would be affected. The habitat within the NTV study area supports low floral diversity and low faunal diversity (19 bird species, 4 dragonfly species, 15 butterfly species, 1 amphibian species and 1 reptile species). Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded. Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded, one locally common floral species (Incense Tree) and two dragonfly species of conservation interest (Ruby Darter, Orange-backed Threadtail) were record from this habitat during the current surveys.
Size / Abundance	Approximately 2.3 ha (about 3.2% of this habitat type in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area) in total in the SSS / ERS and PHV sites. (Comprised of about 2.23 ha in Shek Kong, 0.07 ha in Pat Heung).	Approximately 0.66 ha in the NTV site (about 0.7% of this habitat type in the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area).
Duration	The impact would persist during the construction and operational phases for the SSS / ERS in the SSS site and ventilation building in the PHV site.	The impact would be temporary for the access road in the NTV as the affected area would be reinstated after completion of construction works
Reversibility	Habitat loss due to construction of SSS / ERS and ventilation building in the PHV is permanent.	Habitat loss due to construction of access road in the NTV would be reversible.
Magnitude	The scale of habitat loss is low in the context of the surrounding similar habitats.	The scale of habitat loss is low in the context of the surrounding similar habitats.
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low	Low

Table 3.45 Potential Direct Ecological Impacts to Plantation Habitat in the Northern Section

Criteria	Impacts to Plantation in Mai Po Area	Impacts to Plantation in Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area	Impacts to Plantation in Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area
Habitat Quality	Low	Low	Low; Low to moderate in TSW works area
Species	The habitat within the study area supports low floral diversity and low faunal diversity (8 bird species, 1 butterfly species). Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded, one locally common avifauna species of conservation interest (Chinese Pond Heron), was recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.	The habitat within the study area supports low floral diversity and low faunal diversity (12 bird species, 1 dragonfly species, 3 butterfly species, and 1 mammal species). Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded, no flora or fauna of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.	The habitat within the NTV study area supports low floral diversity and low faunal diversity (6 bird species, 2 dragonfly species. 4 butterfly species, 2 amphibian species). One locally rare butterfly species (Common Dart) was recorded from this habitat during the current surveys. The habitat within the TSW study area supports low floral diversity and low faunal diversity (20 bird species, 5 dragonfly species. 21 butterfly species, 2 reptile species, and 7 amphibian species). Predominantly common floral and faunal species recorded, no flora or fauna of conservation interest were recorded from this habitat during the current surveys.
Size / Abundance	Approximately 0.05 ha (about 0.66% of this habitat type in the Mai Po Area) plantation area would be affected.	Approximately 1 ha (about 9.4% of this habitat type in the Shek Kong and Kam Tin Area) plantation area would be affected due to the proposed works in SSS / ERS and TPP sites. (Comprised of about 0.25 ha in Shek Kong in a landscape area, 0.75 ha in Tai Kong Po along drainage channel).	Total area of plantation habitat affected 0.89 ha and 0.32 ha in NTV and TSW respectively (about 1.7% of this habitat type in the Ngau Tam Mei and Tai Tong Area). The affected plantation area in TSW is located within Conservation Area.
Duration	The impact would persist during the construction and operational phases for the MPV site in Mai Po.	The impact would persist during the construction and operational phases for the SSS / ERS and TPP sites in Shek Kong and Tai Kong Po.	The impact would persist during the construction and operational phases for the TSW and NTV sites.
Reversibility	The affected plantation area would be reinstated after completion of construction works.	The affected plantation area would be provided after completion of construction works along the upgraded access road along the drainage channel and the SSS / ERS in Shek Kong.	The affected plantation area in TSW and NTV site would be reinstated after completion of construction works.
Magnitude	The scale of habitat loss is low in the context of the surrounding similar habitats.	The scale of habitat loss is low in the context of the surrounding similar habitats.	The scale of habitat loss is low in the context of the surrounding similar habitats.
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low	Low	Low

Impact to Fauna

16. In addition to direct impact to terrestrial and aquatic habitat and vegetation, the proposed works (e.g. during site clearance, construction site formation stages, and channelization of watercourse) have the potential to cause direct injury / mortality to wildlife. No substantial direct impacts to wildlife with high levels of mobility (e.g. avifauna) are anticipated. Animals with lower mobility (e.g. amphibians, freshwater communities) would be at a higher level of risk, and could potentially be injured / killed by construction phase activities. As noted in above sections, avifaunal, herpetofaunal and dragonfly species of conservation interest have previously been recorded from the proposed works areas. However, the area directly affected by the Project is either polluted, highly developed or substantially degraded and is unlikely to provide important roosting / breeding habitat for these terrestrial and aquatic species, adverse direct impacts are therefore considered unlikely. Direct impact to fauna species of conservation interest is not expected.

17. However, the proposed works would cause a direct loss of wildlife habitat and indirect impact to those fauna inhabiting these affected habitats. The proposed works would also affect the potential foraging ground of wildlife, in particular avifauna, as well as habitat for freshwater communities in the Project Area. Since most of the affected habitats within the Project Area are either developed area (e.g. village, access road and garage), wasteground (e.g. bare ground) and polluted watercourses, these areas are subject to frequent disturbance from traffic and human activities and is therefore of low value to wildlife. Although some small sized scattered farms / orchards and watercourse attract wildlife, the rural development in the area limited its potential as a main foraging and breeding ground for the species in the study area. Moreover, similar habitat is available in Kam Tin, Ngau Tam Mei, and Mai Po providing alternative environment for the wildlife. The impact to the associated fauna due to the loss of habitats of low to moderate ecological value is therefore considered to be minor.

18. During operation phase, animals may be hit and killed or injured by rapidly moving vehicles and may collide with stationary objects. Some studies in the Netherlands suggest that birds and mammals are the most susceptible to collisions (Van der Grift and Kuijsters 1998). The movement of trains in the SSS / ERS is therefore likely to cause some, albeit minor, mortality of animals. However, any mortality is likely to be relatively low as the frequency of train movements is low compared to roads and the vast majority of the line is underground. Furthermore, no areas of particular high animal abundance or regular movement lines are known to occur along the alignment.

19. Collisions are most frequent where buildings or structures are transparent or reflective (i.e. glass) or otherwise difficult to see (e.g. cables, wires). If such structures are avoided then collisions are likely to be infrequent and have minor ecological significance. This issue is taken into consideration in the mitigation of landscape and visual impacts. However, it is proposed that detailed design of the terminus and ancillary structure be required to take this mitigation measure on board.

20. Potential direct impacts to aquatic and riparian communities as well as disturbance to the foraging avifauna in newly established channels could result from routine maintenance works such as removal of accumulated sediments and control of vegetation that may also lead to removal of natural substrate from channel bed.

Direct Ecological Impacts to Species of Conservation Interest

Vegetation

21. Individuals of a plant species of conservation interest, Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis), were recorded from the secondary woodland and shrubland habitats within the study area. The surveys conducted under this Project identified several individuals of this plant species in the NTV that would have the potential to be directly impacted by the proposed works. Although common in Hong Kong, A. sinensis is endemic to China, where it is threatened by habitat loss. It is a Class II protected species under Chinese Legislation, and is listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Potential direct impacts to the species will be mitigated through transplantation.

Fauna

22. A total of 2 avifauna and 1 dragonfly species of conservation interest were recorded within the proposed Project works area. None of the faunal species of conservation interest were recorded as inhabiting the area to be directly affected by the works. Potential impacts to these species due to habitat loss are summarized in Table 3.46.

Table 3.46 Potential Ecological Impacts to Faunal Species of Conservation Interest in Project Area

Criteria	Impact to Bird Species of Conservation Interest	Impact to Dragonfly Species of Conservation Interest
Habitat Quality	The watercourse, drainage channel, dry agricultural land and the nearby associated habitats such as grassland utilized by small numbers of foraging wetland dependent bird species are not of high quality.	Scarlet Basker was recorded from a grassland habitat adjacent to a watercourse. The species is locally common throughout Hong Kong and usually found in areas containing abandoned fish ponds. It is not likely the species utilized grassland as breeding habitat.
Species	Two locally common bird species including Little Egret, Chinese Pond Heron were recorded in the Project Area.	Scarlet Basker is locally common but is considered as of Local Concern (Fellowes et al. 2002).
Size / Abundance	The number of these species recorded within the Project Area was low.	The number of the species recorded within the Project Area was low.
Duration	The impact due to habitat loss would persist during construction phase.	The impact due to habitat loss would persist during construction phase.
Reversibility	Impacts would be reversible through provision of suitable habitats in operational phase.	Impacts would be reversible through provision of suitable habitats in operational phase.
Magnitude	Potential impacts are expected to be low as alternative foraging and roosting sites for these species are readily available from the nearby drainage channels in Ngau Tam Mei and Kam Tin areas.	The numbers of this species recorded from the Project Area were low and impact to the species is therefore considered minor.
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low	Low

23. No herpetofauna and mammal species of conservation interest were recorded from the Project Area. Direct ecological impact to these species is therefore not anticipated.

Indirect Ecological Impacts

Indirect Impact to Habitats

24. Major indirect impact to habitats located outside the Project Area is not anticipated, although construction activities would bring about increased human activities, disturbance from noise of traffic and operating machinery. Pollution of downstream watercourses due to increased surface runoff, which in turn would also impose indirect impact to habitats and their associated fauna adjacent to works areas. As presented in the earlier sections, most of the habitats within or adjacent to the Project Areas are either developed or degraded in various degrees, it is anticipated that indirect impact to these relatively low value habitats is minor. Some of the aboveground works proposed under the Project would involve excavation, site formation, as well as transportation of spoils generated from drill and blast works and bored tunnelling. Without proper mitigation, site run-off to nearby waterbodies downstream of the works area would be of key concern. The predicted indirect ecological impacts to the habitats such as watercourse and drainage channel during construction phase are therefore further elaborated in Tables 3.47 below.

Table 3.47 Potential Indirect Ecological Impacts to Watercourse and Drainage Channel Habitat in Project Area

Criteria	Indirect Impact on Watercourse	Indirect Impact on Drainage Channel
Habitat Quality	A total of 11.86 ha, about 18.2 km of watercourse are recorded within the study area of the Project. Most of these watercourses are moderately polluted as well as modified in various degrees and are of relatively low ecological significance to wildlife.	A total of 25.87 ha (12.8 km) drainage channels are located mainly in Kam Tin, Tai Kong Po and Mai Po areas. The water quality of the channels is generally poor.
Species	Although the watercourse supports a small number of locally common waterbirds of conservation interest, the general species diversity in this habitat is low to moderate.	Predominantly locally common waterbirds of conservation interest were recorded from this habitats but the general species diversity is only low to moderate, though Greater Painted-snipe was also previously recorded from this habitat.
Size / Abundance	Disturbance impact to nearby watercourse resulting from minor road widening works is expected to be minor with effective water quality control measures in place.	Some proposed works such as temporary construction access roads near the SSS / ERS and emergency access near the TPP would be provided along the existing maintenance access of the existing drainage channels in Kam Tin. Within implementation of proper mitigation, construction phase disturbance impact to the fauna (e.g. avifauna) utilising the drainage channels resulting from the road works is expected to be minor. During operation phase, the upgraded access road would be used for operation and maintenance of the Project. Such usage is expected to have only limited disturbance to the wildlife utilizing the drainage channel and would be comparable to the existing access road along the drainage channels. Drainage ditch of fishponds at northern side of the MPV site in Mai Po and in turn the water quality in Deep Bay would be potentially affected by construction run-off if unmitigated.
Duration	Disturbance to the watercourse in Kam Tin/Shek Kong is expected only during construction phase without mitigation in place.	Disturbance to the drainage channels in Kam Tin/ditches in Mai Po is expected only during construction phase without mitigation in place.
Reversibility	Construction phase disturbance would be reversible.	Construction phase disturbance would be reversible.
Magnitude	Scale of disturbance impacts is potentially small due to the existing polluted conditions of the watercourse.	Scale of disturbance impacts is potentially small due to the existing conditions of the drainage channel.
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low No adverse ecological impact is predicted.	Low No adverse ecological impact is predicted.

Indirect Impact to Vegetation

25. Improper storage or dumping of construction materials and dust generated during the construction phase could disturb the habitats and vegetation adjacent to works areas. Dust covering leaves could lead to lethal / sublethal impacts due to reduction in photosynthetic rate, abrasion and blockage of stomata. The potential impacts should be mitigated through implementation of good site practices.

Habitat Fragmentation

26. Construction phase activities could lead to a direct ‘barrier’ effect, where the movement of animals (particularly land mammals and herpetofauna) through the area would be obstructed. The division of the habitats into two or more ‘patches’ may lead to indirect fragmentation impacts. Whilst fragmentation effects are often difficult to quantify, potential impacts resulting from habitat fragmentation would include:

Ÿ Decline in species number and densities over and above that which would be expected from habitat loss alone;

Ÿ Loss of ‘core’ or characteristic species dependant on large habitat patches, and concomitant increases in ‘edge’ or more facultative species; and

Ÿ Other changes in community composition.

27. As the proposed Project alignment will be wholly constructed underground, fragmentation to large continuous stretch of natural habitats is therefore avoided.

28. Under the current design about 60% of the proposed aboveground works associated with railway operation would be in developed area with limited natural habitats and low fauna diversity. Most of these developed areas are not functionally linked with any sites of conservation interest (e.g. fishponds, country park, CA) in the vicinity. Fragmentation is therefore not expected in these areas.

29. Some of the aboveground works areas are located near the areas of potential ecological value (e.g. fishponds and WCA near MPV; agricultural land, CAs, and country parks near TUW / PHV / TSW). Works area involved in these works area during construction phase are relatively small in size (from about 0.8 ha to 5 ha). In operation phase, the Project footprint will be further reduced to include only ventilation buildings and landscaping areas, etc. The small area of agricultural area at TUW site will only be occupied temporarily in construction phase and will be reinstated upon completion of construction activities. Since the farmland is located at the eastern edge of a contiguous agricultural field near village areas in Tse Uk Tsuen, the impact to this habitat due to fragmentation is not significant. Apart from TUW, the works areas in TSW would also be restored through compensatory planting in the affected area.

30. For SSS / ERS site, a section of a watercourse within the footprint of the proposed works area will be partly trained as discussed above. Mitigation stream habitats including gentle stream bank, natural stream bed substrate, and riparian vegetation will be provided in the open channel section in order to maintain the interface connecting aquatic and terrestrial habitats for wildlife. More importantly, the existing flow from upstream and to downstream will be maintained throughout the year in the channel. While the existing agricultural areas in the SSS / ERS are scattered among village areas and are relatively fragmented in nature, only limited fragmentation impacts from the proposed impacts is expected.

31. Given the small scale of work and nature of works area, habitat fragmentation and isolation is not expected as the Project area is largely located in developed areas and is not functionally linked to any important area of conservation interest. With the implementation of mitigation measures such as habitat enhancement / restoration in SSS / ERS, TUW, and TSW, the Project is therefore not predicted to cause any significant fragmentation impact to the nearby important habitats and site of conservation interest during construction and operation phases.

Indirect Impact to Wildlife

32. Potential disturbance effects to wildlife include avoidance of areas in the vicinity of the works areas, and decline in density in areas close to the source of disturbance. Habitats in the study area such as agricultural lands, grassland, secondary woodland, shrubland and plantation are not anticipated to be significantly impacted by the Project because these are very small in terms of area, of relatively low ecological value and / or show no ecological linkage to the Project Area, especially for those isolated by existing developed areas and access roads.

33. Habitat loss (Table 3.15 refers) and disturbance from increased human activities would also result in reduced roosting, foraging and / or breeding opportunities for some species, if unmitigated. Of more concern would be the indirect disturbance impact to fishponds near MPV in Mai Po, and access road upgrading works along the main drainage channels or meanders (e.g. KT5, 95CD-5, etc.) in Kam Tin Area. These fishponds, drainage channels and abandoned meanders are considered to have conservation interest as they provide roosting, foraging and / or breeding grounds for the locally rare Greater Painted-snipe and overwintering waterbirds of conservation interest. Such impact should be controlled through implementation of mitigation measures (e.g. erection of site hoardings and scheduling of construction to avoid impact to breeding population, etc). Impact to fauna species of conservation are further discussed below.

34. Since the Project alignment would be constructed and operated below ground level, potential impact to the aboveground ecological habitat and associated wildlife is largely avoided when compared with an aboveground alignment. The underground works would be located at more than 10 m below ground. Generally, the underground works would have the potential to generate ground-borne noise during the construction phase activities. Ground-borne noise arises mainly from powered mechanical equipment (PME) operation for rock breaking/drilling during the construction of adits, and tunnel boring machine (TBM) operation for tunnelling. There are no criteria to access the acceptability of ground-borne noise and vibration level to wildlife, however, reference are made to the study in Section 6 Ground-borne Noise Impact Assessment. According to the predicted ground-borne noise levels, as shown in Table 6.10 and Table 6.15 in Section 6, no identified Noise Sensitive Receivers (NSRs) in Mai Po area would be subject to ground-borne noise levels exceeding the daytime noise limit of 65dB(A), due to TBM operation. Based on the daily progress of the TBM at Lok Ma Chau Spur Line of 8-11m per day, any potential impact due to ground-borne noise and vibration generated from TBM operation is expected to be temporary in nature. It should be noted that no adits construction and no percussive piling would be required in the ecologically sensitive areas including MPV, NTV, TSW, TUW and SSS / ERS works area. Indirect impact to wildlife above the tunnelling works is expected to be minimal.

35. When trains operate in tunnels that are located in close proximity to aboveground structures, there is a possibility that vibrations associated with train passbys will be transmitted through the ground. Ground-borne noise levels have been predicted using a conservative approach based on the maximum operation capacity of railway system. All of the predicted ground-borne noise levels at existing receivers are well below the criteria, generally as a result of deep underground alignment. It is therefore envisaged that the operation of the Project would not have adverse effect to the wildlife above ground.

36. The aboveground works areas for construction shafts, access road upgrading, and SSS / ERS would generate construction noise. This may cause disturbance to some wildlife if unmitigated. Construction noise mitigation measures have been identified to reduce potential noise disturbance (see Section 5), particularly for the MPV site. It is anticipated that there would be no significant noise impact to wildlife and recognized site of conservation interest.

37. Other potential minor indirect impact to the surrounding natural habitats and associated wildlife would result from the operation of the Project such as increased traffic (e.g. from associated access), human activities, disturbance (e.g. glare), and presence of physical barriers. Given the generally low level of human activity required to operate the SSS / ERS and ventilation buildings, it is not expected that adverse operational phase impacts would occur.

Indirect Impact to Waterbodies

38. The potential indirect impacts to waterbodies are assessed in Table 3.47 above. Aquatic communities downstream of works areas within the existing watercourses, drainage channels, ponds, recreated wetlands and marshlands could be impacted due to increased sedimentation or potential spillage of oils or other pollutants during construction phase. Increased sedimentation can have a number of adverse effects on aquatic communities. In addition to direct physical damage (particularly to small invertebrate taxon) caused by larger particles (e.g. sand / gravel), small particles (e.g. silt) can clog the respiratory and feeding organs of fish and invertebrates. Increases in turbidity caused by high sediment levels can inhibit photosynthesis by aquatic plants, and impede feeding and other activities in animals that are largely dependant on sight (e.g. some fish species). Potential spillage of oils / chemicals could lead to direct lethal / non-lethal effects on aquatic organisms. In addition, removal of vegetation within works areas due to site formation could result in increased sediment levels in site run-off.

39. If uncontrolled, the pollutants would enter the nearby watercourse, drainage channels, fish ponds, mitigation wetland and coastal waters. Of key concern is the Project Area in the MPV located within the WBA which is currently drained by small drainage ditches around the perimeter. These ditches and channels would ultimately discharge into inter-tidal mudflat and other important areas of conservation interest in Inner Deep Bay area. Given good construction practices, environmental controls and regular checks on the construction boundaries would be conducted, these impacts are expected to be low and acceptable owing to the temporary nature and relatively small scale of the construction works. Further details of the possible sources of water pollution and the proposed mitigation measures are discussed in Section 11 Water Quality Impact Assessment.

Hydrological Disruption

40. To avoid impact on wetlands (e.g. fish pond, marshes / reedbeds, wet agricultural area), sites of conservation importance such as Country Parks, Conservation Areas, Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site, species of conservation interest, the whole Project alignment would be constructed underground in form of tunnel. The total length of the tunnel within the northern section is approximately 9.5 km. The Project tunnels adopt a twin cell tunnel configuration with interconnecting cross passages. The cross sectional size and alignment along the tunnel length would vary depending upon the geological conditions and method of construction. Twin tunnels will be divided up to several sections with different tunnelling methods which include bored tunnelling, drill and blast, as well as cut and cover. These tunnel sections will be constructed with either “drained” lining, where water pressure relieve system is provided or “undrained” lining, with fully tanked linings. TBM precast concrete segmental linings are watertight and utilize hydrophilic strips between segments.

41. For un-drained lining, the full circumference of tunnel is designed with a waterproofing system to prevent groundwater leakage into the tunnel. The tunnel has an internal drainage system only to collect condensation, leakage, spilled water and other flows. The tunnel is designed as a watertight structure which can withstand the full hydrostatic pressure. For drained lining, a drainage system is provided to collect any groundwater inflow towards the tunnel lining. The tunnel is designed to withstand a nominal hydrostatic pressure.

42. Inflow of water into underground works area of shafts or tunnels might occur during excavation, if not properly controlled, and might affect ground water levels over a wider area beyond the excavation zone. The potential impact of groundwater lowering may include depletion of groundwater sources and drying out of streams, wetlands or ponds. The wildlife dependant of these habitats might lose their foraging, breeding or roosting grounds due to habitat degradation.

Potential Impact due to Cut and Cover Construction Method

43. For the at-grade facilities in the SSS / ERS, preparation of the site will require a cut-to-fill exercise to lower the southern section of the site from +20 mPD to around +14mPD”. There are no recognized wetlands or waterbodies (e.g. abandoned meanders, watercourses, wet agricultural areas and drainage channels) in the vicinity of the SSS / ERS formation that might be affected by any local lowering of groundwater levels where the SSS / ERS formation is below existing ground levels in cutting. The proposed re-provided stream habitat will be located to the south of the area where the SSS / ERS formation levels are proposed to be below ground levels and therefore will be less susceptible to such impacts. It is intended to locate future stream habitat areas to the south of the SSS / ERS where formation levels are higher and closer to or above existing ground levels. In this way the impact of the SSS / ERS drainage system on future ground water levels and the stream habitat will be minimized.

44. During construction of ventilation shafts in low grounds such as MPV in Mai Po, water inflow could be a concern. But the nowadays construction technique[1] would allow casting a continuous concrete wall underground before excavation to proceed. The continuous wall underground would largely stop water from entering into the excavation. However, before completion of the structure inside the excavation and backfilling the shafts, there would still be minor inflow into the excavation from the bottom formation. The inflow will be controlled by placing the continuous underground concrete wall deeper until acceptable water level would be achieved. Computer modelling is used for the design to control the water inflow. The site boundary of the MPV shaft is about 80 to 100m from the shaft excavation. The predicted water table is about 1 to 2 m at the site boundary. Therefore, the impact to underground water table will be negligible due to shaft construction. No adverse off-site hydrogeological impact is anticipated. Further grouting adjacent to the shaft could be implemented in case a very sudden water draw down is noted or the water draw down is more than anticipated. Since this method of construction has been used in many places all over the world including Hong Kong, it is a fail safe method for providing a safety construction underground with assurance against water flow and lateral ground pressure.

Potential Impact due to Drill and Blast Construction Method

45. For the proposed tunnel sections located within the hillside areas such as Tai Mo Shan and Kai Kung Leng (where Lam Tsuen Country Park, Tai Lam Country Park, Tai Mo Shan Country Park, Shing Mun Country and Kam Shan Country Park are located), drill and blast techniques are proposed to be employed. Considering the proposed tunnel span together with the maximum expected pressure heads in excess of 300 m in sections of the alignment a drained tunnel is the only technically feasible option. It is also the most appropriate construction method and there are successful precedents to show that it is appropriate. Drained tunnels have been commonly adopted in this situation in Hong Kong and elsewhere around the world without adverse affect on the environment or water catchments. Recent examples include the Route 8 Eagles Nest, Shatin Heights, Nam Wan tunnels, Route 3 Highway Tai Lam Tunnel, the West Rail tunnels, and several WSD tunnels such as at Butterfly Valley Tunnel. The existing West Rail Tunnels constructed 10 year ago and which also run through similar ground conditions under Tai Lam Country Park is also a drill and blast tunnel with drained lining. Observations from these completed tunnels indicate that there is no noticeable affect on the aboveground ecological resources such as vegetation and streams. A similar performance is therefore expected for the tunnels constructed under the Project. For tunnels in higher levels, for example in Tai Mo Shan areas etc, computer modelling[2] of underground water has been created under this Project to check the impact to the ground water table. It is noted that the presence of the tunnels will not impact on the ground water table due to presence of the very large water mass underground. With regard to the loss of water into the tunnels this is anticipated to be relatively very small and the water table close to the surface will not be affected by these subsurface tunnelling works.

Potential Impact due to Bore Tunnelling Construction Method

46. The Project alignment in Hong Kong includes six TBM bored tunnel sections such the Mai Po section (see Table 3.48). A closed face TBM, either an Earth Pressure Balance Machine (EPBM) or a slurry machine, will be used for these soft ground and mixed ground drives. During excavation the TBM will provide full support to the face of the excavation so as to limit face (volume) losses. The permanent ground support will be in the form of an undrained precast reinforced concrete segmental lining which will be installed at the tailskin of the TBM as it advances so as to provide immediate ground support. In order to further control ground settlement it is anticipated that the overcut annulus will be back-grouted as, or immediately after, the lining (ring) leaves the tailskin of the TBM. The use of a closed face TBMs in conduction with an “undrained” tunnel lining effectively precludes the ingress of water into the tunnel during and following construction. As a consequence these TBM tunnels will have, in effect, no impact on the hydrogeological conditions.

47. Along the Project alignment, the underground tunnels pass through a very limited number of fish ponds except north of the MPV. The tunnels will pass under about 7 fish ponds north of MPV before crossing into Mainland. The tunnel shall be about 20m deep under the fish ponds giving sufficient protection to the fish ponds. Modern mechanised tunnel boring machines will be used to construct the tunnel under the fish ponds. These machines will use pressurised cutting face to balance the water pressure outside the excavation face as well as the ground pressure. The gaps between the steel shell of the machine and boring head are sealed to prevent water inflow into the excavation. Water tight concrete tunnel lining in pre-cast segments will be installed at a short distance of the cutting face. The pre-cast concrete tunnel lining for machine bored tunnels are designed as water tight structures. During installation, the gaps between tunnel segments are joined with a water tight seal or gasket to prevent inflow of water into the completed tunnel. Therefore, the tunnel is water tight during construction and operation under the fish ponds.

48. As described in Appendix 11.8B, the bored tunnel will have only very minimal hydrological effects during the operation phase of the Project. Changes in the water table will be insignificant compared with natural fluctuations due to the rainfall patterns. TBM tunnelling methods were deployed in some similar large scale projects in Hong Kong such as West Rail and Lok Ma Chau Spur Line. Comprehensive hydrological survey was carried out at Long Valley throughout the tunnel construction period of the Lok Ma Chau Spur Line project. A year-round ground water baseline was established prior to the commencement of the TBM tunnelling to record ground water level behaviour in respective wet and dry seasons. Ground water level was closely monitored before, during and after each TBM drive. No significant deviations of ground water level from the baseline resulted from the tunnelling works were identified.

49. The preferred tunnel construction methods for the Project alignment are summarized in Table 3.48 below.

Table 3.48 Preferred Tunnel Construction Methods to be Applied in the Project Alignment

Construction Method	Tunnel Sections	Risk of Groundwater Drawdown	Precautionary Measures	Possible Mitigation Measures
Cut-and-cover construction method (Undrained Lining)	· ERS and SSS approach tunnels in Shek Kong · Nam Cheong TBM launch shaft · WKT approach tunnels	· Low. · These cut and cover tunnels will be formed within retaining wall structures. It is anticipated that construction will be a diaphragm wall cofferdam with internal strutting (props and wailings) to provide the required lateral bracing. · The cut and cover tunnel sections will be designed as “undrained” structures and will be provided with an impermeable lining. · A certain degree of dewatering may be required during the temporary construction stage. Where practical this drawdown would be limited to 2m in order to avoid adverse settlement impacts. · It is anticipated that the groundwater level will be recovered upon the completion of works.	· Groundwater monitoring to collect baseline groundwater level and construction phase groundwater level. · The following precautionary measures shall put in place to minimise any drawdown effects to the groundwater table outside of the site boundary during the operation of the temporary dewatering works: - Toe grouting shall be applied beneath the toe level of the temporary / permanent cofferdam walls as necessary to lengthen the effective flow path of groundwater from outside and thus control the amount of water inflow to the excavation. - Recharge wells shall be installed as necessary outside the excavation to pump water obtained from the excavation back into the ground.	· No specific mitigation measure would be required providing appropriate construction control / practice is in place / carried out during the tunnel construction phase.
Drill and blast construction method (Drained Lining)	· Ngau Tam Mei to Tai Kong Po Tunnels · Tse Uk Tseun to Shek Yam Tunnels · Shek Yam Tunnels to Mei Lai Road Tunnels	· Low[3]. · Considering the depth of the tunnels and available rock cover in this along the tunnel alignment, the majority of the tunnel length will be designed to be “drained”. Potential drawdown of the water table above rockhead level could result in local settlement and dewatering of any hydrological features that are in hydraulic continuity with groundwater.	· An ‘observational method’ is to be adopted to monitor the effects to the groundwater table in the most sensitive areas where the tunnelling works are closest to the surface i.e on the lower reaches of the northern and southern faces immediately above the tunnel alignment. The observations will be used to determine the need for further grouting works locally within the most sensitive areas. Transmissive features are anticipated will be required and grouting to seal such features prior to the tunnel excavation intersecting them.	· A comprehensive programme of pre-excavation probing at locations where any highly transmissive features are anticipated will be required. These features will be pre-grouted prior to the adit excavation intersecting them. Post grouting will be undertaken as necessary before the lining is constructed the effectiveness of which shall be monitored at the ground surface.
Bored tunnelling construction method (Undrained Lining)	· Huang Gang Park to Mai Po Tunnels · Mai Po to Ngau Tam Mei Tunnels · Tai Kong Po to ERS Tunnels · ERS to Pat Heung Tunnels · Mei Lai Road to Nam Cheong Tunnels · Nam Cheong to Mong Kok West Tunnels	· Low. · The use of slurry / EPB TBM construction method and the selection of an impermeable “undrained” tunnel lining (installed prior to the advance of the TBM) should preclude groundwater inflow into the tunnels. No potential water drawdown is anticipated.	· Groundwater monitoring to collect baseline groundwater level and groundwater level during construction phase.	· No specific mitigation measure would be required providing appropriate construction control / practice is in place / carried out during the tunnel construction phase.

50. A hydrogeological impact assessment has been carried out to identify and assess the potential impact of the tunnel works under the Project on the surface water and groundwater (Appendix 11.8B refers). The major concern of the hydrogeological impact assessment is the potential drawdown in any soil and aquifer layers. Any potential drawdown could result in different degrees of settlement and dewatering of surface water features. The assessment has shown that the potential impact to country parks, fishponds, marsh / reedbeds, and other wetland / waterbodies located of recognized ecological interest due to groundwater drawdown or dewatering of surface features is minimal by using specialized equipment to minimize water ingress during the tunnelling operation. The assessment of risk of groundwater drawdown and proposed precautionary measures is provided in Table 3.48. Provided appropriate construction control / practices are in place during the tunnel construction phase, no adverse impact to groundwater table is anticipated.

51. Any potential hazards occurred during construction phase can be mitigated through adoption of one or more the following risk management strategies:

· Comprehensive groundwater monitoring strategy: to assess the impact of the construction works through establishment of a well designed and managed groundwater monitoring programme. This programme should not only include monitoring wells installed, where topography permits, at regular intervals along the alignment but should also target areas of specific interest such as the drill and blast / cut and cover or TBM tunnel interfaces, areas of drained tunnel with low rock cover, fault zones where they may connect with strategic water storage facilities. Sufficient pre-construction monitoring should be undertaken such that baseline groundwater levels can be established and any seasonal (or other) variations in groundwater level identified. Such pre-existing groundwater variations, once identified, can then be excluded when determining the impact of construction on the local groundwater regime. As part of the preliminary design a detailed instrumentation and monitoring programme has been developed to monitor both the proposed works and the impact of those works on the adjacent area.

· Pre-excavation probing and grouting: groundwater inflows into drained rock excavations can typically be maintained within acceptable levels through effective treatment (grouting) of the rock mass to seal transmissive features. This is normally carried out during construction in the form of probe hole drilling ahead of the excavation face, monitoring the inflow of groundwater, if any; where groundwater inflows are sufficiently high grouting would be undertaken (either pre or post excavation, depending on the inflow rate) to seal the rock mass and thereby reduce inflows to an acceptable level. In some highly sensitive areas and where grouting has been undertaken ahead of the face additional post grouting / pre-excavation probe holes may be required in order to establish the effectiveness of the grouting programme (groundwater inflow reduced to an acceptable level).

52. Apart from underground tunnelling works, some smaller scale aboveground works for ventilation buildings would also be required in the northern section, the depth of the proposed ventilation and working shafts in soil are generally greater than 20m. Stiff retaining structures (e.g. diaphragm walls) providing lateral ground support are envisaged to create a cofferdam for the excavation and construction of the shafts in these areas. The excavations for the ventilation shafts and temporary construction shafts would only require temporary dewatering during their construction. In the long term they are designed to be “undrained” with a full hydrostatic head outside. With implementation of mitigation measures as proposed below, the potential drawdown effect would be limited to 2 m within the site area only. Such localised and temporary drawdown is not expected to have adverse impact to groundwater table. To minimise any potential localised drawdown effects to the groundwater table outside of the ventilation site boundary during the operation of the temporary dewatering works, the following measures should be put in place at each location:

l Toe grouting should be applied beneath the toe level of the temporary/permanent cofferdam walls as necessary to lengthen the effective flow path of groundwater from outside and thus control the amount of water inflow to the excavation.

l Recharge wells should be installed as necessary outside the excavation to pump, water obtained from the excavation back into the ground.

53. A monitoring and emergency response plan (to be prepared by the Contractor), in relation to potential impacts due to groundwater drawdown, will form part of the EM&A requirement in the EM&A Manual subject to approval by EPD and AFCD before commencement of the tunnelling and MPV construction in Mai Po area. The plan should include, but not be limited to, details of monitoring locations and programme, a mechanism to monitor the implication from the works to the groundwater system and fish ponds including their water levels, action levels and emergency responses such as immediate action, remedial action and investigation.

Indirect Ecological Impacts to Species of Conservation Interest

Vegetation

54. Several individuals of a plant species of conservation interest, Incense Tree, were recorded from the secondary woodland and shrubland habitats within the study area. Some individuals of Incense Tree located within the NTV works area would be affected. Transplantation would be required to mitigate impact to those unavoidably affected individuals. With good site practices in place during construction, indirect impact due to improper dumping and dust deposition to the individuals to be retained on site is expected to be low.

Impacts to Wetland Dependent Birds

55. Most of the wetland dependent birds within the study area of this Project were recorded from Mai Po area and the recreated wetlands (constructed under West Rail and Kam Tin Bypass projects) in Kam Tin. One of the major impacts to the bird community identified during the EIA for West Rail was that on the population of Greater Painted-snipe. The Kam Tin valley is particularly important for this species in a Hong Kong context, and during the 1990s this was one of only two known breeding populations in Hong Kong (Carey et al. 2001), although birds have recently also been recorded breeding in small numbers at other sites. The species favours areas of marsh and wet agriculture, especially abandoned agriculture. As the species is largely nocturnal and is particularly secretive during the day, it is particularly difficult to survey; however, radio-tracking of the species has been carried out regularly since 2002 as part of the West Rail ecological monitoring in order to ascertain the precise habitat requirements for the species. This has led to a better understanding of the sites favoured in the Kam Tin area.

56. The design of these wetlands includes Greater Painted-snipe as a primary target, consequently any impacts to these mitigated wetlands would have a negative impact on conservation of the species locally. An existing road located to the northern side embankment of Kam Tin River would be widened for emergency vehicular access, carriageway and footpath under the Project. The mitigation wetland for Kam Tin Bypass and West Rail fall within 100m and 250 m of the works area. These wetlands are physically separated by Kam Tin River, access road and other developed area from the proposed work site. Due to the location, minor scale and temporary nature of the proposed upgrading works, adverse indirect impact is not anticipated. The potential ecological impacts to other avifauna (including wetland dependent bird species) are discussed in Sections below.

Disturbance Impact to WCA and Associated Waterbirds in Mai Po Area

57. The selected location of the MPV works area comprises of two parts. The first part is located within the Wo Shang Wai development site which is zoned “OU(CDWRA)”. The area will be formed by the project “Proposed Comprehensive Development at Wo Shang Wai, Yuen Long” and temporarily occupied by the MTRC as a TBM launching site. No permanent aboveground structures would be constructed within this part of MPV works area. It should be noted that this part of works area[4] will be temporarily used by the MTRC as works area and will be handed over to the developer of Wo Shang Wai development project upon completion of construction activities. It is not expected to result in any ecological impact to the nearby wetland that exceeds the prediction in EIA Report for Wo Shang Wai development project (PPEL, 2008).

58. The second part is a site which is currently an open car park for trucks and coaches. The proposed key aboveground works elements in the MPV would include an emergency access road leading to Castle Peak Road and a Type I – underground ventilation building within launch shaft with maximum height of 14 m which would be built over a 3 m platform (refer to Section 2 for design details). The ventilation building would be located directly above the shaft and the equipment plant rooms would be located below ground within the shaft. Apart from the use of a ventilation point and emergency access point during operation phase, the site will also be used as a TBM launching shaft towards Ngau Tam Mei and retrieval shaft for the TBM from the Mainland. These structures would also provide access for tunnelling equipment, permanent material and spoil removal. Shafts and ventilation buildings would be typically constructed by cut-and-cover method. The buildings would be simple reinforced concrete structures with rooms to house the ventilation fans and support systems.

59. Through minimisation of works area, no fish ponds in Mai Po area will be directly affected. The proposed works area in the MPV is immediately adjacent to fishponds in Mai Po area and there will be no direct impact to the WCA. These fishponds are considered of moderate to high value to waterbirds. Twelve bird species of conservation interest were recorded in the surveys under the study. PPEL (2008) recorded 22 species with the study area of Wo Shang Wai development which covered a larger fishpond habitat than the current study.

60. The construction activities related to the MPV site would involve installation of diaphragm wall, bulk excavation, concrete works, TBM erection and driving, access road and ventilation building construction as well as filling out of tunnel. Neither percussive piling nor adit construction would be required in the MPV.

61. The aboveground works activities (e.g. excavation, construction of access road and ventilation building) in MPV would result in temporary increase in traffic, human activities, noise and dust emission, run-off and glare from works area. Certain waterbirds are sensitive to human disturbance. It is anticipated that the construction phase activities, if unmitigated, may have indirect disturbance impact to these waterbirds which may consequently avoid using the fishponds near the works boundary. However, the proposed MPV sites is selected to be constructed over a highly disturbed open area, such impact to waterbirds is not expected to exceed the current disturbance generated from the human and traffic activities due to the operation of existing storage area and garage (details of ecological considerations in site selection refer to Table 3.50 and Section 2). According to the preliminary programme of the Project (refer to Appendix 2.1), the aboveground construction activities would be undertaken between February 2010 to June 2013. The programme, which would last for several years, cannot avoid overwintering periods of waterbirds. As discussed above, certain birds are sensitive to human activities, in order to shield the overwintering birds in the fishponds from aboveground works area, hoardings of 2.4 m height will be set up prior to the commencement of construction works at this area. The duration of hoarding erection will be kept as short as possible. Hoarding at the section along the northern boundary of the MPV works area will be installed first. It is anticipated this section could be completed in about 2 weeks. Upon the erection of site hoarding, all construction activities as described above will be conducted within the fenced area.

62. Regarding potential construction noise disturbance, it should be also noted that no percussive piling works would be required during construction. Moreover, a large proportion of works (in terms of duration) would be constructed underground, and therefore construction noise impact is therefore not considered to be substantial. Under this Project, all practicable effective mitigation measures have been fully explored and exhausted to reduce the noise impact arising from the construction of MPV. Construction noise mitigation measures such as quieter plants, enclosure / shed / hoarding, noise insulating fabric, movable barrier, silencer have been recommended for the MPV site to minimise potential noise disturbance, and the predicted mitigated noise levels would be of comparable magnitude to the existing background noise levels (see Section 5). It is considered that there would be no significant noise disturbance from the MPV works to wildlife including the overwintering birds.

63. The underground works in Mai Po would be located more than 20 m below the local ground level. According to the predicted ground-borne noise levels as shown in Section 6, no identified NSRs in Mai Po area would be subject to construction ground-borne noise levels from TBM operation exceeding the noise limit of 65dB(A). Based on the maximum operation capacity of the railway system, the operational ground-borne noise levels at existing residential receivers would be well below the criteria.

64. Inflow of water into underground works area of shafts or tunnels might occur during excavation, if not properly controlled, and might affect ground water levels over a wider area beyond the excavation zone. The potential impact of groundwater lowering may include depletion of groundwater sources and drying out of streams, wetlands or ponds. The wildlife dependant of these habitats might lose their foraging, breeding or roosting grounds due to habitat degradation.

65. During MPV shaft construction, inflow of water into the deep underground shaft might occur, if not properly controlled, and might affect ground water levels over a wider area beyond the excavation zone. The loss of wetland would affect the important feeding ground of overwintering bird species of conservation interest. Due to this concern, as explained in the sections above, the construction technique proposed under this Project would allow casting a continuous concrete wall underground before excavation to proceed. Such continuous wall underground would largely stop water from entering into the excavation. Therefore, the impact to underground water table due to the shaft construction would be negligible. No adverse off-site hydrogeological impact to Mai Po fishponds is anticipated. Measures such as grouting and recharge well would be deployed to further control any potential drawdown during excavation, if found necessary.

66. Underground tunnels will pass through a few fishponds to the north of the MPV before crossing into Mainland. The tunnel will be about 20m deep under the fish ponds with sufficient protection buffer from the fish ponds. Modern mechanised tunnel boring machines will be used to construct the tunnel under these fish ponds. The tunnel would be water tight during construction and operation, and therefore no ecological impact is anticipated.

67. While dust emission, run-off, glare will also be controlled by implementation of good construction site practice. These measures are discussed in Air Quality, Water, and Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment of this Report. Construction phase disturbance impact to the impact on the nearby ecological sensitive receivers is considered acceptable.

68. During operation phase, the ventilation building in the MPV would require only very low level of human activity, it is not expected that operational phase impacts would occur or exceed that from the operation of existing garage and open storage in the area. Lighting system required for ventilation building is expected to be low and not anticipated to affect the wildlife at night time. The glare would be further minimized through landscape design and control of lighting system. The operation of the MPV is not anticipated to adversely affect the flight path of bird in the area. Large areas of reflective material (including glass) on the outer surfaces of the buildings would be avoided, as this is known to result in aerial collisions from birds. Moreover, the existing operation storage area and garage will be phased out and the area will be enhanced by landscape planting provided under the Project. Existing sources of human / noise disturbance impact and run-off pollution will be largely reduced. In addition the future operation noise of the MPV would be controlled to 60 dB(A) (ANL - 5) at the sensitive receivers, which will be much quieter than the existing condition. As such, elevation of disturbance impact to the waterbirds over-wintering at the nearby fishponds and the ecological value WCA is not anticipated.

Disturbance Impact to Egretries in Mai Po Area

69. Reference was made to PPEL (2008), as the works area of the MPV lies totally within the study area of Wo Shang Wai (WSW) development project. Thus, the MPV works area is located also within the potential foraging distance of three egretries, at Mai Po Village (500 m from the MPV works area), Mai Po Lung (over 1 km from the MPV works area) and Tam Kon Chau (1.1 km from the MPV works area). Although a small number of egrets probably from Mai Po Village and/or Tam Kon Chau Egretries do fly through the WSW project area during breeding season (March to July), the result of flight path survey revealed that major flight path from the Mai Po Village and Tam Kon Chau Egretries to forage grounds did not appear to pass through the WSW project area and hence the MPV project area which is immediately adjacent to WSW site. Birds from Mai Po Lung Egretries were not thought to forage in the WSW and MPV project area because of the distance from egretry and the presence of hills on the flight path presenting an obstacle to egret movement. The impact to the flight path from the above egretries is therefore considered minor.

70. The proposed works area of the MPV is currently operated as garage and open storage and there is no evidence that the area provided suitable foraging ground for the breeding ardeids in the egretries. The impact due to the loss of the disturbed habitat is not anticipated to have impact on the foraging birds.

71. As discussed in PPEL (2008), previously published data from Anon. (1997) suggest that egrets from Mai Po Village Egretry (Mai Po Village SSSI) do not fly over the project area in significant numbers. Although small numbers of ardeids were recorded foraging in fishponds within the study area, there is no evidence from observations and flight path data that the study area is key forging ground of breeding egrets from the nearby egretries such as Mai Po Village SSSI (PPEL, 2008). Given the scale of the aboveground works and implementation of mitigation measures (such as erection of site hoarding), significant adverse off-site impact to foraging ground of breeding egrets due to disturbance from site activities is not anticipated.

72. During construction phase, it is expected the construction works would result in increased construction noise, human activities and traffic flow in the area (e.g. Castle Peak Road). However, the impact to egretries and the roosting / foraging ground of the egrets is considered minor as both Mai Po Village and Mai Po Lung Egretries are located adjacent to the Castle Peak Road and the nesting egrets are tolerant to moderate noise disturbance. Impact to Tam Kon Chau Egretries is not anticipated due to the distance between the Egretries to the proposed MPV works area.

Impact to Flight Paths of Birds in Mai Po Area

73. Buildings would create a barrier across flight paths used by birds on a regular basis, when flying between foraging areas and/or roost sites. PPEL (2008) also studied the flight path survey of non-breeding birds (including non-breeding resident species and migratory bird species) in the WSW project area. The survey result suggested that there is no clearly defined and regular path exists over the WSW project area. Most of the individuals flying over the WSW project area passed over the western edge adjacent to the fishponds (along 3 regular flight paths) where more birds were recorded flying below 50 m above the ground. The flight path surveys also revealed that birds were flying over a higher altitude in the southern part of the WSW project areas to avoid buildings in the Palm Springs. The proposed Mai Po Ventilation Building did not appear to locate on the any key flight paths.

74. The flight path in this area would be impacted if any aboveground structures were significantly higher than the existing residential buildings. The adjacent existing development is predominantly 3 storeys in height, such as Royal Palms, Palm Springs, Fairview Park, Mai Po San Tsuen and Maple Garden. The height of the proposed buildings under WSW development project would be 4 storeys (about 16.2 mPD), such buildings would be generally 3 m higher than the existing buildings in the adjacent residential estates (PPEL, 2008). .

75. The proposed Mai Po Ventilation Building has been designed to keep a maximum distance (over 160 m) from the nearest fishpond and locate away from any regular flight paths. The proposed ventilation building (about 16 m or 20.6 mPD, including the height of the 3 m platform underneath) would be placed near the existing residential buildings in Palm Springs. The Mai Po Ventilation Building would be compatible to the existing and planned residential areas in the vicinity. Major impact to flight of birds is therefore not anticipated.

Impact to Other Fauna of Conservation Interest

76. The nests of White-shoulder Starling in Tse Uk Tsuen considered to have Local Concern in Hong Kong is located outside the nearest SSS / ERS works area with at least 100 m distance. This species commonly nests in village areas and it is not considered to be particularly sensitive to human activities.

77. Greater Painted-snipe, another species of ecological interest, was recorded from drainage channel (KT5) along an access road to be upgraded near the TPP. A few detections of this species were also noted in the Tse Uk Tsuen agricultural land near the TSW (MTRC, 2009b). As discussed in above sections, these habitats are considered as potential breeding / roosting / foraging ground of Greater Painted-snipe. If unmitigated, construction activities that induce increased human activities and noise level might disturb the roosting or breeding population and subsequently cause abandonment of such habitats. Ecological impact to any potential breeding population of this species in KT5 should be minimised by commencing works outside breeding season as far as practicable. Installation of hoarding is also necessary to shield this sensitive bird from human disturbance. Given the temporary nature of the proposed works and availability of similar habitats in Kam Tin area (e.g. West Rail and Kam Tin Bypass Recreated Wetlands, Buffalo Field, and agricultural lands, etc), indirect impact to the species is acceptable. Most importantly, there would be no permanent loss in their habitats and operational phase usage of the access road is not expected to increase significantly. Adverse cumulative impacts to the population are not expected.

78. Diversity and abundance of mammal species (e.g. Short-nosed Fruit Bat, Japanese Pipistrelle, and Small Asian Mongoose, and Pallas's Squirrel) in the Project area is low, it is not expected the proposed works would pose any significant impact to the population. No known bat roosts or key foraging areas would be affected by the Project. Herpetofauna and terrestrial insects are less susceptible to disturbance impact and only very limited individuals were recorded from the Project area. The proposed works areas are not considered to provide key habitats for these species. Indirect impact to these species resulting from the Project is therefore minor.

Cumulative Impact

79. The planned construction period of the northern section of the Project would be from December 2009 to December 2014. Based on the current programme, there are several and relevant concurrent major projects in the vicinity of the Project’s works areas, as discussed in Section 2. At this stage, consideration of concurrent projects for cumulative environmental impacts will only take into account those with available implementation programme. The major relevant concurrent projects include Proposed Comprehensive Development at Wo Shang Wai, Yuen Long, Upgrading of Remaining Sections of Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road, Yuen Long and Kam Tin Sewerage and Sewage Disposal, and Construction of Cycle Tracks and the Associated Supporting Facilities from Sha Po Tsuen to Shek Sheung River. The planned construction programme, relevant concurrent works element and potential cumulative impacts are outlined in Table 3.49 below.

80. As shown in Figure No. NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/401 and NOL/ERL/300/C/XRL/ENS/M51/402, most of the proposed works areas of the concurrent projects are located along existing built-up areas such as road, footpath, and villages. The scale of works is small and it is anticipated the cumulative impact due to the concurrent project listed below is minor with proper implementation of mitigation measure recommended in Section 3.355 to 3.405.

Table 3.49 Relevant Concurrent Major Projects in the Vicinity of the Project Area in the Northern Section

Project Title	Project Proponent	Planned Construction Period	Concurrent Works Element in the Current Project	Project Area and Potential Ecological Impacts	Potential Cumulative Impacts
Proposed Comprehensive Development at Wo Shang Wai, Yuen Long ^(1)	Profit Point Enterprises Limited	2008 to 2012	MPV (Tentative programme: August 2012 to June 2015)	Immediately adjacent to the western works boundary of the MPV. The Wo Shang Wai project involves 21.6 ha residential development within the WBA (127 nos. of 2.5/3 storey detached houses, 44 semidetached houses and 180 duplex units in 4 storey buildings). The loss of 4.69 ha of wetland habitats for local fauna, especially foraging egrets will be fully compensated by provision of 4.74 ha of wetland habitat with the Wetland Restoration Area. Indirect impacts from disturbance to water birds in adjacent fishpond habitats and impedance of flight paths for birds flying over the development area.	The proposed MPV works area is immediately adjacent to the Wo Shang Wai Development, the works area of MPV is about 5 ha located within a highly disturbed area near Castle Peak Road. The MPV site is situated within WBA while Wo Shang Development within WBA. Both of the works areas are close to the adjoining fish ponds in Mai Po Area in their northern boundary edge. Approaches similar to that proposed in Wo Shang Wai Development (e.g. reducing building height, erection of site hoarding, good construction site practices) would be adopted in MPV works area to minimize any potential disturbance impact to wetland avifauna outside the project area and offsite pollution impact to Deep Bay Area. Cumulative impact on Deep Bay ecosystem and ecological resources of conservation interest (e.g. Mai Po Nature Reserve, egretries in Tam Kon Chau, Mai Po Village, Mai Po Lung, Mai Po Village SSSI, fishponds in Mai Po) is considered minor.
Upgrading of Remaining Sections of Kam Tin Road and Lam Kam Road	Highways Department	2010 to 2014	SSS / ERS (Tentative programme: December 2009 to November 2014)	A section of about 300 m upgrading work along Kam Tin Road near Wan Toi Shan Hung Mo Tam will be conducted within the Project Area of the SSS / ERS site.	The proposed road upgrading works will be conducted within developed area subject to high disturbance from traffic in the existing Kam Tin Road. With implementation of proper mitigation measures and good site practices, the projects are not expected to cause adverse impacts to nearby habitats such as drainage channel and watercourses.
Yuen Long and Kam Tin Sewerage and Sewage Disposal	Drainage Services Department	2009 to 2013	Major concurrent works element: SSS / ERS and associated road to the west of the site. Minor concurrent works element: MPV, TUW, PHV. (Tentative programme: December 2009 to November 2014).	Provision of sewage pumping station and gravity sewers at Ngau Tam Mei, Shek Kong, Kam Tin areas near the MPV, NTV, SSS /ERS, TUW and PHV sites.	The proposed sewers will be installed along existing access roads (such as Chun Sin Road, Castle Peak Road, Kam Tin Road, Kam Sheung Road and Kam Tin River). As the proposed works will be conducted within developed area with low ecological value, cumulative impact is expected to be low.
Construction of Cycle Tracks and the Associated Supporting Facilities from Sha Po Tsuen to Shek Sheung River	Civil Engineering and Development Department	2009-2012	MPV (Tentative programme: August 2012 to June 2015)	The Project involves construction of a cycle track to connect the existing cycle track networks at Yuen Long and Sheung Shui, together with supporting facilities. A section of the proposed cycle track is near the MPV.	The proposed cycle track will be installed adjacent to the proposed MPV (San Tin Highway). As the proposed works would be conducted within developed area with low ecological value, cumulative impact is expected to be low.

Note:

(1) Section 16 Planning application was submitted in 2008 and approved by TPB on 19 September 2008. Details of the latest construction programme are not available yet during the preparation of the EIA study. As advised by the Developer, the earliest construction works for Wetland Restoration Area would commence in 2010 wet season, and therefore the construction of the comprehensive development is assumed to commence in early 2010.

Mitigation of Adverse Environmental Impacts

81. According to EIAO-TM Annex 16 guidelines, mitigation measures are discussed in this section to avoid, minimize and compensate for identified ecological impacts.

Avoidance and Minimization

82. Impacts on significant ecological resources below are largely avoided through the alignment selection process and construction methods for the Project, as discussed in Section 2. Through tunnelling construction methods, the aboveground works in the northern section of the Project are confined to only 7 works areas. About 60% of the Project Area would be located in developed area or wasteground with limited ecological value.

Ÿ Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site;

Ÿ Mai Po Nature Reserve;

Ÿ Country Parks;

Ÿ Sites of Special Scientific Interests (SSSIs);

Ÿ Conservation Areas;

Ÿ Wetland Conservation Area (WCA);

Ÿ Mitigation wetlands under the projects of Lok Ma Chau Spur Line, Shenzhen River Regulation, West Rail and Kam Tin Bypass;

Ÿ Egretries;

Ÿ Fung Shui woodlands;

Ÿ Secondary woodlands.

Ÿ Fish ponds;

Ÿ Meanders;

Ÿ Freshwater marshes; and

Ÿ Fauna species of conservation interest, such as Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) and Greater Painted Snipe (Rostratula benghalensis).

83. During the preliminary design of the Project tunnel four different alignments were considered. Numerous engineering, environmental, economical, programme and social factors were considered before the current alignment is chosen (refer to Section 2 for detail). Similarly different sites have been considered for the aboveground works areas (such as ventilation buildings) taking account of the above factors. The options are, however, limited as land is limited in the both the urban area and the New Territories.

84. The proposed use of TBM and drill and blast tunnelling has been maximized to reduce impacts from aboveground works. The majority of soft ground and mixed ground tunnel sections will be constructed by bored tunnelling method. The remainder of the soft and mixed ground tunnel segments; principally the ERS, the southern approach to the ERS, the SSS approach, and the tunnels to the south of Hoi Ting Road will be constructed by cut and cover method. The rest of the alignment through Hong Kong will be constructed using drill and blast.

85. To minimize the potential disturbance and impact to the environment, the works areas are typically located at the site of the permanent ventilation buildings, though in the case of works areas in such as Tse Uk Tsuen, these works areas will be only temporarily occupied for the retrieval of TBM. Construction period of this alignment option is the shortest (64 months) and hence minimum the construction phase impact to habitats and wildlife.

Table 3.50 Ecological Considerations in Site Selection

Name of Above-ground Works Area	Necessity of the Proposed Above-ground Works	Ecological Considerations in Site Selection, Engineering Design and Construction Method
Key Aboveground Works Elements
MPV	The ventilation buildings will serve two main purposes. They will provide the essential fresh air and extraction of smoke in the cases of fire. They will also provide essential access for firemen to carry out fire fighting and to evacuate trapped passengers. Ventilation building sites provide the essential construction access for the tunnel contractors during construction. It is thus logical to combine works areas with the ventilation building sites. Indeed this arrangement would minimize impact to the environment and nearby residents as construction traffic could be kept to the minimum. For the safety of passengers ventilation buildings have to be located at intervals of no greater than 4.1km along the Project tunnel. The MPV site is virtually the only one available in that area which meets the ventilation and fire safety requirement.	Avoid Ecologically Sensitive Areas Avoid direct impact to WCA, Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site, Mai Po Village SSSI, Mai Po Village Egretry, and CA in the vicinity. Avoid Natural Habitats The proposed MPV is selected to be constructed in a currently highly disturbed area occupied by open car storage / garage located in the WBA zone. The proposed MPV also avoided Mai Po fishponds in the north and developed private land in the south. Minimize Height of Aboveground Structures The height of the MPV is determined by the functional and operational requirements of the ventilation building. To minimize impact to the bird flight path, plant rooms that can be located below ground have all been designed to be provided below ground to keep the height of the building to the minimum. However there are plants that cannot be installed below ground because of the access problem during installation and the subsequent maintenance. Furthermore according to Fire Services Department (FSD) regulations the ventilation louvres have to be located at least 5 m aboveground. These are the controlling factors that determine the height of the MPV. Any further reduction is not feasible.
NTV	The selection of NTV site would eliminate the need for soft ground mined tunnel thereby reducing the construction safety risk (also refer to the discussion on the MPV in this Table).	Avoid Ecologically Sensitive Areas Avoid direct impact to a CA and Lam Tsuen Country Park in the vicinity. Use of Existing Access Road Apart from minimizing direct impact on village houses to the practicable extent, formation of a new construction access road would not be required as the existing WSD access road can be utilized. In this way, environmental impacts pertinent to the construction of this ventilation building could be minimized and hence saved extra resumption of natural habitats in CA. Avoid Natural Habitats Most parts of the proposed works area are engineered slope currently covered by some exotic species such as Leucaena leucocephala of relatively low ecological value.
PHV	Refer to the discussion on the MPV in this Table.	Avoid Ecologically Sensitive Areas Avoid direct impact to the adjacent CA and Tai Lam Country Park in the vicinity. The proposed works area of PHV is situated away from Tse Uk Tsuen Works Area in order to minimize impacts on agricultural habitats.
TPP	TPP will be used for Emergency Access point (EAP), TBM retrieval and for drill and blast tunnelling works during the construction phase. As the condition of the existing access road is poor, road improvement works will be required for future permanent EVA and temporary construction access. Given the distance between NTV and the ventilation building to the north of ERS is about 4km, as such only an EAP is required to be provided at Tai Kong Po for satisfying fire safety strategy and no ventilation fan will be provided at the TPP.	Avoid Ecologically Sensitive Areas Avoid direct impact to the CAs and Lam Tsuen Country Park in the vicinity. The proposed location of TPP is currently an abandoned pig farm.
TUW	TUW will be used as a temporary TBM retrieval shaft. The shaft is located near the transition from soft ground to rock which allows for machine removal without impact on the adjacent tunnelling works.	Avoid Ecologically Sensitive Areas Avoid direct impact to the adjacent CA and Tai Lam Country Park in the vicinity. Avoid Core Area of a Contiguous Farmland Proposed works area restrict to the eastern edge of a contiguous agricultural land near village area of Tse Uk Tsuen and maintain the integrity of the farmland by avoiding intrusion to the core part of the area. Temporary and Reversible Work Nature Affected areas will be reinstated to a condition suitable for agricultural use after completion of construction activities, although no farming activities were observed in over a half of the concerned farmland.
SSS / ERS	Stabling sidings and a first-line maintenance facility will be located at Shek Kong Stabling Sidings (SSS) to provide stabling, maintenance and cleaning activities. An emergency rescue station (ERS) will be located next to Shek Kong Stabling Sidings for emergency evacuation of passengers and access by emergency personnel. With sufficient length of the alignment between the toe of Tai Mo Shan to Shek Kong, the railway alignment could be gradually rise up to a more shallow alignment in Shek Kong, such that the stabling tracks could be developed within the proposed site. In addition, the site located next to Shek Kong Barracks is large flat land with relative low terrain, this site is suitable for developing stabling sidings and emergency rescue station.	Avoid Ecologically Sensitive Areas Avoid direct impact to the adjacent CA and Tai Lam Country Park in the vicinity. During site selection, the following recourses in alternative alignment options have been considered and avoided, such as a natural ecologically important stream (EIS) at Cheung Po, wooded areas in CAs near Tai Wo, Chuk Hang and Lam Tsuen Country Park, a bat roosting site east of Pat Heung Maintenance Centre, a Fung Shui Wood of high ecological values near Pat Heung Temple, and the Ha Che Egretry stream habitats. Avoid Impact to Ecologically Important Habitats Over 53% of the works areas are situated within developed area. Current land uses on the proposed site are a scattering of houses, agricultural lands, scrap yard, garage, composting sites, open car parks and vehicle repair shops. Provision of stabling sidings at Shek Kong would minimize impact to the environment and public, as compared with other options. Minimize Land Take The area of SSS /ERS is less than other existing railway depots in Hong Kong. The proposed layout has been designed to minimize the site area to 20 ha to accommodate minor maintenance activities and inspection. The ERS will be combined with SSS to minimize the works areas by sharing the building maintenance resources.
TSW	Due to the 24-hour blasting requirements as described in the Hazard to Life Assessment, it is not possible to deliver the required explosive quantities directly to the work areas as this would limit the blasting to one blast per day. An explosive magazine is therefore required for each northern and southern section to limit the distances that explosives have to be transported by road, from the magazine to the underground worksite. This is particularly pertinent given explosives are not permitted within road tunnels and there is considerable distance (40 km to 50 km) for the northern New Territories to Kowloon via alternative route (Castle Peak Road). (refer to Appendix 13.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment) A long list of potential sites has been screened in magazine site selection process based on the following factors: l External separation distance (the distance from the explosive stores to inhabited areas and sensitive receivers); l Access for Mines Division explosive delivery vehicles; l Site constraints such as existing conditions; l Land availability; and l Environment and heritage impact. TSW is the only northern site identified that has met all the magazine site selection requirements as well as the general requirements from Mines Division of CEDD.	Avoid Ecologically Sensitive Areas Avoid direct impact to the Tai Lam Country Park in the vicinity. Avoid Natural Habitat The proposed works will mainly affect a relatively young plantation area in a CA dominated by exotic plant species with some native species in the understorey. Native plant species will be provided to reinstate any temporarily affected area.
Other Major Associated Works
Flood Protection Works in SSS /ERS	The SSS / ERS site falls within Drainage Basin 9 of Yuen Long, Kam Tin, Ngau Tam Mei and Tin Shui Wai Drainage Master Plan Study (DMP). In line with the design principle of the DMP and the MTR's New Works Design Standard the peripheral drains - a box culvert along the eastern edge of the SSS is designed to take a 200 year storm. With the implementation of this drainage system the current flooding problem at the existing SSS / ERS site and adjacent area would be eased.	Bypass Channel Extensive channelization avoided by installation of a bypass channel at the eastern edge of the SSS / ERS site. Lesser storm will be carried by the widened existing channel and box culvert along the western edge. Maintain Existing Stream Flow Stream flow could be maintained along the drainage channel throughout the year. Mitigation Stream Habitat Ecological friendly stream habitat (such as natural stream bed substrate, vegetated stream bank and gentle bank gradient) would be provided in the widened existing channel section for wildlife use. (refer to Section 3.388 to 3.400).
Upgrading of Access Road	Accesses to the ventilation building sites from existing road networks are essential for the construction and the future operation and maintenance of the Project.	Avoid Natural Habitats Following the principle of keeping any impacts to the environment and nearby residents to the minimum, access to the ventilation buildings will follow existing access roads, e.g. Drainage Services Department (DSD)'s maintenance access along drainage channels. Most of these roads are not up to the highway standard and are required to be widened such that they will be suitable for use by fire engines. The extents of works are comparatively insignificant and less than the construction of a new access. Minimize Impact to Fauna Upgrading road works will be limited to one side of channel only. Measures (e.g. non-transparent site hoarding, etc.) to avoid impacts to fauna (e.g. waterbirds) that might utilities the drainage channel habitat (details refer to Section 3.374 to 3.377).

1. The potential impact on hydrology would be largely avoided through the implementation of precautionary measure during tunnelling works as discussed in the above sections. More details of this mitigation and contingency plans to monitor groundwater levels in Mai Po area are presented in Appendix 11.8B Hydrogeological Impacts Assessment.

2. None of the habitats recorded in the Project Area were of high conservation importance, with most of the habitats recorded as low or low to moderate in terms of their ecological interest. The impacts from the Project are therefore expected to be low with the adoption of appropriate mitigation measures.

3. Direct impact to a total of about 160 m of watercourse habitat within the SSS / ERS site is avoided through engineering design and would not be affected by the proposed works. The scale of flood protection has been largely reduced through the installation a flood bypass channel on the eastern side to intercept peak flow. (refer to Appendix 3.5 for illustration of drainage design)

Mitigation

4. The construction and operation impacts of the Project are expected to be low and acceptable. The following mitigation measures are recommended to further reduce impacts to ecological resources. The mitigation measures discussed below should be implemented throughout the construction and operational phases. To facilitate effective implementation, these conditions should be included in the Contract Particular Specification and enforced by the Engineer or his representative.

Construction Phase

Measures to Minimize Impacts to Surrounding Habitats

5. Noise mitigation measures including the use of quiet construction plant and temporary noise barriers should be implemented to minimize disturbance to habitats adjacent to the works areas. Details of noise mitigation measures are discussed in Section 5.

6. Access along certain sections of the existing drainage channels in the SSS / ERS and TPP sites in Kam Tin would be widened for permanent vehicular access, carriageway and footpath. These accesses to the ventilation building sites from existing road networks are essential for the construction and the future operation and maintenance of the Project alignment. Following the principle of keeping any impacts to the environment and nearby residents to the minimum, access to the ventilation building sites will follow existing access roads, such as the maintenance access along the existing drainage channels. Most of these roads are not up to the highway standard and are required to be widened such that they will be suitable for use by fire engines. Although the proposed works would increase human activities in the works area during construction phase, the extent of works are comparatively insignificant and less than the construction of a new access.

7. Nevertheless certain birds are sensitive to human activities, and they would avoid and reduce use of nearby habitats. For the works area of access roads along drainage channels in the TPP and SSS / ERS sites, site hoarding of about 2.4 m high should be erected around the works area to minimize disturbance. The purpose is to shield the avifauna in the drainage channel from the disturbance of human activities during construction phase. Such hoarding would be non-transparent to avoid the risk of potential bird collision. It should be noted that the road upgrading would only be conducted along one side of the drainage channel, therefore impedance to bird flight or obstructions to any wildlife corridors can be largely avoided. The contractor’s access should be limited to the minimum area required and as far as possible from the drainage channels. Site hoarding should be removed from the works area after completion of construction activities. Such measures should also be applied to minimize disturbance impacts on the fishponds and hence associated waterbirds in the WCA near MPV works area.

8. Installation of new construction access and widening of existing footpath or access road would result in increased traffic flow and human disturbance to the nearby habitats. It is recommended that construction access works area and should therefore be limited strictly for the authorized staff, workers and contractors relevant to construction activities only through implementation of permitting system. Gate and fences should be installed along the construction accesses that are adjacent to public areas to prevent trespassing or illegal dumping activities.

9. Disturbance during the construction phase should be minimized and controlled through a clear definition of the works areas for the contractor. Construction activities should be restricted to work areas that should be clearly demarcated and isolated from the untouched natural habitats such as watercourse and shrubland (including those within and adjacent to scheme boundary) by setting up hoardings. Works boundaries should not extend beyond the proposed Project Area. It should be noted that the scheme boundary is the limit of resumption but does not necessary equate to the limit of the contractors’ access. All work crews, equipment and human activities would be confined within the designated works area only. No personnel should encroach or willfully disturb any wild animals and their habitats.

10. A trip-ticket system should be adopted to monitor the disposal of construction and demolition materials by contractor(s). CCTV and warning signs should be provided at the entrance of the proposed temporary and permanent vehicular access to deter any illegal dumping activities. (Details refer to Section 10 Waste Management Implication)

Measures to Minimize Impacts to Vegetation

11. Where practicable, all proposed works in the Project Area should be conducted in existing built-up area to minimize impact to natural habitats. Vegetation located within the work areas would be preserved as far as practicable. To avoid soil compaction, heavy machinery should not be used in close proximity to vegetation. Increased runoff due to vegetation clearance, soil compaction, any hardened surfaces should be managed, and steps should be taken to confirm that stormwater does not lead to excessive levels of silt entering any watercourse or wetland. Temporarily affected habitats should be reinstated after the completion of works. Soils that become compacted through the activities of the development should be loosened to an appropriate depth to allow seed germination.

12. To give way to the construction activities, some vegetation within the Project Area in shrubland and plantation habitats of relatively low value would be unavoidably affected. To mitigate the loss of the green areas, ecological enhancement in form of planting should be provided in the places affected by the Project in TSW site, and other works area where practicable. Species chosen for planting would be similar to the species identified in the survey and preferably be native to Hong Kong or the Southern China. Tree species which can provide food for local wildlife are recommended. Detailed vegetation survey should also be conducted in TSW site, prior to commencement of site clearance, for formulating effective mitigatory planting proposal in TSW site. The proposed site planting measures will be provided in accordance with the ETWB TCW No. 29/2004.

13. As a mitigation measure, the affected individuals of Incense Tree within the NTV works area should be transplanted to nearby suitable habitats prior to the commencement of site clearance at NTV works area as far as practicable. A detailed vegetation survey covered the affected habitat (e.g. shrubland and plantation) at NTV works area should be conducted by a suitably qualified botanist / ecologist to identify and record the affected individuals in order to provide details for the transplantation scheme prior to the commencement of site clearance. Feasibility and suitability of transplanting the affected individuals would be carefully studied and suitable receptor sites would be identified, taking into account the survey findings and recommendations in the tree survey report. The transplantation proposal for the affected individuals should be prepared as necessary and transplantation should be supervised by a suitably qualified ecologist / horticulturist.

14. Placement of equipment or stockpiles in designated works areas and access routes selected on existing disturbed land to minimize disturbance to natural habitats and vegetation, particularly mature trees.

Measures to Minimize Disturbance to Wildlife

15. Construction would increase human activities in the works area. Since some of the proposed access upgrading works are adjacent to areas that may have more wildlife occurrence such as shrubland, watercourse, existing drainage channels, measures should be implemented to minimize disturbance to the wildlife utilising these habitats. Comparing with other wildlife recorded from the area, birds are more sensitive to human activities and they would avoid and reduce use of nearby habitats. In order to minimize the disturbance to wildlife in the surrounding habitats, hoarding of 2.4m high would be set up along the boundary of the works areas to shield the fauna and other natural habitats from the disturbance impact of human activities during construction phase. Locations for the access entrance to the Project Area should also avoid natural habitats.

16. To minimise impacts to any potential breeding / roosting population of Greater Painted-snipe in KT5 (the drainage channel along the access road to be upgraded leading to TPP) area, installation of hoarding is also necessary to shield this sensitive bird from human disturbance. The erection of hoarding (2.4m) at the area with high painted-snipe occurrence (e.g. the proposed access road next to KT5) should avoid their breeding season, prior to construction activities in the area. In addition, the use of noisy construction equipment such as hydraulic breakers should also be avoided at the area with high painted-snipe occurrence (e.g. the proposed access road next to KT5) during their breeding season as far as practicable.

17. The construction works at MPV would last for several years and unavoidably cover the overwintering season of waterbirds. Mitigation must be in place to minimise any potential impacts to the overwintering birds utilising the fishponds adjacent to the works area. Hoardings of 2.4 m height should be should be put in place before the commencement of construction activities. The duration of hoarding erection should be kept as brief as practicable. Hoarding at the section along the northern boundary of the MPV works area should be installed first. Upon the erection of site hoarding, all construction activities as described above should be conducted within the fenced area.

18. Major construction site lighting should point inward and downward to minimize glare disturbance to wildlife at night. The intensity of light should also be controlled to the lowest possible level. Unnecessary lighting should be turned off outside working hours of the construction sites.

Measures to Minimize Pollution to Waterbodies

19. Measures should be implemented to minimize potential sedimentation and other water quality impacts to areas downstream of the proposed works areas. Excavation works carried out within or close to waterbodies should be carried out in dry season where practicable. Excavation works within the watercourse / drainage channel should be restricted when possible to an enclosed dry section of the watercourse / drainage channel, with containment measures such as bunds and barriers used within the watercourse / drainage channel to minimize the impacts upon the downstream waterbodies.

20. Site runoff should be directed towards regularly cleaned and maintained silt traps and oil / grease separators to minimize the risk of sedimentation and pollution of downstream waterbodies, particularly in the MPV site. The silt and oil / grease separators should be appropriately designed for the local drainage and ground conditions. To minimize leakage and loss of sediment during excavation in narrow channels, tightly sealed closed grab excavators should be deployed where material to be handled is wet.

21. The flow of the watercourse and drainage channel located with the Project Area should be maintained throughout the construction phase. Further details of mitigation measure relevant to water quality impact are discussed in Section 11.

Operational Phase

Measures to Minimize Impact to Surrounding Habitats

22. Partial resumption of agricultural land during construction, particularly in the TUW, may lead to further decline in the ecological value of the habitat in the un-resumed portion of the agricultural land due to poor management of the remaining portions of agricultural land by the landowners / operators which may not be economically viable for the owners to maintain. The affected agricultural land should therefore be restored to a condition suitable for agricultural use before handing over to landowner / operators.

Measures to Minimize Impact to Constructed Channels

23. Potential operational phase activities in newly constructed channels in the SSS / ERS would be limited to regular maintenance such as de-silting. Impacts to aquatic communities resulting from these activities are expected to be minor. Nevertheless, measures are recommended to minimize potential impacts resulting from operational phase activities.

24. Vegetation control would be minimized to prevent the excessive growth of (especially woody) vegetation that would impede the drainage capacity of the channel. To minimize sedimentation, de-silting should be limited to the dry season (November to March). The natural stream bed substrate should not be removed from the channel during de-silting works.

25. For maintenance de-silting, temporary barrier walls would be used to provide a dewatered zone for de-silting works. Waste material produced during de-silting should be disposed of in a timely and appropriate manner.

Measures to Minimize Impacts to Wildlife

26. The construction design and layout of works areas were refined to minimize potential ecological impacts as far as practicable. For instance, the location of the MPV is selected in a site which currently is an open car park for trucks and coaches, avoiding ecological habitats. The change of land use will enhance the environment in this area with appropriate architectural and landscape design adopted for ventilation building. With the MPV located in proximity to Mai Po and a planned development (“Comprehensive Development at Wo Shang Wai, Yuen Long”), Type 1 ventilation building, which has a lower building height (14 m at most) and ground level footprint (22 m x 30 m), will be adopted for the MPV. To avoid obstruction of flight paths of birds, the location of the MPV would be situated away from the fishponds and the planned wetland restoration area under Wo Shang Wai project as far as possible.

27. The MPV, main building and maintenance shed in the SSS / ERS site will be designed in a manner that keeps disturbance of wildlife to an absolute minimum, including both noise and visual disturbance. Large areas of reflective material (including glass) should not be used on the outer surfaces of the buildings, as this is known to result in aerial collisions from birds. In terms of landscaping, little other than screen planting can be done to disguise the station from wildlife. The height of maintenance shed, main building and associated chillers have been minimized to no more than 18 m within the constraints of the required function of the building.

28. All the major lighting sources should point inward and downward to minimize glare disturbance to wildlife, particularly in SSS / ERS operation. The intensity of light should also be controlled to the lowest possible level.

Watercourse

29. Extensive channelization is avoided by installation of a flood bypass channel at the eastern edge of the SSS / ERS site. Lesser storm water will be carried by the widened open channel and box culvert along the western edge. Watercourse habitat with size of approximately 2.32 ha (1.5 km) would be unavoidably affected due to the proposed SSS / ERS and flood protection measures.

30. As discussed in earlier sections, the affected watercourse is fairly large with generally natural substratum and stream banks though water quality is very poor. The ecological value of the watercourse is low to moderate supporting only a few locally common bird species of conservation interest such as Chinese Pond Heron and Little Egret. The watercourse together with other habitats such as agricultural areas, drainage channels, and woodland are integral parts in the ecosystem of the Shek Kong area, it is therefore considered necessary to minimize the avoidable loss of watercourse habitat through provision of mitigation stream habitats.

31. Under the current design, the total area of widened open channel will be approximately 2.42 ha. Ecologically friendly design would be incorporated in the two open channel sections (Zone A and Zone B as shown in Appendix 3.5) to provide wet area for avifauna species similar to those recorded from the existing watercourse. The mitigation stream habitats in form of open channel would be provided on a “like for like” basis in terms of area and function. The mitigation stream habitats will be provided within the scheme boundary of the SSS / ERS site in operation phase. The mitigation stream habitats concept plan is attached in Appendix 3.5.

Channel Design

32. The following key channel design features providing mitigation stream habitat should be incorporated. The preliminary mitigation habitat concept plan is illustrated Appendix 3.5. It is recommended that ecologically friendly features should be incorporated into the open channel design at the SSS / ERS:

Ÿ The stream section and hence the banks should be widened to create additional wetland area (shallow water) for wildlife use particularly wetland dependent avifauna. Depending on local site condition, the cross section of widened stream section is roughly 40 m in width and 5 m in depth;

Ÿ Channel beds should be constructed using natural materials such as small cobbles and boulders to provide a more diverse habitat for aquatic community. To closely re-create existing conditions, materials collected from the existing watercourse during the construction phase should be used to line the newly constructed channels. Where possible, the existing substrate of the watercourse should be retained, and the base width of the watercourse should be widened to create more wet area for wildlife use. This habitat would provide a suitable environment for wildlife e.g. waterbirds, using the existing watercourse;

Ÿ Channel banks should be trapezoidal in shape and provide interface connecting aquatic and terrestrial habitats for wildlife. Such function can be provided through provision of vegetated channel embankment in form of e.g. gabion with planting pits or other embankment lining as appropriate with reference to the DSD Practice Note No. 1/2005;

Ÿ To enhance habitat suitability for birds that are normally associated with stream bed habitats, gentle bank slopes and areas of shallow water depth should be provided, both of which will encourage wading birds such as herons and egrets. Areas of shallow water at the base of gently sloping pond bunds have proven to be preferred by wading birds over more typical man-made steeper slopes. Where possible the bank slopes whether existing or formed as part of the proposed stream widening should be gentle with gradients such as 1:5 to 1:10 and with the middle of the stream remaining largely unchanged;

Ÿ The water depth of the channels should be varied, where practicable, to re-create the pool-riffle sequence found in existing watercourse; and

Ÿ Water flow should be maintained along the mitigation stream habitat throughout the year.

33. It is anticipated that the ecologically friendly open channel and mitigation stream habitats would provide habitats of similar ecological value and function to the wildlife utilising the existing watercourse.

Preliminary Hydraulic Design of the Mitigation Stream Habitat and Bypass Channel

34. The SSS / ERS site area falls within Drainage Basin 9 of Yuen Long, Kam Tin, Ngau Tam Mei and Tin Shui Wai Drainage Master Plan Study (DMP Study). The watercourse in Shek Kong is susceptible to flooding over its middle reach where predicted flood levels are higher than ground levels based on the results of the DMP Study.

35. The hydraulic design for the mitigation stream habitat will be determined in such a way that the proposed widened stream section can contain runoff diverted from the engineered channel, which is about 10% of the estimated 1 in 200 year storm from the upstream catchment. This can be achieved by constructing a bypass culvert (at the eastern side of SSS) at the level of the existing stream invert and by placing a low weir across the entrance to the engineered channel to divert low flows into the culvert.

36. To prevent ponding and water stagnation, it is proposed that the bulk of the existing flood flow in the stream is diverted to the bypass culvert, so the low level outlet from the stream will connect to the SSS / ERS drainage system along the west side.

Hydrological and Ecological Condition the Mitigation Stream Habitat

37. For the optimum functioning of the habitat, there should be a shallow water depth in the habitat area for the majority of the time during the wet season. However, the depth of water that remains after rainfall will depend on the ground water levels prevailing at the time.

38. Based on recent observations of the flow in the stream and piezometer readings from boreholes nearby it appears that ground water levels do support a flow in the stream for most of the year. However, these present ground water conditions may change in the future due to external factors, such as drier winters and further development in the catchment.

Implementaion Programme

39. The mitigation stream habitat will be provided in-situ within the works area of the SSS / ERS after the completion of construction activities. It is not technically feasible to construct a stream habitat before completion of construction activities as a series of works such as construction of access road / bridge / offices, river diversion, site formation, and excavation, etc will be required adjacent to the proposed location of stream habitat. Provision of stream habitat during construction is not expected to provide an optimal condition for wildlife use and the performance of its ecological function is also in doubt. The details of implementation schedule and construction programme will be provided in an ecological habitat management plan.

Maintenance and Monitoring Requirement

40. Prior to commencement of channel works, the management plan will provide the details for the habitats, ecological functions to be provided, and control of colonization of invasive plant species at the mitigation stream habitats as well as implementation. The long-term management and ecological monitoring and audit requirements for these habitats should also be defined.

41. The long-term maintenance requirements of the mitigation stream habitats should be minimized by designing it to be as self-sustaining as possible, similar to the maintenance regime for the existing watercourse. The maintenance matrix and responsible parties are to be confirmed during detailed design of the stream habitat. To facilitate with the confirmation process, MTRC will continue to liaise with the relevant authorities, while they will be responsible for the maintenance works before any agreement is made.

Evaluation of Residual Impacts

42. With the construction and operational stage mitigation measures outlined above implemented, residual impacts resulting from the proposed works would largely be limited to the loss of relatively low ecological value habitats. These would include 3.49 ha active agricultural land, 4.06 ha Inactive agricultural land, 2.68 ha grassland, 2.96 ha shrubland, and 1.94 ha plantation and 31.63 ha developed area / wasteground. Moreover, there would be a general increase in disturbance from human activities due to the construction and operation of the Project, given the low ecological value of habitat affected, these impacts are considered minor and acceptable.

43. The proposed 2.42 ha open channel with ecological friendly stream feature would adequately mitigate the direct impact due to the loss of a watercourse habitat (about 2.32 ha) in Shek Kong. It is considered that there would be no significant residual adverse ecological impacts which are likely to arise.

44. A section main drainage channel in Kam Tin with an area of about 1.1 ha would be temporary diverted during construction phase. The affected section would be reinstated after completion of construction works. Given the temporary nature and small areas of habitat affected, these impacts are considered minor and acceptable.

45. Potential disturbance impacts to avifauna in Mai Po, in particular waterbirds, egretries and bird flight path, would be a key issue of this Project. With the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures (e.g. use of hoarding, avoidance through site layout and ventilation building design), the residual disturbance impacts to the avifauna of conservation interest would be would be low and it is considered environmentally acceptable.

46. To minimise disturbance impact to wildlife during construction phase, a number of mitigation measures before commencement of works have been proposed. Such mitigation measures are considered effective and necessary to minimise any potential off-site disturbance impact. It is expected the implementation of the proposed mitigation measure particularly erection of site hoarding would result in minor disturbance to relatively sensitive avifauna such as waterbirds and Greater Painted-snipe near the site boundary. However, such impacts would be largely minimised through careful programming of the hoarding installation (e.g. shortening of duration or avoiding breeding season), and any residual off-site disturbance impact to the bird species of conservation interest would be minor, localised and temporary.

Environmental Monitoring and Audit

47. The implementation of the ecological mitigation measures described in Section 3.364 to 3.405 should be checked as part of the Environmental Monitoring and Audit procedures during the construction period. Details of items to be audited during construction phase should be referred to Section 18 Implementation Schedule.

48. To detect changes and to monitor the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures, ecological monitoring should be conducted for any works where adverse ecological impacts (without mitigation measures in place) and any uncertainties are anticipated.

Ecological Impact Monitoring

49. Mitigation measures have been proposed under this Project to control any potential indirect impact to the avifauna utilizing areas of conservation interest which are sensitive to disturbance. Impact monitoring should therefore be conducted during construction phase to monitor the effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures and detect any unpredicted indirect ecological impacts arising from the proposed Project. Remedial actions can then be recommended, where appropriate, based on the impact monitoring results.

50. Ecological impact monitoring focusing on habitats and species of conservation interest should be conducted during the construction phase at the MPV, TPP, SSS / ERS, PHV, and TUW sites where a number of avifauna of conservation interest (e.g. overwintering bird, Greater Painted-snipe) and areas of conservation interest (e.g. country parks, conservation areas, and wetlands) were recorded.

51. Avifaunal communities should be surveyed quantitatively along transects. Birds heard or seen along the transects should be identified to species and counted. The nature of construction works within works area conducting during each impact monitoring visit should also be recorded. The quantitative monitoring results should be compared to pre-construction condition. The impact monitoring results should be undertaken by qualified ecologist(s) with relevant working experience. Should any unpredicted indirect ecological impacts arising from the proposed Project be detected, remedial measures should be developed and implemented by the Contractor. The implementation details of the impact monitoring programme should be described in ecological monitoring plan for EPD approval before commencement of construction activities. The location, frequency, and duration of construction impact monitoring are provided in the EM&A Manual.

Monitoring of Mitigation Stream Habitats

52. Mitigation stream habitats will be provided within the scheme boundary of the SSS / ERS site in the operational phase. It is anticipated that the mitigation stream habitats would provide habitats of similar ecological value and function to the wildlife utilising the existing watercourse habitats. Prior to commencement of channel works, the ecological habitat management plan should be prepared to outline the operational phase ecological monitoring requirements for the mitigation stream habitats.

Monitoring of Impact from Groundwater Drawdown

53. Groundwater levels will be monitored along the whole Project alignment in pre-construction and construction stages as part of the comprehensive groundwater monitoring strategy (details refer to Appendix 11.8B Hydrogeological Impact Assessment). A monitoring and emergency response plan (to be prepared by the Contractor), in relation to potential impacts due to groundwater drawdown, will form part of the EM&A requirement in the EM&A Manual subject to approval by EPD and AFCD before commencement of the tunnelling and MPV construction in Mai Po area. The plan should include, but not be limited to, details of monitoring locations and programme, a mechanism to monitor the implication from the works to the groundwater system and fish ponds including their water levels, action levels and emergency responses such as immediate action, remedial action and investigation.

Monitoring of Impact from Noise and Vibration

54. A monitoring and emergency response plan (to be prepared by the Contractor), in relation to potential impacts on fishponds in Mai Po Area due to noise/vibration, will form part of the EM&A requirement in the EM&A Manual subject to approval by EPD and AFCD before commencement of the tunnelling and MPV construction in Mai Po area.

Conclusion

55. A literature review and ecological field surveys have been conducted. Potential impacts on significant ecological resources, such as Wetland Conservation Area and Country Park, have been avoided in the alignment scheme and construction method selection process. Through underground tunnelling construction methods, aboveground works are minimized and only several areas in the northern section of the Project have more natural habitats.

56. In the works areas, most of the identified habitats are of low ecological value, and flora and fauna recorded are predominantly common species in Hong Kong. There would be approximately 54 ha of relatively low value habitats lost, 60% of which are developed area / wasteground, and the direct impact from the Project is considered to be low.

57. Potential impacts on watercourse habitats at the SSS have been minimized, through the use of a flood bypass and incorporation of ecologically friendly channel features such as natural stream bed substrate and vegetated stream banks into the SSS open drainage channel sections to provide aquatic habitats for wildlife use.

58. No directs impact to significant areas nor species of conservation interest are anticipated from the Project. Potential impacts on hydrology would be avoided through the implementation of precautionary design measures during tunnelling works to prevent groundwater leakage into the tunnel and any significant groundwater drawdown. A program will be implemented to monitor groundwater levels.

59. There would be low potential indirect construction and operation impacts to habitats and associated wildlife adjacent to the Project, with mitigation measures such as hoarding, run-off control, use of non-reflective building facade, reinstatement of works area, and good construction site practices.

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[1] Construction sequence (especially for cut and cover construction of shaft) in relation to groundwater drawdown: It is proposed to construct diaphragm wall, sand drains, and struts as the temporary excavation and lateral support system. Monitoring points will be installed and readings of groundwater drawdown will be taken prior to the commencement of works and throughout the construction period. Subsequent to the completion of diaphragm wall and sand drain installation, a series of observation wells, pump wells and recharge wells will be installed prior to the commencement of excavation work. In order to maintain a groundwater drawdown of less than 1m within surrounding fish pond areas, it is anticipated that recharge well system will be required. The groundwater from the dewatering within the cofferdam may be used for the recharge. The proposed recharge water shall be sampled and tested before use to confirm the water is of the required quality and to avoid any adverse impact on groundwater or ecology of the existing ponds (such measure is applicable to the MPV construction shaft near Mai Po fishponds and the potentially contaminated areas e.g. the works area at Shek Kong, Lai Chi Kok, Kwai Chung and Nam Cheong). A full scale pumping test will also be undertaken for assessing the groundwater drawdown due to dewatering. The pumping test also serves the purpose of verifying the water cut off effectiveness and the effectiveness of sand drains. Excavation within the cofferdam will be undertaken upon satisfactory results of the pumping test. Staged dewatering and excavation with installation temporary struts will be undertaken within the cofferdam. It is then followed by TBM insertion and removal at the ends of the cofferdam. The permanent structures will be constructed and backfilling will be carried out. Subsequently, the dewatering pump will be switched off.

[2] In order to find the decrease in head at the aqueduct level, a finite element model has been created using the program Oasys SAFE. As expected, a localized decrease in pressure head occurs as a result of the tunnel excavation within the rock strata. However, the water table remains within the superficial deposits remains unchanged. It is therefore concluded that the drill and blast Project tunnels will have no impact on the surface water table beneath the country park.

[3] For the proposed tunnel sections located within the hillside areas at Tai Mo Shan and Kai Kung Leng, drill and blast techniques are proposed to be employed. Considering the proposed tunnel span together with the maximum expected pressure heads in excess of 300 m in sections of the alignment a drained tunnel is the only technically feasible option. An undrained lining is technically impossible under these conditions. By adopting a drained lining it is impossible to avoid groundwater drawdown. With regard to the loss of water into the tunnels this is anticipated to be relatively very small and the water table close to the surface will not be affected by these subsurface tunnelling works. This is due to the high permeability of the overlying soil materials compared to the relatively impermeable rock stratum beneath. The drained tunnels will cause only localized pressure relief and groundwater drawdown in the area immediately surrounding the tunnel. A range of appropriate mitigation measures, procedures and contingency measures will therefore be required to be available in order to confirm that any adverse impact of the tunneling works on the ground water table will not occur. For further details of the proposed mitigation measures to control groundwater flow into these tunnels, reference shall be made to Appendix 11B Hydrogeological Impact Assessment.

[4] Under Implementation Programme provided in the EIA for the Proposed Comprehensive Development at Wo Shang Wai (WSW), Yuen Long, the works area temporarily occupied by the MTRC for the XRL Project is scheduled under Phase D of the contract period of WSW development. The proposed works under Phase D would involve site formation and building construction, in which substructure works (e.g. piling) and superstructure works would be required. .It was predicted in the WSW EIA that the residual impacts through disturbance of waterbirds have been minimized by the proposed mitigation measures. During the temporary accupation by the XRL Project, the site would be mainly used for spoil storage. Neither MPV construction shaft nor the ventilation building would be constructed with this part of works area.