12. Impact on Cultural Heritage

12.1 Introduction

This section presents the assessment of cultural heritage impact associated with the construction and operation phases of the proposed BCP, its connecting road and associated works, according to section 3.4.12 of the Study Brief (ESB-199/2008) and Technical Memorandum on the EIA Process (EIAO-TM). Mitigation measures, where necessary, have been recommended to reduce the identified cultural heritage impacts to an acceptable level.

12.2 Environmental Legislations, Standards and Guidelines

The following legislations and guidelines are applicable to the assessment of impacts on sites of cultural heritage in Hong Kong:

¡ Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) (Cap. 499.S16), EIAO-TM, Annexes 10 and 19 and Guidance Notes on Assessment of Impact on Sites of Cultural Heritage in EIA Studies;

¡ Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (AM Ordinance) (Cap. 53);

¡ Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (CHIA);

¡ Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines (HKPSG); and

¡ Land (Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance.

12.2.1 EIAO & EIAO TM

According to the EIAO, Schedule 1 Interpretation, “Sites of Cultural Heritage” are defined as “an antiquity or monument, whether being a place, building, site or structure or a relic, as defined in the AM Ordinance and any place, building, site, or structure or a relic identified by the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) to be of archaeological, historical or paleontological significance”.

The technical scope for evaluating and assessing cultural heritage impacts is defined in Annexes 10 and 19 of the EIAO-TM. The approach recommended by the guidelines can be summarized as follows.

¡ The general presumption in favour of the protection and conservation of all sites of cultural heritage because they provide an essential, finite and irreplaceable link between the past and the future and are points of reference and identity for culture and tradition; and

¡ Adverse impacts on sites of cultural heritage shall be kept to an absolute minimum.

A Guidance Notes on Assessment of Impact on Sites of Cultural Heritage in EIA Studies has been established and the Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment established by AMO (presented in Appendix C of the EIA Study Brief) have been followed.

12.2.2 Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance

The AM Ordinance provides statutory protection against the threat of development on declared monuments, historic buildings and sites of archaeological interest to enable their preservation for posterity. The AM Ordinance also establishes the statutory procedures to be followed in making such a declaration.

In practice, the AMO also identifies the deemed monuments and then seeks to reach agreements with the owners of the monuments to provide for specific measures that will ensure preservation. Deemed monuments have the potential to be upgraded to statutory declared monuments under the AM Ordinance.

A large range of potential sites of cultural heritage, among which are historic buildings and structures and archaeological sites, have been identified and recorded by AMO in addition to those for which a declaration has been made under the AM Ordinance. Parts of the recorded historic buildings and structures are graded by the Antiquities Advisory Board (AAB) and the AMO according to the grading system summarised in Table 12.1.

Table 12.1: Definition of grading of historic buildings

Grading	Description
I	Buildings of outstanding merit, which every effort should be made to preserve if possible
II	Buildings of special merit; effort should be made to selectively preserve
III	Buildings of some merit, preservation in some form would be desirable and alternative means could be considered if preservation is not practicable.

Between 1996 and 2000, AMO conducted a territory-wide historic buildings survey (mainly built before 1950) in Hong Kong and recorded 8,800 buildings. A more in-depth survey of 1,444 buildings (selected from the 8,800 buildings and included the existing graded historic buildings) with higher heritage value was conducted between 2002 and 2004 and an Expert Panel was formed in March 2005 to undertake an in-depth assessment of the heritage value of these buildings. The assessment comprised two stages and was completed in February 2009. Gradings of these buildings were proposed and put forward by AMO for consideration by AAB and the results were released to public on 19 March 2009 for a four-month public comments period completed in July 2009. The AAB is now in the process of finalizing the proposed gradings. The final gradings of these historic buildings up to 20 September 2010 are considered and reflected in this CHIA accordingly. The AAB endorsed at its meeting on 26 November 2008 the establishment of a formal relationship between the statutory monument declaration system and the administrative grading system for historic buildings of AAB.

Under this endorsement arrangement, the Grade 1 buildings will be regarded as providing a pool of highly valuable heritage buildings for consideration by the Antiquities Authority as to whether some of these may have reached the “high threshold” of monuments to be put under statutory protection. In case where the buildings are under demolition threat, the Antiquities Authority will provide immediate protection to the buildings through proposed monument declaration on case-by-case basis.

For Grade 2 and Grade 3 buildings, appropriate actions to preserve them will be undertaken so that the buildings should be preserved in such a way which is commensurate with the merits of the buildings concerned, and priority would be given to those with higher heritage value.

Over the years, surveys have been undertaken to identify archaeological sites in Hong Kong. The AMO has established boundaries for the identified sites and maintains a list of Sites with Archaeological Interest which is available for review in the Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre Reference Library. A set of administrative procedures for the protection of these sites has been established by the Office. However, since many areas remain not surveyed yet, procedures and mechanisms are required to be followed to identify unknown archaeological resources that may be discovered during project assessment or construction and any archaeological survey works involved should be conducted by a qualified archaeologist who should obtain a Licence to Excavate and Search for Antiquities to be granted by the Antiquities Authority under the AM Ordinance.

12.2.3 Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines

Chapter 10, Conservation, of the HKPSG provides general guidelines and measures for the conservation of historical buildings, archaeological sites and other antiquities.

12.2.4 Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment

The guidelines as stated in Appendix C of the EIA Study Brief, details the CHIA which include a baseline study, field evaluation and impact assessment.

12.2.5 Land (Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap. 28)

Under this Ordinance, it is required that a permit be obtained for any excavation within government land prior to commencement of any excavation work commencing.

12.3 Assessment Methodology

In accordance with Appendix C of the EIA Study Brief – Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment, the CHIA comprises two parts, the Built Heritage Impact Assessment (BHIA) and the Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA). The methodology for the BHIA and AIA follows the Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment and is presented below.

12.3.1 Proposed Works

The Project is to construct and operate a new BCP at Liantang/Heung Yuen Wai (LT/HYW) together with its associated facilities (including a dual two-lane trunk road that connects the proposed BCP with Fanling Highway). The Project is divided into the following seven sections for easier presentation:

¡ BCP Section;

¡ Section Between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary;

¡ Section Between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan;

¡ Cheung Shan Tunnel Section (North Tunnel);

¡ Sha Tau Kok Road Section (Between North and South Tunnel);

¡ Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel); and

¡ Fanling Section.

The primary works in each section are summarised in Table 12.2.

Table 12.2: Brief Descriptions of the Proposed Works

Sections of the Project		Brief Descriptions of Proposed Works
1	BCP Section	§ BCP site formation § Construction of Passenger Hall and Cross-boundary Traffic Facilities § Realignment of the adjacent section of Lin Ma Hang Road § Construction of a Sewage Treatment Facility
2	Section Between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary	§ Construction of at-grade and viaduct roads § Construction of a storm drain from Lin Ma Hang Road § Widening of Lin Ma Hang Road
3	Section Between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan	§ Construction of at-grade and viaduct roads § Construction of a roundabout interchange at Ping Yeung
4	Cheung Shan Tunnel Section (North Tunnel)	§ Construction of two separate tunnels using Drill & Blast § Construction of two ventilation buildings at either end of the tunnel portal
5	Sha Tau Kok Road Section (between North and South Tunnel)	§ Construction of at-grade and viaduct roads § Construction of a roundabout interchange with Sha Tau Kok § Construction of an Administration Building
6	Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel)	§ Construction of two separate tunnels, with some sections using Drill & Blast and other sections using Manual Excavation § Construction of two ventilation buildings at either end of the tunnel portal § Construction of a mid-tunnel ventilation building and connecting adit
7	Fanling Section	§ Construction of at-grade and viaduct roads § Construction of an interchange with Fanling Highway

12.3.2 CHIA Study Area

In accordance with Section 3.4.12.2 of the EIA Study Brief (No. ESB-199/2008), the Study Area for CHIA is defined as 300m from the site boundary of the Project, supporting facilities and essential infrastructures (hereafter termed as CHIA Study Area). The CHIA Study Area is shown in Figure 12.1.

12.3.3 Methodology

The CHIA was undertaken in accordance with the requirements of Appendix C of the EIA Study Brief – Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment and Annexes 10 and 19 of the EIAO-TM established by the AMO and comprises the following tasks.

12.3.3.1 Task 1 - Desktop Research

Desktop research was undertaken to identify the cultural heritage resources and their baseline information within the CHIA Study Area. The desktop study included search and review of cartographic and geotechnical information, published or unpublished papers, archives, reports of previous built heritage surveys/archaeological investigations and relevant documents. Information was obtained from the Reference Library of the Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre, the Map Publications Centre of the Lands Department, the internet and consultation with the villagers. A full bibliography is provided in Appendix 12.1 of this Report.

12.3.3.2 Task 2a - Built Heritage Survey

A built heritage survey was conducted to identify the built heritage features within the CHIA Study Area. Historical and architectural appraisals and photographic records of each identified historic building or structure and landscape features were undertaken. These are detailed in Section 12.4.4 and Appendices 12.2a to 12.2g. Key plan showing the identified built heritage features and 1:1000 location plans of the identified built heritage features are shown in Figure 12.2 and Figures 12.2.1 to 12.2.23 respectively. The built heritage sites include:

i. all Declared Monuments, Graded Historical Buildings, Proposed Graded Historical Buildings and Government Historic Sites listed by AMO;

ii. all pre-1950 buildings and structures;

iii. selected post-1950 building and structures of high architectural and historical significance and interest; and

iv. cultural landscapes including places associated with historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values, such as sacred religious sites, battlefields, a setting for buildings, historic field patterns, clan graves, old tracks, fung shui woodlands and ponds, and etc.

Site Coding System

A unique alphanumeric site code was allocated to each built heritage features identified. Declared Monuments, Graded Historical Buildings and Proposed Graded Historical Buildings were coded as “DM”, “G” and “PG” respectively, whereas the number/alphabet behind G and PG (i.e. 1, 2, 3 and N) represents their respective level of grading. As for other built heritage features, a two-letter-prefix denotes the category of the built heritage. For instance, GR01 refers to the first grave identified. For historic buildings with the same existing and proposed grading, they would be classified as the category of Graded Historic Building in accordance with their current existing grading status. Table 12.3 provides a list of these codes.

Table 12.3: Site Code Adopted for the Built Heritage Features

Category	Sub-Category	Site Code
Declared Monument		DM
Graded Historic Building	Grade 1	G1
	Grade 2	G2
	Grade 3	G3
	Nil Grade	GN
Proposed Graded Historic Building	Proposed Grade 1	PG1
	Proposed Grade 2	PG2
	Proposed Grade 3	PG3
	Proposed Nil Grade	PGN
Government Historic Site		GS
Built Structure		BS
Grave		GR
Cultural/Historical Landscape Feature		LF

12.3.3.3 Task 2b - Archaeological Survey

Desktop review indicated that limited archaeological survey had been conducted in relation to the CHIA Study Area and an archaeological potential review and archaeological potential mapping indicated that part of the works area has archaeological potential and the Project has the potential to impact on archaeological resources. Therefore, an archaeological survey is considered necessary to fill in information gap for subsequent AIA. The proposed scope, strategy and programme of field investigation were established and agreed with AMO and relevant licence and access permit obtained. The archaeological survey commenced on 12 July 2010 and was completed on 26 July 2010.

Based on the agreed archaeological proposal, nine archaeological survey scopes (AS1-AS9) have been assigned to the survey areas based on the seven sections of the Project. Throughout the survey, a total of 16 test pits and 37 auger holes had been conducted.

The archaeological survey involved the following tasks.

Task 2b(i): Field Scan

Field scan was conducted at the areas with low to medium archaeological potential where safe access is obtained. Archaeological materials identified and collected during the field scanning were recorded and mapped on 1:1000 scale maps and form part of the archive.

Task 2b(ii): Excavation (Auger Survey and Test Pitting)

According to the archaeological survey proposal agreed with AMO, a total of 40 test pits (with size 1.2m x 1.2m) and 62 auger holes are to be conducted. As a number of the test pits and auger holes are located in private lands, access to only 16 test pits and 37 auger holes were obtained for conducting the survey. The test pits were excavated with hand tools under the supervision and direction of the licensed archaeologist. The excavation of the test pits were terminated when reaching the sterile layer, groundwater level or a depth which was considered unsafe to further excavation. The data collected were used to determine the archaeological potential of the impacted area within the works boundary. Upon discovery of any artefacts and archaeological features, the AMO were notified immediately for inspection.

Field records were taken in accordance with AMO’s Guidelines for Handling of Archaeological Finds and Archives (as at October 2006) (see Annex 2, Appendix C of the EIA Study Brief).

The levels of the excavated area of the test pits were surveyed and certified by a qualified land surveyor (see Appendix 12.3c).

Task 2b(iii): Relics and Archives Processing and Recording

All unearthed archaeological remains were collected, recorded, dated and sorted, and representative archaeological remains were photographed and drawn. All photographs are in colour with the date, time, crew identification contained and a minimum of 4 Mega pixels in resolution in JPEG format. The relics and field records were processed and analysed in accordance with AMO’s Guidelines for Handling of Archaeological Finds and Archives.

According to Section 10 of AM Ordinance ^{(^[1])}, the archaeological relics ownership vest in the Hong Kong SAR Government. Upon finalising the EIA report, the finds, artefacts and archives arising from the survey will be handed over to AMO in accordance with the conditions of the licence under the AM Ordinance.

12.3.3.4 Task 3 - Impact Assessment

Based on the findings from Tasks 1 and 2, a BHIA and an AIA have been conducted to evaluate whether the construction and operation of the Project is acceptable from built heritage and archaeological preservation points of view. Preservation in totality has been taken as the first priority and the impact assessment followed the requirements of Annexes 10 and 19 of the EIAO-TM and Clause 2, Appendix C of the EIA Study Brief. In case adverse impact on built heritage or archaeological resources cannot be avoided, appropriate mitigation measures have been recommended.

12.3.3.5 Task 4 – Reporting

The cultural heritage baseline condition, assessment of the potential impacts of the Project on built heritage features and archaeological resources and appropriate mitigation measure required are presented in Sections 12.4, 12.5 and 12.6 respectively in accordance with the Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment as stated in Appendix C of the EIA Study Brief.

12.4 Baseline Condition

12.4.1 Topography, Geology and Hydrology

12.4.1.1 Topography

The CHIA Study Area is located at the northern part of the New Territories (the North District). The proposed BCP is located in Ta Kwu Ling to the south of the Shenzhen River. The Ta Kwu Ling area is bounded by the ridges of Robin’s Nest (Hung Fa Leng) in the east including Wong Mau Hang Shan, and Cham Shan, Wa Shan and Tsung Shan in the southwest. The ground elevation of Ta Kwu Ling generally varies from +10mPD to +18mPD. Along the foot of Robin’s Nest, adjacent to the lowland area of Ta Kwu Ling, there lie the Pak Fu Shan, Wo Keng Shan and Cheung Shan. The region to the south of Tsung Yuen Ha is generally hilly up to some elevation from +30mPD to +40mPD. Slopes on the hillsides in the area are moderately steep.

To the south of Ta Kwu Ling is Ping Che. It is located between the feets of the Sheung Shui Wa Shan/ Cham Sham and Cheung Shan/Pak Hok Shan. The area includes the San Wai Barracks and the zone of San Wai Tai Ling Firing Range. The ground elevations range between +10mPD and +18mPD. Further to the west are the town centres of Sheung Shui and Fanling in the North District. Wo Hop Shek Public Cemetery is at the south of Fanling town.

To the east of Fanling and Kwan Tei and southeast of the Sha Tau Kok Road is the region of the Pat Sin Leng Country Park. The hillside areas such as Lau Shui Heung, Queen’s Hill, Hok Tau, Cloudy Hill (Kau Lung Hang Shan) and the Lung Shan on the west/southwest side of the Pat Sin Leng ridges are in the vicinity of the CHIA Study Area.

12.4.1.2 Geology

The regional geology of the CHIA Study Area can be broadly split into three distinct sections:

¡ A northern area of metamorphosed coarse ash crystal tuff belonging to the Tai Mo Shan Formation(JTM);

¡ A north-western area of metamorphosed sedimentary rock belonging to the Lok Ma Chau Formation, including metasandstone with metaconglomerate and phyllite of the Mai Po Member (Cmp) and phyllite, metasiltstone with sandstone and graphite schist of the Tai Shek Mo Member (Cts)

¡ A central and southern section of coarse ash crystal tuff belonging to the Tai Mo Shan Formation (JTM), with occasional swarms of metamorphosed rock, predominantly northeast striking and along the alignment of faults/photolineaments.

Within each of the above areas, superficial deposits of alluvium are commonly found within the low lying valleys and colluvial margins are frequently recorded at the toe of natural terrain hillsides. Weathered strata can also be anticipated within the upper part of the ground profile.

Table 12.4 provides further detailed geology information in relation to the proposed BCP and the associated road networks and Figure 12.3 shows the geology map of the area.

Table 12.4: Geology of the CHIA Study Area

Sections	Proposed Development Work	Proposed Road Type	Geology
1	BCP	Not applicable	Qpa, Qpd, Qa
2	Lin Ma Hang to Frontier Closed Area Boundary (just before Ping Yeung)	At-Grade & Viaduct	Qpa, Qa, Qpd, JTM
3	Ping Yeung to Wo Keng Shan (just before tunnel section)	At-Grade & Viaduct	Qpa, Qa, Qpd, JTM
4	North Tunnel (Cheung Shan tunnel section)	Tunnel	JTM, Qpd
5	Sha Tau Kok Road (between North and South Tunnel)	At-Grade & Viaduct	Qpa, Qa, Qpd, JTM
6	South Tunnel (Lau Shui Heung tunnel section)	Tunnel	JTM, JSM, bt, sl, rq, Qpd,Qpa,Qa
7	Fanling	At-Grade & Viaduct	Qpa, Qa, Qpd, JTM

12.4.1.3 Hydrology

Streams from the hills within the CHIA Study Area are joined together and form major rivers. Major rivers that runs across the CHIA Study Area include the Shenzhen River at the north, Ping Yuen River at the Ping Che and Wo Keng Shan areas, and Ng Tung River (River Indus) at the Shan Tong, San Uk Tsai, Lau Shui Heung and Fanling areas. These rivers not only provide water supply to ancient people of the area but also the water transportation to them.

By studying the changes of rivers, wet lands, swamps and shorelines which have taken place, the forces that affect the local environment and population can be established. Study of the sediment profile provides a record of the changes caused by water movement. Such information could be found from soil stratigraphy of auger holes and test pits. This information can be interpreted to reconstruct the landscape, coastline changes and fluvial deposits in different areas and establish where the dry land was so as to determine the possible settlement location and catchment areas for food and raw materials.

Based on the above findings, it is noted that there are a number of factors that may affect the inhabitation of the ancient people in the CHIA Study Area. These factors included sea level changes and colluvium, alluvium and fluvial deposit. They are further elaborated below.

Sea level change

The last glaciation commenced about 25,000 years ago, low sea level reaching a maximum of about 17,000 BP (before present,1950) to 18,000 years BP, sea level was falling around -120 mPD or -130mPD. Post glacial climatic amelioration resulted in a sea level rise, a post glacial sea level reaching + 1m to +3m above present level at about 7,000 to 6,000 years BP, and a minor regression occur about 4,500 years ago. During 7,000 to 6,000 years BP (as Middle Neolithic Age in local) and 3,000 to 2,500 years BP (as Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in local), the coastal line reached the inland area. These areas became shallow bays where ancient people might have lived along the ancient coastal line on hill slope. Later in 4,000 years BP to 3,000 years BP (as Bronze Age in local), sea level fell to present coastline. Where sea level has fallen, the former inlet became watercourse channel covered by fluvial or alluvial deposit, which is marked in geological maps as Qa (see Figure 12.3).

Colluvium, alluvium and fluvial sediments

Two Quaternary geological formations affected the inhabitation of ancient people (i.e., the Chek Lap Kok (CLK) Formation and Fanling (FL) Formation). CLK Formation is the oldest Quaternary colluvial and alluvial sediments found in most of the offshore areas in Hong Kong and can be dated to Middle to Late Pleistocene, while much of the formation is considered to be older than 40,000 years ago (Fyfe, Shaw and others 2000). The CLK Formation alluvial deposit consists of fine to coarse sand, coarse sand always with gravel, silt and black mud (clay) which were usually found to be associated with flood plain, especially along old river meandering channels. CLK Formation alluvium reflected the deposit environment as ephemeral lakes, oxbow lakes and river channel in the flood plain. FL Formation deposit consists of colluvium and alluvium which dated to Holocene (12,000 years ago to present). FL Formation colluvium occurs in steeply sloping ground as a result of mass washing from hills during heavy or stormy rain. Alluvial and fluvial components of the FL Formation mainly occur in low-lying areas. The deposit environment is considered as temporary seasonal lakes or abandonment of river channel during warm and rain period, which resulted in the accumulation of organic-rich clays. The dating of FL Formation is between 1,400±200 years BP to 2,200±300 years BP (late Warring State period / early Iron Age to Tang Dynasty period) (Fyfe, Shaw and others 2000). CLK Formation colluvium is marked as Qpd, alluvium is marked as Qpa, FL Formation alluvial or fluvial deposit is marked as Qa in the 1:20,000 geological maps. Compared with Shenzhen geological studies, FL Formation can be divided into two Formations (i.e., Chiwan Formation and Shajing Formation). The former consists of dark gray mud or silty mud and the later consists of gray silty soil or silty clay. The dating of such formations is between 640 to 7,080 years BP. Therefore, the dating of FL Formation is probably around 700 to 7,000 years BP.

Based on the above analysis, the stratigraphy sequence of Quaternary superficial deposits of the CHIA Study Area from upper layer to lower layer is: FL Formation ® CLK Formation ® weathering bed rock ® solid bed rock.

12.4.2 Archaeological Background

The desktop review identified two sites of archaeological interest, namely Ping Che Archaeological Site located within the Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan and Queen’s Hill Archaeological Site located within the Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section in the CHIA Study Area (see their general locations in Figure 12.1 and specific locations in Figures 12.4.1 and 12.4.2). The review indicated that a large portion of the proposed works area have not been surveyed before. Archaeological survey is thus considered necessary to obtain field data to fill in the information gap for subsequent impact assessment. An archaeological survey proposal was established and agreed with AMO. Nine archaeological survey scopes (AS1 to AS9) were assigned within the survey area. A total of 40 test pits and 62 auger holes were proposed and their distribution in association with the proposed development is summarised in Table 12.5.

Table 12.5: Summary of the Test Pits and Auger Holes Distribution

	Sections of the Project	Archaeological Survey Scope	No. of Auger Holes	No. of Test Pits
1	BCP Section	AS1 and AS2	12	8
2	Section Between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary	AS3 and AS4	22	10
3	Section Between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan	AS5 and AS6	11	9
4	Cheung Shan Tunnel Section (North Tunnel)	-	-	-
5	Sha Tau Kok Road Section (between North and South Tunnel)	AS7	12	9
6	Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel)	AS8	-	2
7	Fanling Section	AS9	5	2
Total			62	40

However, it should be noted that a number of the test pits and auger holes are located within private lands, fenced area or sites with active use, where access were not granted by the land owners. Therefore, the survey for the EIA Study was undertaken mainly on government lands. The Consultant had also informally liaised with the private land owners to seek their approval for access to their sites for the survey. For those areas which access is not granted by the private land owners, it is proposed that the survey be undertaken after land resumption and before the commencement of the construction works. Relevant licence and permit were obtained for the survey work and a total of 16 test pits and 37 auger holes were conducted and summarised in Table 12.6 below.

Table 12.6: Test Pits and Auger Holes Completed for the Archaeological Survey

	Survey Areas	No. of Auger Holes		No. of Test Pits
		Government Land	Private Land	Government Land	Private Land
1	BCP Section	-	12	2	6
2	Section Between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary	3	15	3	-
3	Section Between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan	-	5	5	-
4	Cheung Shan Tunnel Section (North Tunnel)	-	-	-	-
5	Sha Tau Kok Road (between North and South Tunnel)	-	-	-	-
6	Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel)	-	-	-	-
7	Fanling Section	2	-	-	-
Sub Total		5	32	10	6
Total		37		16

Sections 12.4.2.1 to 12.4.2.7 below summarise the findings from the desktop review and archaeological survey. Table 12.7 shows the grading system for levels of archaeological potential used for assessment under this EIA study. Detailed auger hole and test pit records are presented in Appendices 12.3a and 12.3b.

Table 12.7: Grading System for Levels of Archaeological Potential

Levels of Archaeological Potential	Description
Nil	Where archaeological remains are not likely to exist (e.g. areas of bedrock or modern reclamation, or where identifiable land use has clearly destroyed any remains that might have existed, or by river where flooding is common).
Low	Where in-situ archaeological deposits of recent past (i.e. late Qing Dynasty) containing isolated material (i.e. shards, non-human bone, artefact fragments (metal, pottery, glass), with no complete objects, the material is isolated and fragmentary in nature); and/or deposits with archaeological potential (i.e. soil deposits which exhibit characteristics associated with archaeological remains).
Medium	Where archaeological sites, finds spots, and/or standing structures of recent past are known; and/or where historic and/or oral sources indicate settlement to be of long standing duration.
High	Where archaeological sites, finds spots, and/or standing structures of distant past (i.e. early Qing Dynasty and other earlier periods) are known.

12.4.2.1 BCP Section

No known site of archaeological interest is located within this section. The BCP Section was divided into two archaeological survey scopes, AS1 and AS2.

Field scan was conducted in accessible areas in this section. Accessible areas in this section include main roads or trails, and part of the ruins of the former Chuk Yuen village. No artifact of archaeological value was collected along main roads and trails. A few pieces of ceramic shards were collected at south of the former Chuk Yuen village, and two pieces of tiles were collected in the former Chuk Yuen village (see Figure 12.5.1). Well preserved artifacts were observed inside the ruins but the ruins are privately owned and their structures are considered unsafe. Therefore, surface collection cannot be conducted. Other areas not accessible or considered impractical to conduct field scan include private lands and areas with dense vegetation cover.

A total of 8 test pits (TP0101, TP0102, TP0103, TP0104, TP0105, TP0106, TP0201 and TP0202) and 12 auger holes (AH0101, AH0104, AH0201, AH0202, AH0203, AH0205, AH0206, AH0207, AH0208, AH0209, AH0210 and AH0211) were conducted in this section (see Figure 12.5.1 for their locations). Appendices 12.3a and 12.3b present their detailed records.

TP0201, TP0202, AH0101, AH0104, AH0201, AH208 are selected as the representative samples of this Section and discussed below.

TP0202 is located at the northern part of the BCP Section on an active cultivated land. Modern disturbance includes excavation of soil for the cultivation, installation of sprinkler systems and water channels. A blue-and-white porcelain shard was unearthed in Stratum 1. This shard is too small to identify the typology of the original vessel. A broken piece of modern ⁽[2]⁾ CD was also found in Stratum 1. This shows that Stratum 1 of this test pit is a modern disturbed layer. Table 12.8 summarise the findings of TP0202.

Table 12.8: Summary of Findings for TP0202

Stratum	Soil Texture	Soil Color	Cultural Remains	Archaeological Chronology	Depth from Ground Level (m)	Thickness (m)
1	Clayey sand	Light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)	Blue-and-white porcelain; CD	Modern	0	0.1 - 0.2
2	Compact hard sand with coarse sand	Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)	None	None	0.15	>0.4

AH0104 is located at the southern part of BCP Section and north of the former Chuk Yuen Village, in a banana plantation field. One modern white porcelain shard was unearthed from augering of Stratum 3, which is an alluvium layer, showing a high degree of rounding. Therefore, the shard is believed to be a secondary deposit transported by water to the site.

TP0201 is located at the southern part of BCP Section near the former Chuk Yuen village next to an abandoned house. Test pitting shows no cultural layer and artefact. Table 12.9 summarize the findings of TP0201.

Table 12.9: Summary of Findings for TP0201

Stratum	Soil Texture	Soil Color	Cultural Remains	Archaeological Chronology	Depth from Ground Level (m)*	Thickness (m)
1	Silty Clay	Gray (5YR 5/1)	None	Modern	0	0.04 - 0.10
2	Silty Clay	Reddish Brown (5YR 5/4)	None	None	0.07	0.33 - 0.44
3	Clayey silt	Yellow (10YR 7/6)	None	None	0.39	0.11 - 0.20
4	Clayey silt	Yellowish red (5YR 5/8)	None	None	0.58	0 – 0.22

Based on the oral history provided by a local informant, the former Chuk Yuen village was established around the late Qing Dynasty. The former Chuk Yuen village was relocated to the current Chuk Yuen village area on a higher ground to avoid flooding since the early 1970s and then left abandoned. However, test pit result of TP0201 yield no archaeological evidence to confirm the establish time of the former Chuk Yuen village.

AH0101, AH0208 and AH0201 are located at the south, north and east of the former Chuk Yuen village respectively. These auger holes unearthed strata with soil containing organic materials. The presence of strata with organic materials suggests that these strata are possibly the original ground levels before several large-scale flooding in this area. Table 12.10 summarizes the findings for AH0101, AH0201 and AH0208.

Table 12.10: Summary of Findings for AH0101, AH0201 and AH0208

Auger Hole No.	Stratum	Depth (m)	Thickness (m)	Description
AS1
AH0101	1	0.00	0.15	Reddish yellow clayey silt
	2	0.15	0.18	Light gray silt
	3	0.33	0.31	Yellow fine sand contain small amount of tiny Chinese red patches
	4	0.64	0.31	Reddish yellow fine clayey sand contain more tiny Chinese red patches
	5*	0.95	0.05	Brownish yellow silty clay contain more tiny Chinese red patches and humus
	6	1.00	0.20	Yellow clayey silt contain Chinese red patches
	7	1.80	≥0.20	Yellow fine sand
	Hole Depth	2.00		End of Auger
AS2
AH0201	1	0.00	0.12	Light gray silt
	2	0.12	0.22	Reddish yellow clay contain Chinese red with gray patches
	3	0.34	0.16	Yellow silt
	4*	0.50	0.22	Light gray fine sand
	5	0.72	0.48	Very pale brown clayey sand contain tiny Chinese red patches in small amount
	6	1.20	0.7	Very pale brown fine sand contain small amount of Chinese red patches
	Hole Depth	1.90		End of Auger
AH0208	1	0.00	0.10	Very pale brown silt contain vegetation root system
	2	0.10	0.14	Light yellowish brown silt
	3	0.24	0.08	Light brownish gray silt contain bigger Chinese red patches
	4	0.32	0.28	Yellow clayey silt
	5*	0.60	0.48	Yellow silt contain humus in black color
	6	1.08	0.42	Yellow fine sand
	7	1.50	≥0.50	Yellow fine sand
	Hole Depth	2.00		End of Auger
* Strata with soil containing organic materials

Based on the desktop review and archaeological survey findings presented above, although organic materials were identified, no cultural layer and in-situ archaeological remains have been identified in the areas in the BCP Section. Therefore, this area is considered to have nil archaeological potential.

12.4.2.2 Section between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary

No known site of archaeological interest is located within this section. This section was divided into two archaeological survey scopes, AS3 and AS4.

A total of 3 test pits (TP0301, TP0303 and TP0308) and 18 auger holes (AH0301, AH0302, AH0303, AH0304, AH0305, AH0306, AH0307, AH0308, AH0309, AH0310, AH0311, AH0312, AH0313, AH0314, AH0315, AH0316, AH0317 and AH0318) were conducted in this section (see Figure 12.5.2 for their locations). Appendices 12.3a and 12.3b present their detailed records. No auger holes or test pits were conducted in AS4 as no access to private land for the archaeological survey was obtained.

No cultural remains were identified in all the test pits.

The findings of TP0303, AH0305, AH0307, AH0308, AH0309, AH0313, AH0314, AH0315 and AH0316 are selected as representative samples in this section and interpreted as follows.

In TP0303, no cultural remain was identified. Nevertheless, a stratum (Stratum 3 (approximately +11.31 to 11.35mPD) of brown sandy soil was recorded, inclusion of gray colour was found in this Stratum. The gray inclusion is possibly the diffusion of organic materials. In consideration of the thickness of this stratum (0.18-0.28m) with the presence of organic materials, it indicated that this stratum might be the former ground level and had certain degree of human activities such as agricultural activity in the past. However, as no soil sample was collected for dating and no artefact was identified in Stratum 3, the dating of the layer cannot be determined. Nevertheless, attention should be paid to this stratum with organic materials and the area around this test pit as archaeological potential may exist.

Augering results also indicated that strata which showed grayish colour existed in AH0305, AH0307, AH0308, AH0309, AH0313, AH0314, AH0315 and AH0316. Table 12.11 summarizes the general data of the stratum with grayish colour in TP0303, AH0305, AH0307, AH0308, AH0309, AH0313, AH0314, AH0315 and AH0316:

Table 12.11: Summary of General Findings for the Layer / Stratum with Grayish Colour in TP0303, AH0305, AH0307, AH0308, AH0309, AH0313, AH0314, AH0315 and AH0316

TP/AH No.	Stratum	Soil Description	Approximate mPD Level	Thickness (m)
AS3
TP0303	3	Brown sandy soil	10.98	0.18 - 0.28
AH0305	2	Grayish brown sand	10.82	0.35
AH0305	6	Light gray sand	9.3	>0.3
AH0316	2	Light brownish gray fine sand	8.82	0.32
	3	Dark gray clayey silt	8.5	0.4
	4	Light gray fine sand	8.1	0.16
AH0307	2	Gray fine sand	8.53	0.41
AH0309	2	Gray silt	7.82	0.35
AH0309	7	Light brownish gray clayey silt	6.22	>0.22
AH0315	2	Light brownish gray coarse sand	8.88	0.26
	3	Light brownish gray silt	8.62	0.2
	5	Light brownish gray sand	7.86	0.23
	6	Light gray sand	7.63	0.21
AH0308	5	Light gray sand	8.14	>0.94
AH0314	4	Light gray sand	7.9	0.4
AH0313	3	Light brownish gray fine sand	10.52	0.17
	5	Pinkish gray sand	9.98	0.28
	6	Light gray sand	9.7	0.3

Note: * Stratum 1 (Modern Topsoil) is not presented in this table

As shown in Table 12.11, the strata with grayish colour deposit can be found in 3 different levels (+10.52 to +10.98 mPD, +7.63 to +9.3 mPD and below +6.22mPD). The grayish colour inclusion is possibly the diffusion of organic materials and its presence indicated that the stratum might be the former ground level and had certain degree of human activities in the past. Therefore, the areas bounded by TP0303, AH0313, AH0308 and AH0309 with these strata are considered to have low archaeological potential to contain a cultural layer with archaeological interest although no cultural remains (e.g. feature, artefact and ecofact) were identified. The indicative areas that are considered to have low archaeological potential are presented in Figure 12.6.1.

The area to the west of AH0309 and AH0308 is considered to have nil archaeological potential due to its close proximately to the existing river bank at the west. No artefacts were found from AH0310 and AH0311 which indicated that the area south of AH0310 has nil archaeological potential.

The findings from TP0301, TP0308, AH0301, AH0302, AH0304, AH0312, AH0317 and AH0318 indicated that the areas where these pits and holes are located are hill side areas with nil archaeological potential.

However, it should be noted that 7 out of 10 proposed test pits and 4 out of 22 proposed auger holes in this section have not been conducted as they are located in private land areas where access was not obtained. Although it is expected that these areas will also have low archaeological potential, it cannot be confirmed without completing the outstanding survey. Figure 12.6.1 presents the area considered to have low archaeological potential and areas that require further archaeological survey at later stage once the private lands are resumed.

12.4.2.3 Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan

The desktop review identified that the Ping Che Archaeological Site is located within this section (see Figure 12.4.1). It is situated at approximately 41m away from the proposed works boundary of the Project. According to the available information obtained from AMO (research file number: AM00-1605), an archaeological survey conducted at the site in 2000 discovered the remains of a dwelling foundation of Ming and Qing Dynasties and some Song Dynasty ceramic shards in Ping Che Kau Tsuen.

This section was divided into two archaeological survey scopes, AS5 and AS6. A total of 5 test pits (TP0503, TP0505, TP0601, TP0603 and TP0604) and 5 auger holes (AH0502, AH0503, AH0601, AH0602 and AH0603) were conducted in this section (see Figure 12.5.3 and 12.5.4 for their locations). Appendices 12.3a and 12.3b present their detailed records.

No cultural remain was identified in all the test pits, except in Strata 1 to 4 of TP0505. The findings of TP0505 are selected as the representative sample to determine the archaeological potential of the area.

TP0505 is located on a river terrace in an open area north of an inactive chicken/pig farm house and south of a vegetable cultivation field. A summary of the stratification of the pit is presented in Table 12.12.

Table 12.12: Summary of stratification of TP0505

Stratum	Soil Texture	Soil Color	Cultural Remains	Archaeological Chronology	Depth from Ground Level (m)	Thickness (m)
1	Clay, silt and coarse sand matrix	Gray (10YR 5/1)	Tiles, Glazed village ware	Late Qing to Modern	0	0.04 - 0.10
2	Clay and silt matrix	Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)	Glazed village ware	Late Qing to Modern	0.07	0.33 - 0.44
3	Fine and coarse sand	Light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)	Tiles, Glazed village ware, Yellowish white porcelain shards	Late Qing to Modern	0.39	0.11 - 0.20
4	Silt, with coarse sand	Light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)	Tiles, Glazed village ware, Blue-and-White porcelain shards	Late Qing to Modern	0.58	0 – 0.22
5	Silt, with trace of coarse sand	Pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4)	None	None	0.72	0 - 0.20
6	Silt, with trace of coarse sand	Yellow (2.5Y 7/6)	None	None	0.73	0.10 - 0.26

Ceramics shards have been unearthed from Strata 1 to 4 (with elevation from +16.65 to +17.45 mPD) of TP0505 as presented in Table 12.13. Majority of the shards are village wares with dark gray or dark reddish brown glazes, and blue-and-white porcelain shards with undiagnosed decoration and typology. Paints on blue-and-white porcelain were in fair quality, but the porcelain bodies are very small and compact, showing that they were ordinary porcelain wares probably from late Qing dynasty. General tile fragments were also unearthed. A more precise dating of the artefacts is not possible due to the lack of diagnostic feature identified on artefacts. Stones which appeared to be foreign were also unearthed and collected.

Table 12.13: List of Finds Unearthed in TP0505

	Stratum
Type of Find	1	2	3	4	Total
Tiles	1		5	5	11
Porcelain shards
- Blue-and-White				4	4
- Yellowish White			2		2
- Glazed village ware	1	2	5	10	18
Stone		1		1	2
Total	2	3	12	20	37
Remarks: Unit of figures is piece (PCS)

In consideration of the topography of the immediate area near TP0505, flooding or other major soil movement by natural force seldom occur, the artifacts identified were considered as in-situ deposits. Strata 1 to 4 of TP0505 should therefore be considered as the cultural layers. However, these cultural layers should have formed recently (probably not earlier than Qing dynasty) based on the unearthed artefacts. The archaeological potential of this river terrace, near TP0505, is considered to be low. Based on the findings from TP0505, and the topography and geology evaluation in the immediate area, the indicative boundary of low archaeological potential area is illustrated in Figure 12.6.2. The actual horizontal distribution of the cultural layers is yet to be precisely defined.

Results of TP0601, TP0603, TP0604, AH0601, AH0602 and AH0603 indicated that the hillside area should have nil archaeological potential (see Figures 12.6.2 and 12.6.3).

However, it should be noted that 4 out of 9 proposed test pits and 6 out of 11 proposed auger holes in this section have not been conducted as they are located in private lands where access was not obtained. Although it is expected that these areas will also have low archaeological potential, it cannot be confirmed without completing the outstanding survey. Figures 12.6.2 and 12.6.3 present the areas considered to have low archaeological potential that need further archaeological survey at a later stage once the private lands are resumed.

12.4.2.4 Cheung Shan Tunnel Section (North Tunnel)

No known site of archaeological interest is located within this section. Since this section comprises the tunnel segment through Cheung Shan which will be constructed in solid rock layer with nil archaeological potential and therefore no archaeological survey was conducted.

12.4.2.5 Sha Tau Kok Road Section (Between North and South Tunnel)

No known site of archaeological interest is located within this section. A total of 9 test pits and 12 auger holes are proposed in this area. However, all of them are located in private lands where access was not obtained from the land owners. Therefore the potential of presence of archaeological deposits cannot be determined at this stage. Figure 12.6.4 shows the archaeological survey area should be conducted at later stage once the private lands are resumed.

12.4.2.6 Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel)

The desktop review showed that the Queen’s Hill Archaeological Site is located within this section (see Figure 12.4.2). It is situated at approximately 17m away from the proposed ventilation building. According to the available information obtained from AMO (research file number: AM01-1654), an archaeological survey was conducted at the site in 1999 and ceramic shards of Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties were unearthed.

However, as the proposed ventilation building site (AS8) is mostly covered with hard surface and is currently a site with active use, access to conduct archaeological survey was not obtained. Therefore the potential of presence of archaeological deposits cannot be determined at this stage. Figure 12.6.5 shows the archaeological survey area which should be conducted at a later stage once the private lands are resumed.

12.4.2.7 Fanling Section

No known site of archaeological interest is located within this section. No test pit was conducted. Two auger holes (AH0901 and AH0902) were conducted in this section (AS9) (see Figure 12.5.5 for their locations). Appendix 12.3a presents their detailed records.

No cultural layer or cultural remains were identified from the two auger holes. Figure 12.6.6 presents nil archaeological potential of the area associated with the two auger holes.

The remaining 2 test pits and 3 auger holes proposed are in private land where access was not obtained. Therefore the potential of presence of archaeological deposits cannot be determined at this stage. Figure 12.6.6 shows the archaeological survey area that should be conducted at a later stage once the private lands are resumed.

12.4.3 Historical Background

12.4.3.1 General History

In the period between 6,000 and 2,000 years ago, the aboriginal peoples inhabiting the CHIA Study Area were from the Yue (越) ethnic group and were Austronesian. This is supported by the decoration patterns, shapes, techniques of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age pottery found in or close to the CHIA Study Area. Many scholars regard the south China coastal area as the motherland of Austronesian peoples, a location they inhabited before they migrated to the islands of Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia about 4,000 years ago.

Yue people, also called the “Hundreds Yue” (百越) people, were scattered across the coastal areas of Southeast China. They comprised different tribes and had different surnames. This is recorded in AD first to second century Chinese history book such as Shiji (History Record 史記) and Hanshu (Book of Han Dynasty漢書). In terms of language, folklore and physical characteristics, there were differences between Yue people and Han people who inhabited northern and central China.

When south China became an administrative territory of the Chinese central government in 221 BC, the Yue people began to share the Han culture and language and became Han people. In 208 BC, Han people from northern China and Yue people from south China established the state of Canton, the name of this southern state was Nan Yue (Southern Yue). The CHIA Study Area falls within the Southern Yue boundary. No detailed historical records for the CHIA Study Area can be found for the period from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty (206 BC to AD 907).

The New Territories, like the rest of Hong Kong, was governed by the Chinese Emperor from the Qin Dynasty (221 - 206 BC) onwards. Initially, it was governed by the Panyu (番禺) County. Up until the Han Dynasty (206 BC - AD 220), it was governed by Bolaw (博羅) County. Later, it was governed by the Bao’an (寶安) County during the Sui Dynasty (AD 581 - 618) and then by the Dongguan (東莞 ) County from AD 757 - 1572.

Tolo Harbour became the main pearl harvesting centre during the 8th century. In the 9th century, Hong Kong established itself as a major salt production centre. From the 9th century onwards, the salt production fields were distributed all around Hong Kong and the west bank of Pearl River. The northern New Territories area became favourable settlement areas. During Southern Song dynasty (AD 1127 -1279), Hong Kong became known as one of the famous thirteen salt production centres in China. It is believed that many salt workers’ settlements were established at that time and that inland areas were also settled by people cultivating the land to provide food. According to oral history and local genealogical records, a large group of people from mainland China migrated to the north New Territories area during the southern Song Dynasty when Mongol was conquering China. The study of local genealogy indicates that five major clan groups, the Pangs, the Lius, the Haus, the Mans and the Tangs, were believed to be the first settlers in the northern New Territories since the southern Song Dynasty area.

During the Yuan Dynasty (AD1271 - 1368), permanent settlements were found in the New Territories including the Tang clan in Lung Yeuk Tau and Ping Shan, Liu clan in Tuen Mun, Cheung Muk Tau and Sheung Shui, the Tao clan in Tuen Mun, the Hau clan in Ho Sheung Heung and the Man clan in Tai Po and San Tin etc. The inhabitation history of the CHIA Study Area can be traced back to AD 13th century (South Song Dynasty to Yuen Dynasty) when the Pang, Hau and Liu clans moved in or closed to CHIA Study Area. The Pang clan inhabited Fanling, the Hau clan the west and south of Long Valley and the Liu clan the Sheung Shui plain.

During the 15th century the coastal areas of Dongguan County were attacked by marauding bandits and pirates. In order to protect against the bandits and pirates, Xin’an County was set up in 1573. According to the record of the Xin’an Gazetteer (新安縣志), the whole area now known as the New Territory, Kowloon and Hong Kong was zoned within the Xin’an County. This area covered two fifths of the County. In 1586 and 1643 two editions of the Xin’an Gazetteer were published but both of them were lost.

In 1661, the Coastal Evacuation was promulgated by the Qing Dynasty Emperor in order to stifle the supply of the Anti-Manchu troops in Taiwan, people living along the coast of Guangdong were moved 50 li (里) inland. The New Territories settlers were forced to move back to China until 1669 when the Boundary Extension was promulgated and the New Territories settlers moved back to their villages. In the 1680s the Chinese government established a garrison station at Ping Che village.

The population and economy of Xin’an County was strongly affected by the Coastal Evacuation. In 1594, the population of Xin’an County was 13,302 people, but population dropped to 3,912 people in 1677. When the Boundary Extension was promulgated, newcomers in particular the Hakka people were encouraged to immigrate to the New Territories and they did so during the late 17th and early 18th century.

There is not much historical record to understand history of the villages in the CHIA Study Area. However, the study of the genealogy of clan groups indicated that settlements in the CHIA Study Area existed since the Song Dynasty. The New Territories was occupied by five main clan groups, the Tang, Man, Liu, Hau and Pang clans since the Song Dynasty.

The CHIA Study Area is now covered by the North District administrative region. The earliest record of local villages within the CHIA Study Area is the Xin’an Gazetteer 1688 edition. The CHIA Study Area was governed under the Xin’an County Administrative Divisions in 1688. A Xiang -Dou -Tu -Cun (鄉 - 都 – 啚 - 村) system was used to subdivide the region for taxation purposes. The CHIA Study Area was within the Sixth Dou of the Gui cheng xiang in the County (Peter 1983). The villages within the CHIA Study Area recorded at that time comprised:

¡ Tsung Yuen Ha (松園下)

¡ Danzhukeng (丹竹坑)

However, the Xiang - Dou - Tu system was not used in the 1819 edition of the Xin’an County Administrative Divisions when Guanfu (官富) Assistant Magistrate was in charge of the CHIA Study Area. The number of villages relevant to the CHIA Study Area was increased to five including:

¡ Pingyang (平洋)

¡ Tsung Yuen Ha (松園下)

¡ Kan Tau Wai (簡頭圍)

¡ Danzhukeng (丹竹坑)

According to the records of the Xin’an Gazetteer in the 24th year of the Reign of Jiaquing (A.D. 1820) and the Lockhart’s Report (1898), the New Territories was primarily an agricultural district. Village life evolved around two crops of rice a year. In the past, the community was largely an agricultural one with the raising of animals a thriving trade in cattle, pigs and poultry (mainly chickens, geese and ducks) (North District Board, 1994).

Many of the villages were walled to keep out the bandits and pirates who plagued the area. Whether walled or not the common pattern of settlement was a tightly packed group of terraced houses and outbuildings surrounded by fields.

12.4.4 Built Heritage Resources

An inventory of built heritage has been identified through a desktop review supplemented by field survey. The identified built heritages are preliminarily presented in this section. The details for each built heritage sites would be presented in the EIA Report. The cultural heritage resources recorded by AMO within the CHIA Study Area are presented in Figure 12.1. The photographic records of all built heritage resources are presented in Appendices 12.2a to 12.2g and their locations shown in 1:1000 maps are presented in Figures 12.2.1 to 12.2.23. A bibliography is presented in Appendix 12.1.

Literature review and field survey identified one declared monument, namely Cheung Shan Monastery. No government historic site was identified within the CHIA Study Area of this Project. According to the List of Historic Buildings in Building Assessments (as of 20 September 2010) as well as the List of Proposed Graded and No Grade Buildings Where No Adverse Comments Were Received (as at 15 December 2009), one Declared Monument, six grade 3 historic buildings, five nil grade historic buildings, one proposed grade 3 historic building, seventy built structures, twenty graves and eight cultural/historical landscape features (hereafter referred to as “landscape features”) are identified within the CHIA Study Area. These identified built heritages are presented in the following sections based on the different sections of the proposed Project (please refer to Section 12.3.1 above and Figure 12.1). Key plan showing the identified built heritage features and 1:1000 location plans of the identified built heritage features are shown in Figure 12.2 and Figures 12.2.1 to 12.2.23 respectively.

12.4.4.1 BCP Section

The existing Chuk Yuen village situated at the BCP building site is the relocated Chuk Yuen village. The former Chuk Yuen village was located by the meandering Shenzhen River in the west and the south, some 200m to the southwest of the existing village. The original village was relocated to the current location on higher ground to avoid flooding since the early 1980s. In view of the short history of the relocated Chuk Yuen village, there were three clan graves identified on the BCP building site.

Within the BCP section of the Project, no declared monument and government historic site were identified. Two grade 3 historic buildings, one nil grade historic building, eleven built structures, three clan graves and two cultural/historical landscape features were identified in this section. Details of these built heritage features are presented in Table 12.14, their locations in 1:1000 maps are shown in Figure 12.2.1 and 12.2.2. Their photographic records are shown in Appendix 12.2a.

Table 12.14: Built Heritage Identified within the BCP Section

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Existing Status	Proposed Status	Description
G302	Nos. 57, 58 and 59 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Grade 3 (Confirmed on 22 Jan 2010)		Tsung Yuen Ha is a single-surname village of the Ho’s in the Ta Kwu Ling area. Probably built around the 1930s, the house was used by the Japanese troops as an observation post overlooking Shenzhen and the military road of the day, Lin Ma Hang Road. Two wooden tablets engraved with “松園下第六番＂ and “松園下第七番＂ are still hung at the front wall of No.58 and No. 59 respectively. In the late 1950s, the houses were used for storage purposes since then.
G304	Kiu Fong Ancestral Hall, Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Grade 3 (Confirmed on 31 August 2010)		Built by a branch of the Ho’s in Tsung Yuen Ha in the 1930s, Kiu Fong Ancestral Hall is the only remaining sub-divisional ancestral hall in the village. Unlike other villages in the New Territories, the ancestral hall was taken care of by its several descendants, not an ancestral hall keeper or a village elder. There are 13 soul tablets on the altar.
GN01	Nos. 61-62 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Nil Grade (Confirmed on 4 Feb 2010)		The houses were believed to be built by the parents of Ho Fo-leung in the 1930s. Ho Fo-leung worked in London after the Japanese Occupation and remitted money to his family. Nowadays, Nos. 61-62 is left vacant after the Ho family emigrated. The house is still taken care of by a member of the family.
BS01	No. 56B Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	Tsung Yuen Ha is a single-surname village of the Ho clan group. It was listed in the 1688 edition of the Xi’an Gazetteer suggesting that this village has over 300 years. This is one of few remaining historic residential buildings in the village. It is a one-storey pitched roof structure.
BS02	Ho Ancestral Hall, No. 1 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	In order to commemorate and worship ancestors, the Ho’s established the Ho Ancestral Hall (何氏宗祠), which is located at the entrance of the village. The building is enclosed by a wall. The entrance gate is located at the northwest corner with text “松園村公所” (community centre of Tsung Yuen village”) indicating that the ancestral hall also served as the community centre of the village.
BS03	Village House, Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	Tsung Yuen Ha is a single-surname village of the Ho clan group. It was listed in the 1688 edition of the Xi’an Gazetteer suggesting that this village has over 300 years. This structure is one of few remaining historic buildings in the village. It was built with two village houses with shared party wall, pitched roof and constructed of gray bricks. The building is now abandoned.
BS04	Nos. 48 and 50 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	The buildings were constructed with gray bricks. An entrance door is located in the middle of each bay with and each has a granite lintel. Wall friezes with decorative features were also observed. Interior access was not obtained. The building was constructed before 1950
BS05	No. 43 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	Tsung Yuen Ha is a single-surname village of the Ho clan group. It was listed in the 1688 edition of the Xi’an Gazetteer suggesting that this village has over 300 years. This structure is one of few remaining historic buildings in the village. It is pitched roof and constructed of gray bricks and currently abandoned.
BS06	No. 40 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	Tsung Yuen Ha is a single-surname village of the Ho clan group. It was listed in the 1688 edition of the Xi’an Gazetteer suggesting that this village has over 300 years. This is one of few remaining historic residential buildings in the village. It is a one-storey pitched roof structure and structured of gray bricks.
BS07	Nos. 21 and 22 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	Tsung Yuen Ha is a single-surname village of the Ho clan group. It was listed in the 1688 edition of the Xi’an Gazetteer suggesting that this village has over 300 years. This is one of few remaining historic residential buildings in the village. It was built with two village houses with shared party wall, pitched roof and constructed of gray bricks and rammed earth. The building is now abandoned.
BS08	Nos. 37 and 38 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	These buildings are joined by shared gable walls and remain in their original constructed form (gray bricks and rammed earth). Entrance doors are located in the middle of each façade and wall friezes are decorated with plaster features. Window openings are found on the side and rear walls. Interior access was not obtained. The buildings were constructed before 1950.
BS09	No. 34 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	This building is joined by shared gable walls and remains in its original constructed form (gray bricks and rammed earth). Entrance door is located in the middle of each façade and wall friezes are decorated with plaster features. Window openings are found on the side and rear walls. Interior access was not obtained. The building was constructed before 1950.
BS10	Ruins at Nos. 27-29 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	Tsung Yuen Ha is a single-surname village of the Ho clan group. It was listed in the 1688 edition of the Xi’an Gazetteer suggesting that this village has over 300 years. This is one of few remaining historic residential buildings in the village. It is a one-storey pitched roof structure and structured of gray bricks. It is now in poor condition.
BS11	Tin Hau Temple	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	A Tin Hau Temple is located to the southwest of the village. The entrance door was opened facing west with a stream located in front of the Temple. It has a pitched roof, with roof ridge decorative features. According to construction material used, the temple had been renovated in late 20th century. The Tin Hau god is worshipped in the Temple
GR01	Group of Law Clan Graves (4 Nos.)	12.2.1	Nil	Nil	A group of Law clan graves which consist of four graves is identified at the entrance of the Chuk Yuen Village. The four graves are identical in size (each 1mx1m). They were renovated in 1879 (光緒五年).
GR02	Group of Tang Clan Graves (5 Nos.)	12.2.1	Nil	Nil	A group of Tang clan graves which consist of five graves is identified at north of the Chuk Yuen Village. The three graves in the east are identical in size (i.e. 6m(L) x 3m(W) x 0.5m(H)). They were renovated in 1874 (同治十三年). The two graves in the west only has a headstone established with same inscriptions ‘鄧太公之墓’ without any construction date to trace.
GR19	Law Grave	12.2.1	Nil	Nil	This Law grave is located within the Chuk Yuen Village near the village entrance. It may be a grave for the 7^th to 12^th generations of the Law clan. The grave was probably renovated in either 1939 or 1879.
LF01	Shrine	12.2.2	Nil	Nil	It is an earth shrine within Tsung Yuen Ha located southwest of the village. It is an armchair shape facing northwest.
LF08	Well	12.2.1	Nil	Nil	The year ‘1952’ (i.e. 民國四一年) is shown on the stone inscriptions at both sides of the entrance of the well. According to the local villager of Chuk Yuen village, the government helped them renovate the well before. It is therefore unknown whether the year refers to its construction or renovation year. It was a well used by the Chuk Yuen villagers and is now abandoned.

12.4.4.2 Section between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary

No declared monument, proposed graded historic building and government historic site were found within this section. One grade 3 historic building, ten built structures, four graves and one landscape features were identified. These identified historic structures are presented in Table 12.15, their locations in 1:1000 maps are shown in Figures 12.2.3 to 12.2.6. Their photographic records are shown in Appendix 12.2b.

Table 12.15: Built Heritage Identified within the Section between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Existing Status	Proposed Status		Description
G301	Ta Kwu Ling Police Station	12.2.4 & 12.2.5	Grade 3 (Confirmed on 22 Jan 2010)			Built in 1905, Ta Kwu Ling Police Station was one of the police stations set up in the border to guard the northern frontier of Hong Kong. It was founded to police the border. The Police Station was substantially expanded in 1937 by adding a new block and the physical integrity of the police station remains in good condition.
BS12	No. 14 Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	Nil		Nil	The building was constructed with rammed earth and gray bricks. An entrance door is located in the middle of the façade of each bay. Window openings are found on the side and rear walls. No decorative features were identified. Interior access was not obtained. The building was constructed before 1950.
BS13	Nos. 1 and 2 Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	Nil		Nil	The building was constructed with gray bricks and rammed earth and lime plastered. An entrance door is located in the middle of each bay. Window openings are found above and beside the entrance door of No 2. Other windows were observed on the north western side wall and rear wall. Interior access was not obtained. The building was constructed before 1950.
BS14	No. 4A Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	Nil		Nil	The building was constructed with stone block foundations and gray bricks and rammed earth on top of the walls. An entrance door is located in the middle of the façade. No decorative features were identified. Interior access was not obtained. The building was constructed before 1950.
BS15	Fuk Tak Temple, Nos. 30 and 30C Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	Nil		Nil	The building was constructed with gray bricks and rammed earth. The Fuk Tak statue is located in the rear hall. It was probably constructed before 1950 but renovation was conducted in the late 20th century. Thus, it is regarded as post 1950 building.
BS16	Nos. 27A, 30A and 30B Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	Nil		Nil	Kan Tau Wai village was listed in the 1819 edition of the Xi’an Gazetteer and marked in the 1899 Map of Sun-On-District with a history of about 200 years. It is a mixed clans village with residents surnamed Law, Wong, Leung and chan. These structures are the few remaining historic residential houses in the village. It comprises three village houses constructed with shared party wall and pitched roof. They are in fair condition.
BS17	Nos. 23B and 23C Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	Nil		Nil	Kan Tau Wai village was listed in the 1819 edition of the Xi’an Gazetteer and marked in the 1899 Map of Sun-On-District with a history of about 200 years. It is a mixed clans village with residents surnamed Law, Wong, Leung and chan. This building was a one-storey building with pitched roof.
BS18	Nos. 15-17 Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	Nil		Nil	The building was constructed with gray and mud bricks and lime plastered. An entrance door is located in the middle of each of the bays. Window openings are found above the entrance door and on the north western side wall and rear wall. No decorative features were identified. Interior access was not obtained. The building was constructed before 1950.
BS19	Nos. 6A, 6, 7, 8 and 8A Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	Nil		Nil	These buildings joined by shared gable walls. They were constructed with gray bricks and rammed earth. An entrance door is located in the middle of each façade. Some of these buildings were renovated to add new window openings next to the entrance doors. Some of the wall friezes are decorated with plaster features. Interior access was not obtained. These buildings were constructed before 1950.
BS20	Nos. 10 and 10A Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	Nil		Nil	These buildings joined by shared gable walls. They were constructed with gray bricks and rammed earth. An entrance door is located in the middle of each façade. Some of these buildings were renovated to add new window openings next to the entrance doors. Some of the wall friezes are decorated with plaster features. Interior access was not obtained. These buildings were constructed before 1950.
BS21	No. 18 Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	Nil		Nil	It was constructed with gray bricks and rammed earth. An entrance door is located in the middle of the southeast bay. Window openings are found above the entrance door, on the façade of the northwest bay and on the northwest wall. Interior access was not obtained. The building was constructed before 1950.
GR03	Ng Grave	12.2.5	Nil		Nil	This grave with surname of Ng was constructed in 1916 situated near the entrance of Kaw Liu Village along the Lin Ma Hang Road.
GR04	Cheung Grave	12.2.6	Nil		Nil	This grave with surname of Cheung was renovated in 1881. It is situated on a hill in Ta Kwu Ling.
GR05	Fu Grave	12.2.3	Nil		Nil	This grave with surname of Fu was constructed in 1927 and renovated in 1964. It is situated beside a track near Lin Ma Hang Road.
GR06	Yiu Grave	12.2.3	Nil		NIl	This grave with surname of Yiu was renovated in 1972. It is situated beside a track near Lin Ma Hang Road. The deceased’s name is Yiu Kam Wang (姚錦宏).
LF02	Shrine	12.2.4	Nil		Nil	It is an earth shrine of Kan Tau Wai village located northwest of the village. It is in armchair shape constructed of gray bricks and facing southwest.

12.4.4.3 Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan

No declared monument, proposed graded historic building and government historic site were found within this section. Two grade 3, and one nil grade historic building, fourteen built structures, seven graves and two landscape features were identified. These identified historic structures are presented in Table 12.16, their locations in 1:1000 maps are shown in Figures 12.2.7a to 12.2.9c. Their photographic records are shown in Appendix 12.2c.

Table 12.16: Built Heritage Identified within the Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Existing Status		Proposed Status	Description
PG305	Chan Ancestral Hall (Sit Wan Tso), Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Grade 3 (Confirmed on 20 September 2010)			There are three ancestral halls in Ping Yeung, namely the Chan Ancestral Hall, the Chan Ancestral (Sit Wan Tso) and Sit Kin Ancestral Hall. Chan Ancestral Hall (Sit Wan Tso) was built by Chan clan in Ping Yeung to commemorate Chan Sit-wan. Its construction year is unknown. As a family hall, they used to celebrate various festivals in the hall, including diandeng and wedding.
PG306	Sit Kin Ancestral Hall, Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Grade 3 (Confirmed on 20 September 2010)			There are three ancestral halls in Ping Yeung, namely the Chan Ancestral Hall, the Chan Ancestral (Sit Wan Tso) and Sit Kin Ancestral Hall. It is not known when this Sit Kin Ancestral Hall was built. It was probably built in the 18^th century the earliest.
GN02	Chan Ancestral Hall, No. 98 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Nil Grade (Confirmed on 4 Feb 2010)			Though the construction year is not available, the ancestral hall probably was built soon after the Chans came after the 1700s. The clan celebrates Lunar New Year and other ritual ceremonies in the ancestral hall. Renovations of the Chan Ancestral Hall were carried out since 1928. The latest large-scale renovation took place about a few years ago and completed in 2008.
BS22	Nos. 94-96 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Nil	Nil		Ping Yeung is a single-clan Hakka village in Ta Kwu Ling occupied by the Chans. Originated in Shanghang of Fujian province, the Chans moved southwards staying in a number of places in Guangdong province. These are one-storey pitched roof village houses in the village.
BS23	Village house adjacent to Chan Ancestral Hall (Sit Wan Tso)	12.2.8	Nil	Nil		Ping Yeung is a single-clan Hakka village in Ta Kwu Ling occupied by the Chans. Originated in Shanghang of Fujian province, the Chans moved southwards staying in a number of places in Guangdong province. These are one-storey pitched roof village houses in the village.
BS24	No. 90 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Nil	Nil		Ping Yeung is a single-clan Hakka village in Ta Kwu Ling occupied by the Chans. Originated in Shanghang of Fujian province, the Chans moved southwards staying in a number of places in Guangdong province. These are one-storey pitched roof village houses in the village.
BS25	Nos. 79-81 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Nil	Nil		Ping Yeung is a single-clan Hakka village in Ta Kwu Ling occupied by the Chans. Originated in Shanghang of Fujian province, the Chans moved southwards staying in a number of places in Guangdong province. These are one-storey pitched roof village houses in the village.
BS26	Nos. 64 -66 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Nil	Nil		Ping Yeung is a single-clan Hakka village in Ta Kwu Ling occupied by the Chans. Originated in Shanghang of Fujian province, the Chans moved southwards staying in a number of places in Guangdong province. These are one-storey pitched roof village houses in the village.
BS27	No. 57 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Nil	Nil		Ping Yeung is a single-clan Hakka village in Ta Kwu Ling occupied by the Chans. Originated in Shanghang of Fujian province, the Chans moved southwards staying in a number of places in Guangdong province. These are one-storey pitched roof village houses in the village.
BS28	Nos. 51 – 56 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Nil	Nil		Ping Yeung is a single-clan Hakka village in Ta Kwu Ling occupied by the Chans. Originated in Shanghang of Fujian province, the Chans moved southwards staying in a number of places in Guangdong province. These are one-storey pitched roof village houses in the village.
BS29	No. 5 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Nil	Nil		Ping Yeung is a single-clan Hakka village in Ta Kwu Ling occupied by the Chans. Originated in Shanghang of Fujian province, the Chans moved southwards staying in a number of places in Guangdong province. These are one-storey pitched roof village houses in the village.
BS30	No. 9 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Nil	Nil		Ping Yeung is a single-clan Hakka village in Ta Kwu Ling occupied by the Chans. Originated in Shanghang of Fujian province, the Chans moved southwards staying in a number of places in Guangdong province. These are one-storey pitched roof village houses in the village.
BS31	Nos. 1-3 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	Nil	Nil		Ping Yeung is a single-clan Hakka village in Ta Kwu Ling occupied by the Chans. Originated in Shanghang of Fujian province, the Chans moved southwards staying in a number of places in Guangdong province. These are one-storey pitched roof village houses in the village.
BS32	Village house in Wo Keng Shan	12.2.9a	Nil	Nil		It is one of the few remaining historic residential houses in the village. The house is constructed of gray bricks and rammed earth with a pitched roof.
BS33	Fu Ancestral Hall, No. 6 Wo Keng Shan	12.2.9a	Nil	Nil		According to the material used, the ancestral was recently renovated with new material. However, the form follows traditional style with a pitched roof and enclosed front yard.
BS64	Village Houses, Ha Wo Keng Shan Village	12.2.9b	Nil	Nil		This is a row of houses with four bays, plastered walls constructed of stones, bricks or mud bricks, and they share common party walls. They are one hall pitched gable roof structure with flat ridge. There is an open courtyard in front of the buildings enclosed by short walls and some wall friezes murals and Chinese calligraphy on two of the bays.
BS65	Village Houses, Ha Wo Keng Shan Village	12.2.9b	Nil	Nil		This is a row of houses with four bays, plastered walls constructed of stones, bricks or mud bricks, and they share common party wall. They are one hall pitched gable roof structure with flat ridge. There is an open courtyard in front of the buildings enclosed by short walls and some wall friezes murals and Chinese calligraphy on two of the bays.
GR07	Yung Grave	12.2.9a	Nil	Nil		The grave was renovated in 1967. This Yung grave is 6m wide, 10m long and 2m high. It was situated at the entrance of the Wo Keng Shan Village facing west.
GR08	Chan Grave	12.2.7a	Nil	Nil		The construction year of this Chan grave is unknown but according to the inscription on its headstone, it was renovated in 2008. The deceased’s name is Chan Yuen Tung (陳元楝) from the 13^th generation of the clan. The Chan clan is the main clan living in the Ping Yeung area.
GR09	Fu Grave	12.2.9a	Nil	Nil		The construction year of this Fu grave is unknown but according to the inscription on its headstone, it was renovated in the 14th year of the Republic of China (i.e. 1925). The deceased’s name is Fu Yuan Nam(傅潤琳)
GR10	Tsui Grave	12.2.9c	Nil	Nil		The construction year of this Tsui grave is probably 1930 according to the inscription on its headstone. The deceased’s name is Tsui Hung Ho (徐孔好).
GR11	Chan Grave	12.2.7a	Nil	Nil		The construction year of this Chan grave is unknown but according to the inscription on its headstone, it was renovated in 1960. The Chan clan is the main clan living in the Ping Yeung area.
GR12	Chan Clan Grave	12.2.7a	Nil	Nil		The construction year of this Chan clan grave is unknown but according to the inscription on its headstone, it was renovated in 1966. The names of the deceased are Chan Mau Tsoi (陳懋材), Lee Tsz Tsing (李慈禎), Fong Tsz Tsing (方慈清) and Fong Tsz Tsan (方慈珍). The Chan clan is the main clan living in the Ping Yeung area.
GR18	Yip Grave	12.2.7b	Nil	Nil		The construction year of this Yip grave is unknown but according to the inscription on its headstone, it was renovated in the second year of Xuantong (宣統二年) (i.e. 1910). The name of the deceased was Yip Shing Him (葉成謙).
LF03	Direction Stone	12.2.8	Nil	Nil		The granite direction stone shows that Shenzhen is on the left and Wang Gong (橫崗) is on the right.
LF04	Earth Shrine	12.2.9a	Nil	Nil		It is an armchair-shaped shrine worshipped by the villagers of the Wo Keng Shan village.

12.4.4.4 Cheung Shan Tunnel Section (North Tunnel)

No graded/proposed graded historic building, government historic site and landscape feature were identified within this section of the Project. One Declared Monument, two built structures and one grave were identified. These identified historic structures are presented in Table 12.17, its location in 1:1000 map is shown in Figure 12.2.10a to 12.2.10c. Its photographic record is shown in Appendix 12.2d.

Table 12.17: Built Heritage Identified within the Cheung Shan Tunnel Section (North Tunnel)

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Existing Status	Description
DM01	Cheung Shan Monastery	12.2.10a	Declared Monument	Situated at Miu Keng in Ping Che, this Monastery was formerly called Cheung Sang Nunnery, and was probably first constructed in 1789 as a joint effort of six villages in Ta Kwu Ling area. The Buddha, Kwun Yum and Tei Chong Wong (a Bodhisattva) were all worshipped in the temple. The existing two-hall structure was believed to have been fully rebuilt in the 7th year of Tongzhi reign (1868), as recorded in a wooden plaque inside the temple. The temple was declared a monument in 1998.
BS69	Nos. 153-154 Man Uk Pin	12.2.10b	Ni Grade	These residential buildings are one of the few remaining historic buildings in the Man Uk Pin, which is a Hakka village on the north-western side of Sha Tau Kok Road close to Wo Hang. It was recorded as a Hakka village in Gazetteer of Xin’an County (新安縣志) published in the 25th year of the Jiaqing reign (嘉慶二十五年, 1820) of Qing Dynasty. The village was first settled by the Mans (萬氏) who came from Wuhau (五華) of Guangdong province in the late 17th century. According to the materials used to construct the buildings, they were probably built in the 1920s to 1930s.
BS70	No. 155 Man Uk Pin	12.2.10b	Nil Grade	This residential building is also one of the few remaining historic buildings in the Man Uk Pin village. According to the materials used to construct the building, it was probably built in the late 19^th century.
GR20	Lam Grave	12.2.10c	Nil Grade	The construction year of this Lam grave is unknown, but according to its headstone, the surname of the deceased is Mr. Lam, the 12^th generation of the clan. It is probably a pre-1950 grave.

12.4.4.5 Sha Tau Kok Road Section (Between North and South Tunnel)

No declared monument, proposed graded historic building, government historic site and grave were identified within this section of the Project. Three nil grade historic buildings, eleven built structures and one landscape feature were identified. These identified historic structures are presented in Table 12.18, their locations in 1:1000 maps are shown in Figures 12.2.11a to 12.2.12. Their photographic records are shown in Appendix 12.2e.

Table 12.18: Built Heritage Identified within the Sha Tau Kok Road Section

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Existing Status	Proposed Status	Description
GN03	Ting Yat Study Hall, No. 141 Loi Tung, Sha Tau Kok	12.2.11a	Nil Grade (Confirmed on 4 Feb 2010)		Located at Loi Tung of Sha Tau Kok, Ting Yat Study Hall was an old style private school known as bobozhai which offered rudimentary education to the clansmen of the Tangs. It was built before 1800 by the Tang clan residing in the area. It was a whole day school teaching children Chinese classics with all the students, regardless of age, studying in the same class. The study hall was closed down before the World War II. After the war, the hall was converted into a storehouse for rice and was abandoned in the 1970s.
GN04	Wan Gau Study Hall, Loi Tung, Sha Tau Kok	12.2.11a	Nil Grade (Confirmed on 4 Feb 2010)		Wan Gau Study Hall is situated at Loi Tung of Sha Tau Kok. It was built by the descendants of the Tang clan in commemoration of Tang Wan-gau (1650-1720, the seventeenth generation ancestor of the Tang clan. The founding ancestor of the Tang lineage originated from Jishui Xian of Jiangxi. The study hall was served as bobozhai (the Chinese traditional teaching method) to local villager children. After the Japanese Occupation, bobozhai was not held in study halls, the children in Loi Tung went to Kok Man School and Sha Tau Kok Government School for study.
GN05	Tang Chung Yu Tong Ancestral Hall, No. 6 Tai Tong Wu	12.2.12	Nil Grade (Confirmed on 4 Feb 2010)		The old Tang Ancestral Hall, also known as Tang Chung Yu Tong, was built by the Tangs in Tai Tong Wu to commemorate and worship ancestors around 1800. Traditional rituals like wedding, lighting the lantern ceremony and Chung Yeung Festival are celebrated in the new Tang Ancestral Hall. It was first a family ancestral hall and is now managed by a family trust named Tang Chung Tong. It was rebuilt in 1998.
BS34	Tang Ancestral Hall, No. 121 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	Nil	Nil	The building at No. 121 Loi Tung is a Tang ancestral hall renovated in 1994. It is situated at the entrance of the village.
BS35	Village house, Loi Tung	12.2.11a	Nil	Nil	Loi Tung village was called Lai Tung Tsuen occupied by the Lais and had been called Sheung Lai Tung (上黎峒, Upper Lai Tung). The village was renamed by the Tangs as Loi Tung after the Second World War. This building is one of the few remaining historic residential houses in the village. The house is constructed of gray bricks with a pitched roof.
BS36	No. 193 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	Nil	Nil	Loi Tung village was called Lai Tung Tsuen occupied by the Lais and had been called Sheung Lai Tung (Upper Lai Tung). The village was renamed by the Tangs as Loi Tung after the Second World War. This building is one of the few remaining historic residential houses in the village. The house is constructed of gray bricks with a pitched roof.
BS37	Nos. 185-187 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	Nil	Nil	Loi Tung village was called Lai Tung Tsuen occupied by the Lais and had been called Sheung Lai Tung (Upper Lai Tung). The village was renamed by the Tangs as Loi Tung after the Second World War. These buildings comprise three village houses constructed with shared gray bricks built party walls. According to material used, it was probably constructed in middle 20th century.
BS38	No. 138 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	Nil	Nil	Loi Tung village was called Lai Tung Tsuen occupied by the Lais and had been called Sheung Lai Tung (Upper Lai Tung). The village was renamed by the Tangs as Loi Tung after the Second World War. This building is one of the few remaining historic residential houses in the village. The house is constructed of gray bricks with a pitched roof.
BS39	Nos. 134 and 135 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	Nil	Nil	Loi Tung village was called Lai Tung Tsuen occupied by the Lais and had been called Sheung Lai Tung (Upper Lai Tung). The village was renamed by the Tangs as Loi Tung after the Second World War. These buildings are one of the few remaining historic residential houses in the village. The house is constructed of gray bricks with a pitched roof.
BS40	No. 128 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	Nil	Nil	Loi Tung village was called Lai Tung Tsuen occupied by the Lais and had been called Sheung Lai Tung (Upper Lai Tung). The village was renamed by the Tangs as Loi Tung after the Second World War. This building is one of the few remaining historic residential houses in the village. The house is constructed of gray bricks with a pitched roof.
BS41	Nos. 2-5 Tai Tong Wu	12.2.12	Nil	Nil	It comprises four village houses constructed with shared gray bricks built party walls. Except for No. 3 remain the original construction materials, others had been heavily modified with modern materials.
BS42	Ruin, Tai Tong Wu	12.2.12	Nil	Nil	It is a one storey pitched roof village house constructed of stone and mud brick and now in poor condition.
BS43	No. 28 Tai Tong Wu	12.2.12	Nil	Nil	It is a one storey tiled roof structure with lack of window probably used for storage.
BS44	Nos. 18-20 Tai Tong Wu	12.2.12	Nil	Nil	This one-storey pitched-roof village house was constructed of green bricks with the entrance door in No. 19 Tai Tong Wu.
LF07	Shrines, Loi Tung	12.2.11b	Nil	Nil	The shrines were probably established when the Loi Tung village was established. According to the material of the bigger shrine at the west, it was probably renovated in early to middle 20th century. It has two gable walls on its sides as well as a smaller shrine on its right in the east and a tree on its left.

12.4.4.6 Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel)

No declared monument, proposed graded historic building, government historic site and grave were identified within this section of the Project. One Grade 3 historic building, fifteen built structures and two landscape features were identified within the villages of Leng Pei Tsuen, Tan Chuk Hang Lo Wai and San Uk Tsai within this section. These identified historic structures are presented in Table 12.19, their locations in 1:1000 maps are shown in Figures 12.2.13 to 12.2.17. Their photographic records are shown in Appendix 12.2f.

Table 12.19: Built Heritage Identified within the Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel)

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Existing Status	Proposed Status	Description
G303	Hindu Temple, Burma Lines	12.2.16	Grade 3 (Confirmed on 22 January 2010)		The temple is located in the former Queen’s Hill Burma Line. The site is now under the management of the Government Property Agency. It is a reinforced concrete built structure with hexagonal layout and six pyramids shaped roof. There are five entrance doors to the temple. The former Burma military staff stationed on site used the temple. It was constructed in the 1960s.
BS45	Leng Pei Village Committee House	12.2.13	Nil	Nil	It is a pitched roof building. According to the material used, it was probable constructed in middle to late 20th century.
BS46	No. 17 Leng Pei Tsuen	12.2.13	Nil	Nil	It is a residential village house with pitched roof and constructed of bricks.
BS47	Nos. 13, 14, 15 and Chan Ancestral Hall	12.2.13	Nil	Nil	It is a row of four village houses constructed with shared party walls. They are pitched roof and some of them have been renovated with modern materials.
BS48	Nos. 10-12A Leng Pei Tsuen	12.2.13	Nil	Nil	It is a row of four village houses constructed with shared party walls. They are pitched roof and constructed of gray bricks.
BS49	Village house, Leng Pei Tsuen	12.2.13	Nil	Nil	It is a pitched roof village house. According to the material used, it was probably constructed in middle 20th century.
BS50	No. 4 Leng Pei Tsuen	12.2.13	Nil	Nil	It is a pitched roof village house constructed of gray bricks.
BS51	Nos. 5 and 6 Tan Chuk Hang Lo Wai	12.2.14	Nil	Nil	It comprises two village houses, pitched roof and constructed with shared gray bricks built party wall.
BS52	Nos. 3 and 4 Tan Chuk Hang Lo Wai and Ruin	12.2.14	Nil	Nil	It comprises three village houses, pitched roof and constructed with shared gray bricks built party walls. The roof of the middle house has been replaced by metal sheet.
BS53	No. 13 Tan Chuk Hang Lo Wai	12.2.14	Nil	Nil	It is a pitched roof village house constructed of gray bricks.
BS54	No. 24 Tan Chuk Hang Lo Wai	12.2.14	Nil	Nil	It is a pitched roof village house constructed of mud bricks and gray bricks and it is in poor condition.
BS55	Yuek Wo Ancestral Hall, No. 4 San Uk Tsai	12.2.15	Nil	Nil	According to the material used, the ancestral hall was rebuilt in recent years.
BS56	Nos. 8 and 9 San Uk Tsai	12.2.15	Nil	Nil	It comprises two village houses built with shared party walls. No. 8 San Uk Tsai has been heavily modified with modern materials.
BS66	Lee Ancestral Hall, Lau Shui Heung	12.2.17	Nil	Nil	The Lee Ancestral Hall is a one-storey historic building with pitched tile roof and wooden doors. It is rectangular in layout with two halls.
BS67	Village House, Lau Shui Heung	12.2.17	Nil	Nil	This village house is a row of houses with four units separated by shared party walls. It is one-storey with pitched tile roof and wooden door. It is rectangular in layout. Its walls are made of gray bricks and original windows are iron bars fenced.
BS68	Ruin, San Uk Tsai	12.2.15	Nil	Nil	This village house is a one-storey historic building with pitched tile roof and wooden door. It is rectangular in layout with three bays. Its walls are made of gray bricks. It was constructed in early 20^th century.
LF05	Entrance Gate of Tan Chuk Hang Lo Wai	12.2.14	Nil	Nil	It is the entrance gate of the village constructed with stone and bricks and a pitched roof. An earth shrine is placed in the gate facing west.
LF06	Entrance Gate of San Uk Tsai	12.2.15	Nil	Nil	It is the entrance gate of the village with pitched roof. It has been surfaced with modern materials.

12.4.4.7 Fanling Section

No declared monument, graded historic building, government historic site and landscape feature were identified within this section of the Project. One proposed grade 3 historic building, seven built structures and five graves were identified. These identified historic structures are presented in Table 12.20, their locations in 1:1000 maps are shown in Figures 12.2.18 to 12.2.23. Their photographic records are shown in Appendix 12.2g.

Table 12.20: Built Heritage Identified within the Fanling Section

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Existing Status	Proposed Status	Description
PG301	Ho Yin Lo, No. 1 Kau Lung Hang Lo Wai, Tai Po	12.2.20	Nil Grade	Grade 3	Located in Kau Lung Hang Village, Ho Yin Lo was erected by Poon Tin-bo, alias Ho Yin, and was completed in early 1932. The Poon's family engaged in trading and often resided in an apartment in Boundary Street, Kowloon Tong. Ho Yin Lo was the villa of their family. Though the building demonstrates a mixture of western and Chinese architectural elements, its design assimilates the traditional Weilong House of Hakkas, which features a semi-circle wall.
BS57	Yeung Ancestral Hall, No. 4 Kau Lung Hang Lo Wai	12.2.20	Nil	Nil	This Yeung Ancestral Hall at No. 4 Kau Lung Hang Lo Wai was originated from Wai Yeung (惠陽). According to the villagers, five generations of Yeungs have been living in this ancestral hall. It is believed to be one of the pre-war built structures in the village. Two village houses constructed with shared party wall was constructed next to the Ancestral Hall. The buildings were constructed with granite stone blocks.
BS58	Nos. 46-48 Kau Lung Hang San Wai	12.2.22	Nil	Nil	It comprises three village houses constructed with shared party walls. According to material used, the buildings were probably constructed in middle to late 20th century.
BS59	Nos. 69-72 Kau Lung Hang San Wai	12.2.22	Nil	Nil	It comprises five village houses constructed with shared party walls. According to material used, the buildings were probably constructed in middle to late 20th century.
BS60	Nos. 74-77 Kau Lung Hang San Wai	12.2.22	Nil	Nil	It comprises five village houses constructed with shared party walls. According to material used, the buildings were probably constructed in middle to late 20th century.
BS61	Nam Wa Po Tsung Tsin Church (香港崇真會南華莆崇真堂), No. 1 Nam Wah Po	12.2.23	Nil	Nil	It is a church constructed in 1953 within the village. It is located at the entrance of the Nam Wa Po village facing southeast. This church is run by Tsung Tsin Mission of Hong Kong (基督教香港崇真會) which was founded in 1948.
BS62	Nos. 6A, 6B, 7 and 8 Nam Wa Po	12.2.23	Nil	Nil	It is a row of four village houses with pitched roof and constructed of gray bricks. Nos. 6 – 7 Nam Wa Po were constructed in 1954, while No. 8 Nam Wa Po was constructed in 1968.
BS63	Kwun Yam Temple, Tai Hang	12.2.23	Nil	Nil	According to the text identified on the building, the temple belongs to the Tai Hang village. It is pitched roof gray bricks built building with two bays.
GR13	Yim Grave	12.2.18	Nil	Nil	According to the headstone of the grave, it was renovated in 1974. The deceased was from the Yim clan.
GR14	Liu Grave	12.2.19	Nil	Nil	According to the inscriptions on the headstone, it was renovated in 1972. The deceased were a couple of the Liu clan.
GR15	Chan Grave	12.2.21	Nil	Nil	According to the headstone inscription of the grave, the deceased is a lady from Chan clan.and was constructed in 1910.
GR16	Ho Grave	12.2.21	Nil	Nil	The name of the deceased is Mr Ho Kam Fat (何金發) and was established in the year of “辛巳” during the Republic of China (i.e. 1941).
GR17	Cheung Grave	12.2.21	Nil	Nil	The name of the deceased is Mrs. Cheung Lam Suk Tak (張林淑德) and was established in the 16th year of Guangxu (i.e. 1890).

12.5 Evaluation of Potential Impacts

12.5.1 Impact on Archaeological Resources

12.5.1.1 Known Sites of Archaeological Interest

A desktop review identified two archaeological sites recorded by AMO, namely Ping Che Archaeological Site within the Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan and Queen’s Hill Archaeological Site within the Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (see their general locations in Figure 12.1 and specific locations in Figures 12.4.1 and 12.4.2). Both sites are located outside the works boundary of the Project. Although a ventilation building is proposed at about 17m from the Queen’s Hill Archaeological Site, no soil excavation work will be involved within the archaeological site. Therefore, no impact on these sites is anticipated.

12.5.1.2 Potential Impact on Areas with Archaeological Potential During Construction and Operational Phases

The desktop review indicated that some works areas of the Project are of archaeological potential and require archaeological survey to obtain field data for subsequent impact assessment. A survey led by a licensed archaeologist was conducted between 12 and 26 July 2010. Based on the survey results, the potential impacts of the proposed works during construction phase were evaluated in Sections 12.5.1.3 to 12.5.1.9. Since potential impacts on archaeological deposits are limited to construction phase, no operational phase archaeological impact is anticipated.

12.5.1.3 BCP Section

This section is considered to have nil archaeological potential and therefore no impact is anticipated.

12.5.1.4 Section between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary

As the areas indicated by TP0303, AH0313, AH0308 and AH0309 (see Figure 12.6.1) are considered to have low archaeological potential, potential direct impact due to construction works is anticipated.

As the areas west of AH0309 and AH0308, south of AH0310 and the hill side area as shown in Figure 12.6.1 are considered to have nil archaeological potential, no adverse impact is anticipated.

Some of the areas considered to have archaeological potential in this section have not yet been surveyed (see Figure 12.6.1 for area coverage) as they are located in private lands where access was not obtained. The archaeological potential of these areas is uncertain yet at this stage. Potential impact to the unknown surviving archaeological deposits in this area could not be ruled out. Further archaeological survey is considered necessary for further detailed assessment.

12.5.1.5 Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan

An area of low archaeological potential has been identified as shown in Figure 12.6.2. Direct impact due to the construction works is anticipated.

Some of the areas considered to have archaeological potential (see Figures 12.6.2 and 12.6.3) have not yet been surveyed as they are located in private lands where access was not obtained. The archaeological potential of these areas is uncertain yet at this stage. However, taking account of the available archaeological survey findings, it is anticipated the archaeological potential of the other areas in this section will be low. It is recommended that the outstanding survey should be carried out once the concerned private lands are resumed and prior to the commencement of the construction works to confirm the potential impact is low. Should significant artefacts are found, AMO should be notified immediately and additional mitigation measures should be proposed for agreement with AMO.

12.5.1.6 Cheung Shan Tunnel Section (North Tunnel)

This section is considered to have nil archaeological potential and therefore no impact is anticipated.

12.5.1.7 Sha Tau Kok Road Section (Between North and South Tunnel)

As the proposed auger holes and test pits for the archaeological survey are all located within private lands where access was not obtained, the archaeological potential of this section is uncertain at this stage. Potential impact to the unknown surviving archaeological deposits in this section could not be ruled out. Further archaeological survey is required once the concerned private lands are resumed. The areas that require further archaeological survey are illustrated in Figure 12.6.4.

The remaining areas of this section are considered to have nil archaeological potential and therefore no impact is anticipated.

12.5.1.8 Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel)

As the proposed test pits in the proposed ventilation building area are located in private lands /sites with active use where access was not obtained, the archaeological potential of the proposed ventilation building site is uncertain yet at this stage. Potential impact to the unknown surviving archaeological deposits in this site could not be ruled out. Further archaeological survey is required once the concerned private lands are resumed. The areas that require further archaeological survey are illustrated in Figure 12.6.5.

12.5.1.9 Fanling Section

No archaeological potential have been identified in the areas of the two completed auger holes. Therefore, no impact is anticipated adjacent to these areas (see Figure 12.6.6).

However, as a number of the proposed test pits and auger holes in this section have not been conducted due to access problems, the archaeological potential of the area as shown in Figure 12.6.6 is uncertain yet at this stage. Potential impact to the unknown surviving archaeological deposits in this site could not be ruled out. Further archaeological survey is required once the concerned private lands are resumed.

Since the remaining areas of this section are heavily developed, the archaeological potential of these areas is considered nil or low. The potential archaeological impact is anticipated to be low.

12.5.2 Impact on Built Heritage Resources

Based on the construction works and the operation involved in the Project, the impact assessments of the Project on the built heritages have been evaluated and presented in Tables 12.21 to 12.27.

Table 12.21: Impact Assessment within the BCP Section

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Approximate Distance from the Works Boundary	Construction and Operation Phases Impact Assessment
G302	Nos. 57, 58 and 59 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	55m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
GN01	Nos. 61-62 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	54m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
G304	Kiu Fong Ancestral Hall, Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	64m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS01	No. 56B Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	85m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS02	Ho Ancestral Hall, No. 1 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	91m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impact are anticipated.
BS03	Village House, Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	104m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS04	No. 48 and 50 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	112m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS05	No. 43 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	123m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS06	No. 40 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	133m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS07	No. 21 and 22 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	135m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS08	No. 37 and 38 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	146m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS09	No. 34 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	160m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS10	Ruins at No. 27-29 Tsung Yuen Ha	12.2.2	163m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS11	Tin Hau Temple	12.2.2	26m	As the Temple is located outside the works boundary, direct construction and operation phase impacts are not anticipated. Although the temple is located not far from the proposed road alignment, it is separated by an existing river channel, potential construction vibration impact during construction phase and operational phase impact is not anticipated. With regard to the potential visual impact during construction and operation phases, please refer to VSR OU4 in Section 11 of the EIA Report .
GR01	Group of Law Clan Graves (4 Nos.)	12.2.1	0m	Direct Impact is anticipated as the construction of the BCP building will take place at the current location of Chuk Yuen Village.
GR02	Group of Tang Clan Graves (5 Nos.)	12.2.1	0m	Direct Impact is anticipated as the construction of the BCP building will take place at the current location of Chuk Yuen Village.
GR19	Law Grave	12.2.1	0m	Direct Impact is anticipated as the construction of the BCP building will take place at the current location of Chuk Yuen Village.
LF01	Shrine	12.2.2	16m	As the shrine is located outside the works boundary, direct impact is not anticipated. Although the shrine is located not far from the proposed road alignment, it is separated by an existing river channel, potential construction vibration impact during construction phase and operation phase impact are not anticipated. With regard to the potential visual impact during construction and operation phase, please refer to VSR OU3 in Section 11 of the EIA Report.
LF08	Well	12.2.1	0m	Direct Impact is anticipated as the construction of the BCP building will take place at the former Chuk Yuen village.

Table 12.22: Impact Assessment within the Section between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Approximate Distance from the Works Boundary	Construction and Operation Phases Impact Assessment
G301	Ta Kwu Ling Police Station	12.2.4 & 12.2.5	9m	As the Station and the associated entrance gate are located outside the works boundary of the Project, direct construction and operation impacts are not anticipated. Although it is located in close proximity to the works boundary, the proposed work in front of the Station would involve widening of the Lin Ma Hang Road without piling works. Therefore, potential vibration impact during construction and operation phase impact are not anticipated. With regard to the potential visual impact during construction and operation phase, please refer to VSR O1 in Section 11 of the EIA Report.
BS12	No. 14 Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	125m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS13	Nos. 1 and 2 Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	127m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS14	No. 4A Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	142m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS15	Nos. 30 and 30C Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	160m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS16	Nos. 27A, 30A and 30B Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	171m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS17	No. 23B and 23C Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	173m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS18	No. 15-17 Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	169m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS19	No. 6A, 6, 7, 8 and 8A Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	162m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS20	No. 10 and 10A Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	184m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS21	No. 18 Kan Tau Wai	12.2.4	191m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
GR03	Ng Grave	12.2.5	1.7m	As it is located outside the works boundary of the Project, direct construction and operation impacts are not anticipated. Although it is located in close proximity to the works boundary, the proposed work in front of the site would only involve widening of the Lin Ma Hang Road without piling works. Machinery might be required for the road widening work but all construction works will be confined within the works boundary. Besides, the grave is surrounded by soft ground, potential construction and operation vibration would be absorbed by soft ground. Therefore, potential vibration impact during construction and operation phase impact are not anticipated. Access to the grave will be temporarily affected by the proposed works during construction stage. Access diversion will be provided during the construction phase, Hence access to the grave will not be blocked as a result of the construction works. Furthermore, after construction works, the affected access route will be re-provided. Therefore, the proposed works will have temporary impact on the access to the grave during construction stage but no impact is anticipated during operation phase. With regard to the potential visual impact during construction and operation phase, please refer to VSR OU2 in Section 11 of the EIA Report.
GR04	Cheung Grave	12.2.6	8m	Direct construction and operation impacts are not anticipated as it is located outside the works boundary. The grave is surrounded by soft ground, therefore, potential construction and operation vibration would be absorbed by soft ground and therefore the impact is considered minimal. Access to the grave is situated outside the works boundary of the Project and thus will not be affected by the proposed works. With regard to the potential visual impact during construction and operation phase, please refer to VSR OU1 in Section 11 of the EIA Report.
GR05	Fu Grave	12.2.3	0m	Direct impact is anticipated as it is located within the drainage diversion works boundary of the Project.
GR06	Yu Grave	12.2.3	0m	Direct impact is anticipated as it is located within the works boundary of the Project.
LF02	Shrine	12.2.4	83m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.

Table 12.23: Impact Assessment within the Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Approximate Distance from the Works Boundary	Construction and Operation Phases Impact Assessment
G305	Chan Ancestral Hall (Sit Wan Tso), Ping Yeung	12.2.8	293m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
G306	Sit Kin Ancestral Hall, Ping Yeung	12.2.8	290m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
GN02	Chan Ancestral Hall, No. 98 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	293m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS22	Nos. 94-96 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	285m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS23	Village house adjacent to Chan Ancestral Hall (Sit Wan Tso)	12.2.8	296m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS24	Nos. 90 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	283m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS25	Nos. 79-81 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	244m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS26	Nos. 64 -66 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	232m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS27	No. 57 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	196m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS28	Nos. 51 – 56 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	169m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS29	No. 5 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	136m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS30	No. 9 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	114m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS31	Nos. 1-3 Ping Yeung	12.2.8	117m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS32	Village house in Wo Keng Shan	12.2.9a	236m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS33	Fu Ancestral Hall, No. 6 Wo Keng Shan	12.2.9a	261m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS64	Village Houses, Ha Wo Keng Shan Village	12.2.9b	0m	Direct impact is expected as it is located within the works boundary of the Project.
BS65	Village Houses, Ha Wo Keng Shan Village	12.2.9b	0m	Direct impact is expected as it is located within the works boundary of the Project.
GR07	Yung Grave	12.2.9a	214m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
GR08	Chan Grave	12.2.7a	0m	Direct impact is anticipated as it is located within the works boundary of the Project.
GR09	Fu Grave	12.2.9a	1.5m	As it is located outside the works boundary of the Project, direct construction and operation phases impacts are not anticipated. Although it is situated in close proximity to the works boundary, the proposed road works will not involve any sheet piling works. Machinery will be involved in the road works, but all construction works will be confined within the works boundary. The proposed alignment at this location is at-grade, and the side that faces the grave will be a fill slope. Hence, potential vibration impact is therefore not anticipated during the construction and operation phases. Access to the grave is situated outside the works boundary of the Project and thus will not be affected by the proposed works. Regarding the potential visual impact during construction and operation phases, please refer to VSR H8 in Section 11 of the EIA report.
GR10	Tsui Grave	12.2.9c	0m	Direct impact is anticipated as it is located within the works boundary of the Project.
GR11	Chan Grave	12.2.7a	11m	As it is located outside the works boundary of the Project, direct construction and operation phases impacts are not anticipated. Although it is situated in close proximity to the works boundary, it is surrounded by soft ground, therefore, potential construction and operation vibration would be absorbed by soft ground and therefore the impact is considered minimal. Access to the grave is situated outside the works boundary of the Project and thus will not be affected by the proposed works. Regarding the potential visual impact during construction and operation phases, please refer to VSR H7 in Section 11 of the EIA report.
GR12	Chan Clan Grave	12.2.7a	14m	As it is located outside the works boundary of the Project, direct construction and operation phases impacts are not anticipated. Although it is situated in close proximity to the works boundary, it is surrounded by soft ground, therefore, potential construction and operation vibration would be absorbed by soft ground and therefore the impact is considered minimal. Access to the grave is situated outside the works boundary of the Project and thus will not be affected by the proposed works. Regarding the potential visual impact during construction and operation phases, please refer to VSR H7 in Section 11 of the EIA report.
GR18	Yip Grave	12.2.7b	0m	Direct impact is anticipated as it is located within the works boundary of the Project.
LF03	Shrine	12.2.8	64m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
LF04	Shrine	12.2.9a	225m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.

Table 12.24: Impact Assessment within the Cheung Shan Tunnel Section (North Tunnel)

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Approximate Distance from the Works Boundary	Construction and Operation Phases Impact Assessment
DM01	Cheung Shan Monastery	12.2.10a	180m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS69	Nos. 153-154 Man Uk Pin	12.2.10b	221m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS70	No. 155 Man Uk Pin	12.2.10b	210m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
GR20	Lam Grave	12.2.10c	0m	Direct impact is anticipated as it is located within the works boundary of the Project.

Table 12.25: Impact Assessment within the Sha Tau Kok Road Section (Between North and South Tunnel)

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Approximate Distance from the Works Boundary	Construction and Operation Phases Impact Assessment
GN03	Ting Yat Study Hall, No. 141 Loi Tung, Sha Tau Kok	12.2.11a	252m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
GN04	Wan Gau Study Hall, Loi Tung, Sha Tau Kok	12.2.11a	275m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
GN05	Tang Chung Yu Tong Ancestral Hall	12.2.12	188m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS34	Tang Ancestral Hall, No. 121 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	224m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS35	Village house, Loi Tung	12.2.11a	255m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS36	No. 193 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	256m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS37	No. 185-187 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	272m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS38	No. 138 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	253m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS39	No. 134 and 135 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	254m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS40	No. 128 Loi Tung	12.2.11a	242m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS41	No. 2-5 Tai Tong Wu	12.2.12	181m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS42	Ruin, Tai Tong Wu	12.2.12	165m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS43	No. 28 Tai Tong Wu	12.2.12	184m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS44	No 18-20 Tai Tong Wu	12.2.12	189m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
LF07	Shrines, Loi Tung	12.2.11b	27m	As the site is located outside the works boundary of the Project, direct construction and operation phases impacts are not anticipated. Although it is situated in proximity to the works boundary, the distance between it and the works boundary already functions as a buffer zone to offset any potential indirect vibration impact. The impact is anticipated to be insignificant during the construction and operation phases. Regarding the potential visual impact during construction and operation phases, please refer to VSR H13 in Section 11 of the EIA report.

Table 12.26: Impact Assessment within the Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel)

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Approximate Distance from the Works Boundary	Construction and Operation Phases Impact Assessment
G303	Hindu Temple, Burma Lines	12.2.16	272m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS45	Leng Pei Village Committee House	12.2.13	202m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS46	No. 17 Leng Pei Tsuen	12.2.13	211m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS47	No. 13, 14, 15 and Chan Ancestral Hall	12.2.13	215m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS48	No. 10-12A Leng Pei Tsuen	12.2.13	224m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS49	Village house, Leng Pei Tsuen	12.2.13	267m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS50	No. 4 Leng Pei Tsuen	12.2.13	277m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS51	No. 5 and 6 Tan Chuk Hang Lo Wai	12.2.14	132m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS52	No. 3, 4 Tan Chuk Hang Lo Wai and Ruin	12.2.14	137m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS53	No. 13 Tan Chuk Hang Lo Wai	12.2.14	131m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS54	No. 24 Tan Chuk Hang Lo Wai	12.2.14	116m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS55	Yuek Wo Ancestral Hall	12.2.15	291m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS56	No. 8 and 9 San Uk Tsai	12.2.15	293m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS66	Lee Ancestral Hall, Lau Shui Heung	12.2.17	243m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS67	Village House, Lau Shui Heung	12.2.17	244m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS68	Ruin, San Uk Tsai	12.2.15	281m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
LF05	Entrance Gate of Tan Chuk Hang Lo Wai	12.2.14	157m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
LF06	Entrance Gate of San Uk Tsai	12.2.15	294m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.

Table 12.27: Impact Assessment within the Fanling Section

Site Code	Site Name	Figure No.	Approximate Distance from the Works Boundary	Construction and Operation Phases Impact Assessment
PG301	Ho Yin Lo, No. 1 Kau Lung Hang Lo Wai, Tai Po	12.2.20	133m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS57	Yeung Ancestral Hall, No. 4 Kau Lung Hang Lo Wai	12.2.20	130m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS58	Nos. 46-48 Kau Lung Hang San Wai	12.2.22	259m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS59	Nos. 69-72 Kau Lung Hang San Wai	12.2.22	255m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS60	Nos. 74-77 Kau Lung Hang San Wai	12.2.22	253m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS61	Nam Wa Po Tsung Tsin Church (香港崇真會南華莆崇真堂), No. 1 Nam Wah Po	12.2.23	182m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS62	Nos. 6A, 6B, 7 and 8 Nam Wa Po	12.2.23	212m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
BS63	Kwun Yam Temple, Tai Hang	12.2.23	267m	Due to the large separation distance, no construction and operation phase impacts are anticipated.
GR13	Yim Grave	12.2.18	0m	Direct impact is anticipated as it is located within the works boundary of the Project. Even though it is located within the blasting impact area for Portal 1 of the South Tunnel, it will be relocated prior to commencement of construction works. Thus, no impact is expected from the proposed blasting work.
GR14	Liu Grave	12.2.19	15m	As it is located outside the works boundary of the Project, direct construction and operation phases impacts are not anticipated. Although the grave is situated in close proximity to the works boundary, as the alignment at this location is at-grade, and the side that faces the grave will be a fill slope and no sheet piling works will be required, construction vibration impact is anticipated to be insignificant and no operational vibration impact is anticipated. Regarding the potential visual impact during construction and operation phases, please refer to VSR H24 in Section 11 of the EIA report.
GR15	Chan Grave	12.2.21	0m	Direct impact is anticipated as it is located within the works boundary of the Project.
GR16	Ho Grave	12.2.21	0m	Direct impact is anticipated as it is located within the works boundary of the Project.
GR17	Cheung Grave	12.2.21	0m	Direct impact is anticipated as it is located within the works boundary of the Project.

12.5.3 Cumulative Impacts

Based on a review of the concurrent projects and implementation programmes where available, six other projects are identified to be concurrently implemented and some of their project areas overlap with that of this Project. These include:

§ Regulation of Shenzhen River Stage 4 (SZRR Stage 4);

§ North East New Territories (NENT) Landfill Extension;

§ North East New Territories New Development Areas (NENT NDA) - including Fanling Bypass;

§ Widening of Tolo Highway / Fanling Highway between Island House Interchange and Fanling (updated construction programme not yet available, so only operational phase cumulative impacts were assessed where practicable);

§ Resite of Chuk Yuen Village; and

§ Drainage Improvement in Northern New Territories - Package C (Remaining Works).

Although the western edge of the proposed BCP of this Project overlaps with the project area of SZRR Stage 4, no cultural heritage resources are identified therein and thus no cumulative cultural heritage impact is anticipated.

The alignment sections between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary and between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan of this Project partly overlap with the proposed Ping Che/Ta Kwu Ling New Development Area under the NENT NDA project, the NENT Landfill Extension project, the Resite of Chuk Yuen Village as well as the Drainage Improvement in Northern New Territories – Package C (Remaining Works). Besides, the proposed Fanling Highway Interchange near the end of the Fanling Section of this Project coincides with the Widening of Tolo Highway/Fanling Highway project area as well as the proposed Fanling Bypass under the NENT NDA project.

Provided that appropriate mitigation measures are to be implemented under the abovementioned concurrent projects to mitigate the anticipated impacts on the identified cultural heritage resources, no significant cumulative cultural heritage impact is expected.

12.6 Mitigation Measures

Based on the above assessment of impacts on the identified cultural heritage resources due to the Project, mitigation measures are recommended in this section as preservation proposals in both short term (construction phase) and long term (operation phase).

12.6.1 Archaeological Resources

During construction and operation phases of the Project, no mitigation measure is considered necessary for the known sites of archaeological interest (i.e. Ping Che Archaeological Site and Queen’s Hill Archaeological Site) on the grounds that these archaeological sites are located outside the works boundary of the Project.

For unknown archaeological resources, archaeological survey was conducted to obtain field data to determine the archaeological potential of the concerned areas in July 2010. As some of the proposed test pits and auger holes are located in private lands and access is not granted by the land owners, the respective survey cannot be carried out under the EIA Study. Based on the available survey results and the impact assessment, the following mitigation measures are proposed:

12.6.1.1 BCP Section

No impact has been identified in this section. Therefore, no mitigation measure is required.

12.6.1.2 Section between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary

No impact is anticipated at the areas identified to have nil archaeological potential. No mitigation measures are considered necessary in these areas.

An area with low archaeological potential has been identified as shown in Figure 12.6.1. However, some of the proposed survey works cannot be carried out due to access constraints. Although it is anticipated that the archaeological potential of these areas will also be low, further survey is required to confirm the preliminary findings. Therefore, the outstanding survey works should be conducted immediately after land resumption and before commencement of the construction works to verify the findings of the EIA. Moreover, although artefacts were not found from the low archaeological potential area, the test pits results indicated the presence of a layer with human activities. It is therefore recommended that additional test pits and auger holes should be conducted in the concerned area to confirm the archaeological potential and the quantity and location of the proposed test pits and auger holes should be agreed with AMO.

12.6.1.3 Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan

An area with low archaeological potential with an indicative boundary (see Figure 12.6.2) had been identified based on the survey data of TP0505. Direct impact to the low archaeological potential area is anticipated. Since the precise horizontal extent of the archaeological deposit is uncertain yet due to site access constraints and only late Qing Dynasty artefacts are identified with the lack of archaeological features identified, it is recommended that a survey-cum-rescue excavation be conducted to preserve the archaeological resources by records.

The survey-cum-rescue excavation should be conducted by a professional archaeologist who should obtain a License to Excavate and Search for Antiquities from the Authority under the AM Ordinance. Prior to application for the licence, a proposal detailing the objectives, works scope, methodology, staffing plan and work programme should be agreed with the AMO.

Beside the area with low archaeological potential and area with nil archaeological potential, some areas (see Figures 12.6.2 and 12.6.3) within this section have not yet been surveyed due to site access constraint. The outstanding archaeological survey in this section should be conducted after land resumption and before commencement of the construction works to obtain field data to confirm the archaeological potential of the site.

12.6.1.4 Cheung Shan Tunnel Section (North Tunnel)

This section is considered to have nil archaeological potential and therefore no impact is expected and no mitigation measure is required.

12.6.1.5 Sha Tau Kok Road Section (Between North and South Tunnel)

A majority of the areas of this section is considered to have nil archaeological potential and therefore no impact is anticipated and no mitigation measure is required.

The proposed archaeological survey in Loi Tung area (survey area illustrated in Figure 12.6.4) in this section should be conducted after land resumption and before commencement of the construction works to obtain field data to confirm the archaeological potential of the site.

12.6.1.6 Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel)

The proposed archaeological survey in the proposed ventilation building site (survey area illustrated in Figure 12.6.5) in this section should be carried out after land resumption and before commencement of the construction works to obtain field data to confirm the archaeological potential of the site.

12.6.1.7 Fanling Section

As the majority of this section is considered to have nil archaeological potential, no impact is expected. Therefore, no mitigation measure is considered necessary. However, an area with archaeological potential has not been fully surveyed due to site access constraint. The outstanding archaeological survey should be carried out after land resumption and before commencement of the construction works to obtain field data to confirm the archaeological potential of the site (survey area illustrated in Figure 12.6.6).

Direct impact in the construction phase is considered acceptable if all of the above mitigation measures have been implemented and completed before commencement of the construction works. Subject to the findings of the archaeological survey to be conducted after land resumption, additional mitigation measures would be designed and implemented before commencement of construction works to mitigate the adverse impact.

12.6.1.8 Summary of the Need for Further Archaeological Survey

As described above, the archaeological survey for a number of areas was not conducted due to land site access constraints. Table 12.28 summarise the areas that need further archaeological survey after land resumption before commencement of construction works of the Project. It should be noted that the scope of further archaeological survey is based on the current proposed alignment. Any additional works areas which have not been covered by the current archaeological impact assessment should be covered as soon as possible.

Table 12.28: Areas Required Further Archaeological Survey

Sections of the Project		Scope of Work	Reference Figures
2	Section between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary	§ 7 test pits; § 4 auger holes; and § Additional test pits and auger holes in area of low archaeological potential illustrated in Figure 12.6.1. Quantity and location of test pits and auger holes required to be agreed with AMO.	§ Figure 12.6.1
3	Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan	§ 4 test pits; § 6 auger holes; and § Survey-cum-rescue excavation, detailed scope to be agreed with AMO.	§ Figure 12.6.2 and § Figure 12.6.3
5	Sha Tau Kok Road Section (Between North and South Tunnel)	§ 9 test pits; and § 12 auger holes.	§ Figure 12.6.4
6	Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel)	§ 2 test pits.	§ Figure 12.6.5
7	Fanling Section	§ 2 test pits; and § 3 auger holes.	§ Figure 12.6.6

12.6.2 Built Heritage Sites

12.6.2.1 Graves

Based on the impact assessment as presented in Tables 12.15 to 12.21, thirteen grave sites (i.e. GR01, GR02 and GR19 within the BCP section, GR05 and GR06 within the section between Ling Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary, GR08, GR10 and GR18 within the section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan, GR20 within Cheung Shan Tunnel Section, GR13, GR15, GR16 and GR17 within the Fanling section) will be directly impacted by the construction of the Project because they are situated inside the works boundary of the Project. In-situ preservation of these grave sites is considered impractical. GR01, GR02 and GR19 are located at the new BCP which will be a restricted area constructed at a raised platform higher than the existing ground. GR05 is situated at the permanent works area of the access road that is required for the drainage diversion works. The remaining grave sites (GR06, GR08, GR10, GR13, GR15, GR16, GR17, GR18 and GR20) are all situated within the works areas of the Project. Direct impact is therefore considered unavoidable and relocation/removal of these graves prior to commencement of the construction work will be required as the last resort. It is recommended that prior to removal of the graves photographic and cartographic records should be conducted to preserve them by record. Liaison with and obtaining agreement from the descendents of these graves will need to be carried out by Lands Department.

During construction phase of the Project, the proposed blasting works for the tunnels may induce potential vibration impact on the nearby built heritage features. Only one grave site, GR13, is identified to be located within the blasting zone of influence/blasting impact area (i.e. 120m from the tunnel excavation lines). Since this grave site is located within the road works boundary of the Project, it will be removed prior to commencement of construction works. Therefore, no impact from the proposed blasting works is anticipated and thus no mitigation measure is considered necessary.

Since all directly impacted grave sites are to be relocated prior to commencement of construction works, no impact is anticipated during the operation phase of the Project. However, six identified grave sites (i.e. GR03, GR04, GR09, GR11, GR12 and GR14) are located close to the works boundary (i.e. distance from the works boundary ranging between 1.5m and 15m). Potential visual impacts to these graves are anticipated during construction and operation phases. Details of which are addressed in Section 11 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment of the EIA report. Regarding GR03 and GR09 which are located 1.7m and 1.5m from the works boundary respectively, the proposed work in front of GR03 would only involve widening of the Lin Ma Hang Road without piling works, and the proposed road works will not involve any sheet piling works for GR09. Although machinery might be required for the road works but all construction works will be confined within the works boundary. Moreover, for GR09, the proposed alignment at this location is at-grade, and the side that faces the grave will be a fill slope. Therefore, potential vibration impacts during construction and operation phase are not anticipated. Regarding access to these graves, only that of GR03 will be temporarily affected by the construction works. Access diversion will be provided during construction phase so that access to the grave will not be blocked as a result of the construction works. Furthermore, after completion of the construction works, the affected access route will be re-provided. Therefore, the proposed works will have temporary impact on the access to the grave during construction phase but no impact is anticipated during operation phase.

12.6.2.2 Built Structures

Apart from the thirteen grave sites mentioned above, two built structures (i.e. BS64 and BS65) are also anticipated to be directly impacted by the Project because they are located within the works boundary of the alignment section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan. It should be noted that the current preferred alignment has been established after comprehensive evaluation of a considerable number of alternative options and refined alignment options as well as a series of public consultation exercises with local community (see Sections 2.5 and 2.6 for details). As a result, the current preferred alignment is considered to be the best compromise among the wishes of local villagers, environmental concerns (including the consideration of avoiding all sites of cultural heritage, i.e. declared monuments, graded historic buildings and government historic sites listed by AMO) and engineering acceptability. Nevertheless, the options of shifting the relevant alignment section slightly to avoid direct impact on the two built heritage sites have been assessed as follows.

The alignment at this section is constrained by the Ping Yeung interchange and hills to the north, and the tunnel portal location and hills to the south. The option of shifting the alignment to the east behind the built heritage sites is undesirable from an engineering perspective as the reverse curve that would be created would increase the risk of traffic accidents along this part of the Connecting Road. The shift towards the east will also lead to encroachment of the alignment onto the burial grounds in the north as well as bring the alignment much closer to Wo Keng Shan village zone, with its associated increase in adverse environmental impacts to the village. During public consultation, both Wo Keng Shan village and Ping Yeung village had strongly expressed that the alignment should be as far away from them as possible, and hence the alignment has been arranged in about mid-way between the two village zones. Therefore, it is anticipated that shifting the alignment to east (and any resultant loss of burial grounds) would encounter strong objection from the Wo Keng Shan village.

The option of shifting the alignment to the west would require cutting into both hills in the north and south of the section, leading to greater landscape, visual and ecological impacts. A number of urns and graves are also located on this side of the alignment, together with more private land lots, meaning that more private land and graves will be affected and require resumption/removal. More trees cutting will also be involved.

In view of the above assessment, the current alignment is considered to be the preferred option from an engineering, land resumption and social impacts perspective, and is also considered to be more preferable from an overall environmental perspective. Avoiding impacts on the two built heritage by slightly shifting the alignment section is not recommended as this will be at the cost of creating various significant environmental impacts and arousing objections from the nearby community.

As presented above, land take is required for construction of the road alignment, and direct impact on the two built heritage sites is considered unavoidable. However, the two built heritage sites are regarded as only two built heritage features and are not sites of cultural heritage recorded by the Antiquities Authority (i.e. they are not Declared Monument, Graded/Proposed Graded Historical Building or Government Historic Sites listed by AMO). Moreover, the two buildings are considered as having some but not high heritage value. As a result, direct impact to the two sites are considered acceptable and it is recommended that removal of the two built heritage sites (i.e. BS64 and BS65) is required as the last resort, provided that photographic and cartographic records should be conducted prior to their removal. In this case, no impact is anticipated during operation phase of the Project and therefore no mitigation measures are considered necessary.

Besides, although situated outside the works boundary without direct construction and operation phase impacts, G301 and BS11 are located not far form the proposal road alignment (9m and 26m respectively). However, since the proposed work in front of G301 would involve widening of the Lin Ma Hang Road without piling works, potential vibration impact during construction and operation phase impact are not anticipated. With regard to BS11, it is separated by an existing river channel, so potential construction vibration impact during construction phase and operational phase impact is anticipated to be negligible. Therefore, no mitigation measures are considered necessary. With regard to their potential visual impact during construction and operation phases, please refer to Section 11 of the EIA Report.

12.6.2.3 Landscape Feature

Based on the impact assessment as presented in Tables 12.20 to 12.26, one cultural/historical landscape feature (i.e. LF08 within the BCP Section) will be directly impacted by the construction of the Project because it is situated inside the works boundary of the Project. In-situ preservation of the well (LF08) is considered impractical as LF08 is located at the new BCP which will be a restricted area constructed at a raised platform higher than the existing ground. Therefore, removal of the landscape feature prior to commencement of the construction work will be required as the last resort, and it is recommended that prior to removal of the well photographic and cartographic records should be conducted to preserve it by record.

As LF01 and LF07 are located outside the works boundary, direct impact is not anticipated. Although the shrines are located not far from the proposed road alignment (16m and 27m respectively), LF01 is separated by an existing river channel, potential construction vibration impact during construction phase and operation phase impact are not anticipated, and since the distance between LF07 and the works boundary already functions as a buffer zone to offset any potential vibration impact, the potential vibration impact on the shrines is considered negligible. Therefore, no mitigation measure is considered necessary. With regard to their potential visual impact during construction and operation phases, it is addressed in Section 11 of the EIA Report.

12.6.2.4 Other Heritage Sites

Except the abovementioned directly impacted sites, the remaining built heritage sites are located at large separation distance from the proposed Project. Therefore, direct and indirect impacts on these heritage sites during the construction and operation phases of the Project are not anticipated, and no mitigation measures are considered necessary.

No construction and operation vibration impacts have been identified due to the Project development, therefore, no mitigation measures are considered necessary. However, during the detailed design stage of the Project, in case any potential vibration impact on any nearby built heritage features are identified due to any changes or refinement of design of the development, it is recommended that prior to commencement of the construction works, a baseline condition survey and baseline vibration impact assessment should be conducted by a specialist to define the vibration limit and to evaluate if construction vibration monitoring and structural strengthening measures are required during construction phase to ensure the construction performance meets with the vibration criteria to be agreed with the AMO.

12.7 Evaluation of Residual Impact

With the implementation of the mitigation measures as presented in Section 12.6, no residual built heritage impact is anticipated during construction and operation phases of the Project.

The works areas of the Project that have nil or low archaeological potential with mitigation measures are anticipated to have no residual impact during construction and operation phases of the Project.

However, the potential residual archaeological impact at areas where further archaeological surveys are yet to be conducted to verify the findings from EIA after land resumption is considered low but cannot be ruled out at this stage.

12.8 Environmental Monitoring and Audit

12.8.1 Archaeological Resources

The two known sites of archaeological interest are situated outside the works boundary of the Project, and therefore no environmental monitoring and audit (EM&A) for these two sites is required.

In the Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan, direct impact is anticipated on the archaeological resources in the area with low archaeological potential. A survey-cum-rescue excavation should be conducted after land resumption and before the commencement of the construction works of the Project to confirm the findings of the EIA study and if necessary preserve the archaeological resources by record.

Beside the above mitigation measure, an archaeological survey should be carried out after land resumption before the commencement of the construction works of the Project to complete the outstanding survey proposed for the EIA Study as listed in Table 12.28.

The Survey-cum-Rescue Excavation and the outstanding archaeological survey should be conducted by a professional archaeologist who should obtain a Licence to Excavate and Search for Antiquities from the Authority under the AM Ordinance. Prior to the application for the licence, archaeological proposals detailing the objectives, work scope, methodology, staffing plan and work programme should be agreed with the AMO.

12.8.2 Built Heritage Sites

Direct impact on thirteen graves (i.e. GR01, GR02, GR05, GR06, GR08, GR10, GR13, GR15, GR16, GR17, GR18, GR19 and GR20), one landscape feature (LF08) and two built heritages (BS64 and BS65) are identified. It is therefore recommended that prior to removal of the impacted graves, landscape feature and built heritages, photographic and cartographic records should be conducted to preserve them by record. Although access of the grave GR03 will temporarily be affected by the proposed works during construction phase, temporary access division will be provided during the construction works so that access to the grave will not be blocked as a result of the construction works. After completion of construction works, the affected access route is required to be re-provided.

During the detail design stage of the Project, in case any potential vibration impact on any nearby built heritage features are identified due to any changes or refinement of design of the development, it is recommended that prior to commencement of the construction works, a baseline condition survey and baseline vibration impact assessment should be conducted by a qualified building surveyor and a qualified structural engineer to define the vibration limit and to evaluate if construction vibration monitoring and structural strengthening measures are required during construction phase to ensure the construction performance meets with the vibration criteria to be agreed with the AMO.

12.9 Conclusion

12.9.1 Archaeological Resources

Two sites of archaeological interest are identified within the CHIA Study Area but outside the works area of the Project. No construction and operation impacts on the two known sites of archaeological interest are anticipated. Therefore, mitigation measures or monitoring is not required.

With regard to unknown archaeological resources, archaeological potentials of the works area for various sections of the Project have been identified and an archaeological survey proposal of a total of 40 test pits and 62 auger holes was agreed with AMO. Due to site access constraints, only 16 test pits and 37 auger holes were conducted at the EIA Stage. The outstanding archaeological survey in Section between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary, Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan, Sha Tau Kok Road Section (Between North and South Tunnel), Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel) and Fanling Section should be conducted after land resumption before commencement of the construction works of the Project to confirm the findings of the EIA Study. Subject to the findings of the archaeological survey to be conducted after land resumption, additional mitigation measures would be designed and implemented before the commencement of construction works to mitigate the adverse impact. It should be noted that the scope of further archaeological survey is based on the current proposed alignment. Any additional works areas which have not been covered by the current archaeological impact assessment should be covered as soon as possible.

In the Section between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary, an area with low archaeological potential has been identified. However, some of the proposed survey works in the area have not been carried out due to site access constraints. Although it is anticipated that the archaeological potential of these areas will also be low, further survey is required to confirm the preliminary findings. Therefore, the outstanding survey works should be conducted immediately after land resumption and before commencement of the construction works to verify the findings of the EIA. Moreover, although artefacts were not found from the low archaeological potential area, the test pits results indicated the presence of a layer with human activities. It is therefore recommended that additional test pits and auger holes are conducted in the concerned area to confirm the archaeological potential.

In the Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan, in-situ late Qing Dynasty cultural layers have been identified in TP0505 and the indicative boundary was defined with low archaeological potential. The archaeological resources in this area will be directly impacted by the construction works. A survey-cum-rescue excavation is recommended to be conducted after land resumption and before the commencement of the construction works to define precise horizontal extent of the deposits and to preserve the archaeological resources by record.

The survey-cum-rescue excavation and outstanding archaeological survey should be conducted by a professional archaeologist who should obtain a Licence to Excavate and Search for Antiquities from the Authority under the AM Ordinance. An Archaeological Action Plan (AAP) following the Guideline for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment should be submitted to AMO. The project proponent should appoint qualified and experienced archaeologist(s) with sufficient funding, time and personnel arrangements to implement the AAP. Details of the proposal plan with specification for further archaeological survey and survey-cum-rescue excavation should be agreed with AMO. The AAP should include, but not limited to, the following information:

¡ a detailed plan for further archaeological survey at inaccessible areas in Section between Lin Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary, Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan, Sha Tau Kok Road Section (Between North and South Tunnel), Lau Shui Heung Tunnel Section (South Tunnel) and Fanling Section;

¡ a detailed plan for survey-cum-rescue excavation at the Section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan; and

¡ a contingency plan to address possible arrangement if significant archaeological findings are unearthed during the further archaeological survey and survey-cum-rescue excavation.

12.9.2 Built Heritage Sites

Literature review supplemented by built heritage survey identified one Declared Monument, six grade 3 historic buildings, five nil grade historic buildings, one proposed grade 3 historic building, seventy built structures, twenty graves and eight cultural/historical landscape features within the CHIA Study Area.

Majority of the built heritage sites are located at a long distance from the works boundary. Thus no direct impacts on these built heritage sites are expected.

Nevertheless, the thirteen grave sites at the proposed BCP building (i.e. GR01, GR02 and GR19), the section between Ling Ma Hang and Frontier Closed Area Boundary (i.e. GR05 and GR06), the section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan (i.e. GR08, GR10 and GR18), the Cheung Shan Tunnel Section (i.e. GR20) and the Fanling Section (i.e. GR13, GR15, GR16 and GR17), the two built structures located beneath the proposed viaduct structure (i.e. BS64 and BS65) along the section between Ping Yeung and Wo Keng Shan, as well as a cultural/historical landscape feature (i.e. LF08) situated at the proposed BCP building, have been identified to be located within the works boundary of the Project, and thus direct impact on these built heritage sites is anticipated.

Preservation proposal in the form of mitigation measures are recommended in short and long term in accordance with different Project phases. During the design stage along with the EIA study process, the design of the Project has considered avoidance of direct impact on identified graves but considered impractical. Physical relocation/removal of the thirteen affected grave sites as well as the landscape feature is recommended as the last resort prior to commencement of the construction works. Photographic and cartographic records to be conducted for these structures before their removal have been recommended to preserve them by record.

With regard to access to the grave, only that of GR03 will temporarily be affected by the proposed works. during the construction phase. Access diversion will be provided during construction phase so that access to the grave will not be blocked as a result of the construction works. Furthermore, after completion of the construction works, the affected access route will be re-provided. Therefore, the proposed works will have temporary impact on the access to the grave during construction phase but no impact is anticipated during operation phase.

The grave site, GR13, is the only built heritage feature identified to be located within the blasting impact area during the construction phase. However, since it will be removed prior to commencement of the construction works due to its location within the works boundary of the Project, no impact from the proposed blasting work is anticipated for the grave site.

Avoidance of direct impact on the two built heritage (BS64 and BS65) by slightly shifting the relevant alignment section has been assessed and is not recommended as this will be at the cost of creating various environmental impacts and arousing objections from the nearby community. Moreover, the two built heritage sites, which are considered as having some but not high heritage value, are regarded as only two built heritage features but not sites of cultural heritage listed by AMO. Therefore, removal of the two sites is considered necessary as the last resort, and the impact is considered acceptable provided that full photographic and cartographic records should be conducted prior to their removal.

During the detail design stage of the Project, in case any potential vibration impact on any nearby built heritage features are identified, it is recommended that prior to commencement of the construction works, a baseline condition survey and baseline vibration impact assessment should be conducted by a qualified building surveyor and a qualified structural engineer to define the vibration limit and to evaluate if construction vibration monitoring and structural strengthening measures are required during construction stage to ensure the construction performance meets with the vibration criteria to be agreed with the AMO.

([1]) Under Section 10 (1) of the AM Ordinance, the ownership of every relic discovered in Hong Kong after the commencement of this Ordinance shall vest in the Government from the moment of discovery.

([2]) modern refers to early 20th century to present.