8 ECOLOGICAL IMPACT (Terrestrial and Aquatic)

8.1 Introduction

8.1.1.1 This chapter presents an assessment of potential impacts on ecological resources within the assessment area, resulting from the construction and operation of the Project. The baseline conditions of ecological components of the terrestrial and aquatic environment were evaluated based on information from available literature and field surveys conducted for the purposes of this EIA. Measures required to mitigate any identified adverse impacts were recommended, where appropriate, and residual impacts were assessed.

8.2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines

8.2.1.1 This assessment makes reference to the following Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government ordinances, regulations, standards, guidelines, and documents when identifying ecological importance of habitats and species, and evaluating and assessing potential impacts of the Project on the ecological resources:

· Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (Cap. 499), and its subsidiary legislation, which provides guidelines on the environmental impact assessment process;

· Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (EIAO-TM) Annex 8, which recommends the criteria to be used for evaluating habitat and ecological impact;

· EIAO-TM Annex 16, which sets out the general approach and methodology for assessment of ecological impacts arising from a project or proposal, to allow a complete and objective identification, prediction and evaluation of the potential ecological impacts;

· EIAO Guidance Note No. 3/2010 Flexibility and Enforceability of Mitigation Measures Proposed in an Environmental Impact Assessment Report, which provides guiding principles on the approach to assess the recommended environmental mitigation measures in EIA reports;

· EIAO Guidance Note No. 6/2010 Some Observations on Ecological Assessment from the Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance Perspective, which clarifies the requirements of ecological assessments under the EIAO;

· EIAO Guidance Note No. 7/2010 Ecological Baseline Survey for Ecological Assessment, which provides general guidelines for conducting ecological baseline surveys in order to fulfil requirements stipulated in the EIAO-TM.

· EIAO Guidance Note No. 10/2010 Methodologies for Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecological Baseline Surveys, which introduces some methodologies in conducting terrestrial and freshwater ecological baseline surveys in order to fulfil requirements stipulated in the EIAO-TM;

· Country Parks Ordinance (Cap. 208), which provides for the designation and management of country parks and special areas. Country Parks are designated for the purpose of nature conservation, countryside recreation and outdoor education. Special areas are created mainly for the purpose of nature conservation;

· Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96), which prohibits felling, cutting, burning or destroying of trees and growing plants in forests and plantations on Government land. Related subsidiary regulations prohibit the selling or possession of listed, restricted and protected plant species;

· Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170), under which the designated wild animals are protected from being hunted, whilst their nests and eggs are protected from injury, destruction and removal. All birds and most mammals, including marine cetaceans, are protected under this Ordinance;

· Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586) gives effect to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in Hong Kong. It restricts the import and export of species listed in CITES Appendices so as to protect wildlife from overexploitation or extinction. The Ordinance is primarily related to controlling trade in threatened and endangered species and restricting the local possession of them;

· Town Planning Ordinance (Cap. 131), which provides for the designation of Coastal Protection Areas, Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Conservation Area, Country Park, Green Belt or other specified uses that promote conservation or protection of the environment;

· Water Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 358), which provides the main statutory framework for the declaration of water control zones (WCZ) to cover the whole of Hong Kong and the establishment of water quality objectives;

· Chapter 10 of the Hong Kong Planning Standard and Guidelines (HKPSG), which covers planning considerations relevant to conservation. This chapter details the principles of conservation, the conservation of natural landscape and habitats, historic buildings, archaeological sites and other antiquities. It also describes enforcement issues. The appendices list the legislation and administrative controls for conservation, other conservation related measures in Hong Kong and Government departments involved in conservation;

· Environment, Transport and Works Bureau Technical Circular (Works) (ETWB TCW) No. 5/2005 Protection of Natural Streams/rivers from Adverse Impacts Arising from Construction Works, which provides an administrative framework to better protect all natural streams/rivers from the impacts of construction works; and

· Environmental Protection Department Practice Note for Professional Persons ProPECC PN 1/94 Construction Site Drainage, which provides some basic environmental guidelines for the handling and disposal of construction site discharges.

8.2.1.2 This section also makes reference to the following international conventions and national legislation:

· The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, which provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on taxa that have been evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This system is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction, and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those taxa that are facing a higher risk of global extinction. The IUCN Red List also includes information on taxa that are either close to meeting the threatened thresholds or that would be threatened were it not for an ongoing taxon-specific conservation programme;

· The People's Republic of China National Protection Lists of Important Wild Animals and Plants, which lists detailed Category I and Category II key protected animals and plant species under Mainland Chinese Legislation; and

· The Convention on Biological Diversity (the CBD), which opened for signature at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 with three main objectives: to conserve biodiversity, to ensure sustainable use of the components of biodiversity, and to share the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources in a fair and equitable manner. There are currently over 190 Parties to the Convention, including China. In May 2011, the CBD was formally extended to Hong Kong. The Environment Bureau and the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department have embarked on an exercise to develop a city-level Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (BSAP) under the CBD.

8.3 Assessment Methodology

8.3.1 Assessment Area

8.3.1.1 The assessment area for terrestrial ecology includes areas within 500 m distance from the boundary of the Project site and its associated works as well as other areas likely to be impacted by the Project (Figure 8.1 refers).

8.3.1.2 For aquatic ecology, the assessment area is the same as that for water quality impact assessment, which includes areas within 500 m from the boundary of the Project and covered the Deep Bay, North Western and other affected Water Control Zones as designated under the Water Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 358) and water sensitive receivers in the vicinity of the Project (Figure 8.1 refers).

8.3.2 Literature Review

8.3.2.1 The ecological characteristics of the assessment area were identified through a comprehensive review of the available literature. This review collated ecological information from various reports and publications which included:

· Hong Kong Biodiversity – newsletters of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD);

· AFCD’s Website and Biodiversity Database (AFCD, 2021);

· AFCD’s Biodiversity Survey Data between 2002 and 2020 (AFCD, 2020a)

· Annual Report and other Publications of The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society;

· A Field Guide to the Terrestrial Mammals of Hong Kong (Shek, 2006);

· The Hong Kong Dragonflies (Tam et al., 2011);

· Check List of Hong Kong Plants (Hong Kong Herbarium, 2012);

· Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong (Hu et al., 2003);

· Field Guide to Trees in Hong Kong’s Countryside (Lai et al., 2008); and

· Gymnosperms and angiosperms of Hong Kong (Xing et al., 2000)

8.3.2.2 The review also included the below relevant approved Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies:

· Housing Sites in Yuen Long South – EIA (AEIAR-215/2017) (CEDD, 2017);

· Hung Shui Kiu New Development Area – EIA (AEIAR-203/2016) (CEDD, 2016);

· Environmental Team for Deep Bay Link – Final Environmental and Monitoring Audit (EM&A) Summary Report (HyD, 2009);

· Yuen Long and Kam Tin Sewerage and Sewage Disposal Stage 2 – EIA (AEIAR-078/2004) (DSD, 2004);

· Upgrading and Expansion of San Wai Sewage Treatment Works and Expansion of Ha Tsuen Pumping Station – EIA (AEIAR-072/2003) (DSD, 2003); and

· Deep Bay Link – EIA (AEIAR-063/2002) (HyD, 2002).

8.3.2.3 A map showing the assessment areas of the approved EIA studies reviewed and the 500 m assessment area of this Project is provided in Figure 8.2.

8.3.3 Ecological Survey Methodology

8.3.3.1 The ecological surveys followed the technical guidelines of ecological assessment in Annexes 8 and 16 of EIAO-TM and relevant EIAO Guidance Note 6/2010, 7/2010 and 10/2010. All field surveys were carried out in such ways that no unnecessary stress or damage to the existing habitats and wildlife was resulted.

8.3.3.2 Ecological surveys of the Project were conducted between December 2020 and June 2021, covering both dry and wet seasons for a period of four months. Day-time and night-time surveys were conducted for major faunal groups. The schedule for the ecological surveys conducted is given in Table 8.1 and the survey locations are presented in Figure 8.1.

Table 8.1 Ecological Survey Schedule

Survey	2020	2021
	Dry Season		Wet Season
	Dec	Jan	May	Jun
Habitat and Vegetation (Day)	✓		✓
Avifauna (Day & Night)	✓	✓	✓	✓
Butterfly and Odonate (Day)	✓	✓	✓
Herpetofauna (Day & Night)	✓	✓	✓
Mammal (Day& Night)	✓			✓
Freshwater Community	✓			✓

Habitat Mapping and Vegetation Survey

8.3.3.3 Habitats within the assessment area were identified by making reference to the latest available aerial photographs obtained from Lands Department (LandsD) and also ground-truthing on foot. Habitats identified have been illustrated on the habitat map of an appropriate scale (1:3000) to show the distribution and coverage of each habitat type.

8.3.3.4 Ecological characteristics of each identified habitat type, such as size, vegetation type, dominant floral species present, species abundance and diversity, community structure, naturalness, seasonal patterns and inter-dependence of habitats and species, and presence of any features of ecological importance, were discussed. For watercourses, physical attributes such as type of riparian zone, channel width and depth, substrate type, and any signs of disturbance were reported. Representative photographs of each habitat type and any important ecological features were recorded.

8.3.3.5 Vegetation survey were conducted via transects which were set across representative patches of each habitat type. Floral species observed during the surveys were identified to species level, with their relative abundance recorded. Special attention was also paid to the presence of any rare or protected species. A plant species list presenting the recorded plant species and presence of species of conservation concern was established for the assessment area. The plant species list also presented the conservation status, the form (e.g. herb, shrub, tree) and categorised whether the species was native or exotic. Nomenclature and conservation status of floral species followed Xing et al. (2000), Hu et al. (2003), Lai et al. (2008), Hong Kong Herbarium (2012) and Hong Kong Herbarium and South China Botanical Garden (2007, 2008, 2009, 2011).

Avifauna Survey

8.3.3.6 Avifauna surveys were conducted monthly at suitable time (usually in early morning) when birds are most active using the transect count and point count methods. The presence and relative abundance of avifauna species at various habitats were recorded visually and aurally. Night-time surveys were also conducted to detect presence of nocturnal species.

8.3.3.7 Avifauna species were detected either by direct sighting or by their call and identified to species level. Any notable behaviours such as feeding, roosting and breeding were also recorded. Bird species encountered outside the point count locations and walk transects were also recorded. A comprehensive list of species recorded from the assessment area was prepared, with wetland-dependence, conservation and/or protection status indicated. Ornithological nomenclature in this report follows Carey et al. (2001), Viney et al. (2005) and the most recent updated list from Hong Kong Bird Watching Society.

Butterfly and Odonate Survey

8.3.3.8 Butterflies and odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) within the assessment area were surveyed along the survey transects. Special attention was given to their potential habitats including watercourses and ponds. The surveys were conducted at suitable weather condition to avoid overcast weather when the dragonflies were less active. All species observed were identified to species level as far as possible. Relative abundance of butterflies, dragonflies and damselflies were recorded, while larva, pupa and nymphs encountered were also recorded. Nomenclature of butterfly follows Lo & Hui (2010) and nomenclature of dragonfly and damselfly follows Tam et al. (2011) and Reels (2019).

Herpetofauna Survey

8.3.3.9 Herpetofauna within the assessment area were surveyed along survey transects. Potential microhabitats (e.g. leaf litter, underneath of rotten logs) were searched. All reptiles and amphibians sighted were recorded.

8.3.3.10 Amphibian survey were conducted whenever possible after dusks following or during periods of rainfall, focusing on areas suitable for amphibians (e.g. forests, shrublands, grasslands, streams, catchwaters, fishponds and marshes, if any). Records of calling amphibians formed the bulk of the data collected, but this was also supplemented when possible by visual observation of eggs, tadpoles and frogs and toads.

8.3.3.11 During reptile surveys, careful searches of appropriate microhabitats and refugia (e.g. stones, pond bunds, crevices, leaf litter/debris, rotten log) were undertaken. All reptiles observed were identified. In addition to active searching, observation of exposed, basking or foraging reptiles were also recorded.

8.3.3.12 Nomenclature of amphibian and reptile follows Chan et al. (2005) and Chan et al. (2006) respectively.

Terrestrial Mammal Survey

8.3.3.13 Surveys were conducted in areas which might potentially be utilised by terrestrial mammals. The surveys focused on potential areas where terrestrial mammals were likely to be present, search for field signs such as droppings, footprints, diggings or burrows left by larger mammals were also conducted. Mammal identification was made as accurate as possible from the field signs encountered. In addition, any mammals directly observed were identified. Nomenclature of mammal follows Shek (2006).

8.3.3.14 Bat surveys were undertaken by surveyor(s) equipped with ultrasonic bat detector at potential roosting, commuting, foraging and drinking site along the survey transects. The bat species were located upon the detection location of echolocation calls and from direct observation. The acoustic information (species-specific echolocation calls) were recorded for later analysis, supplemented with other direct observation (e.g. size, flying pattern, flight height and utilization of nearby habitats) for species identification.

Freshwater Community Survey

8.3.3.15 Freshwater communities were surveyed through active searching and direct observation at representative sampling locations within the assessment area. To avoid driving organisms (e.g. fish and shrimps) away, and avoid disturbing the bottom substrate, direct observation from a suitable distance was conducted prior to active searching and kick sampling. Boulders within the watercourse would be turned over to locate any aquatic animals beneath. Hand net were used to collect organisms along the watercourse. Organisms encountered were recorded and identified to the lowest possible taxon level. Nomenclature of freshwater fish and invertebrate communities follows Lee et al. (2004) and Dudgeon (2003), respectively.

8.4 Baseline Conditions

8.4.1 Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance and Other Ecological Sensitive Areas

“Conservation Area”

8.4.1.1 A “Conservation Area” (“CA”) is located approximately 95 m to the south of the Project site. This “CA” is gazetted under the approved S/YL-HTF/12 – Ha Tsuen Fringe Outline Zoning Plan which is intended to “protect and retain the existing natural landscape, ecological or topographical features of the area for conservation, educational and research purposes” (TPB, 2018a). Approximately 12.5 ha of this “CA” falls within the assessment area and is mostly made up of shrubland and mixed woodland and given the number of grave sites and burial sites and smaller industrial operations present in this “CA”, signs of human disturbance were noted during the ecological survey.

Mitigation Wetlands Reprovisioned under Deep Bay Link Project (DBL Mitigation Ponds)

8.4.1.2 Four DBL mitigation ponds were identified to the south of the Project site, underneath Kong Sham Western Highway (KSWH). These mitigation ponds, amounting to a total area of 0.5 ha, were constructed to compensate for the loss of fishponds under the Deep Bay Link (DBL) project. Vegetation recorded in these mitigation ponds comprised mostly herbaceous species such as Bidens alba, Panicum sp., Lophatherum gracile, Brachiaria mutica and Mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha); limited wetland dependent species such as Umbrella Plant (Cyperus involucratus), Short-leaved Kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia) and Plume Grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides) were also recorded. In general, the floristic structure and diversity exhibited within the mitigation ponds were relatively simple (CEDD, 2016).

Egretry

8.4.1.3 No active egretry was recorded within the assessment area. One historical egretry was reported approximately 550 m south of the Project site, outside the assessment area, namely San Sang San Tsuen egretry. The egretry was first reported in 2012 (Anon, 2012) but had been abandoned since 2019 (Anon, 2020; Anon, 2021). Ngau Hom Shek egretry and Shenzhen Bay Bridge egretry, which are located approximately 1 km and 1.5 km north of the Project site respectively; are the closest active egretries found in the proximity of the assessment area in recent years (Anon, 2021). No active egretry was discovered within the assessment area in the present study.

“Green Belt”

8.4.1.4 Areas of “Green Belt” (“GB”) were identified within the assessment area, including those enveloping the DBL mitigation ponds and shrubland knoll to the south of the Project site, woodland patch to the north east of the Project site, as well as the lower slopes and lowland terrains of Yuen Tau Shan and Kai Pak Ling in the periphery of the assessment area. These “GB” areas are respectively gazetted under the approved S/YL-HTF/12 – Ha Tsuen Fringe Outline Zoning Plan and S/HSK/2 – Hung Shui Kiu and Ha Tsuen Outline Zoning Plan with the planning intention to define the limits of development, prevent urban spawl and to provide recreational outlets. Development within this zoning is generally opposed (TPB, 2018a; TPB, 2018b).

8.4.2 Literature Review

Habitat and Vegetation

8.4.2.1 Nine types of habitats, including developed area/wasteland, village/orchard, agricultural area, plantation, modified watercourse, natural watercourse, shrubland, grassland and mitigation ponds/pond, were identified within the current assessment area in previous studies (HyD, 2002; DSD, 2003; DSD, 2004; CEDD, 2016; CEDD, 2017). Only one flora species of conservation importance was recorded within the assessment area (CEDD, 2016). The flora species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies is presented in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2 Flora Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name (Scientific Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾
Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis)	Common	Cap. 586 ⁽³⁾ Category 2 & 3 (NT) ⁽⁴⁾ Near Threatened ⁽⁵⁾ Category II ⁽⁶⁾ Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾⁽⁸⁾	Shrubland

Common Name

(Scientific Name)

Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾

Protection Status

Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾

Incense Tree

(Aquilaria sinensis)

Common

Cap. 586 ⁽³⁾

Category 2 & 3 (NT) ⁽⁴⁾

Near Threatened ⁽⁵⁾

Category II ⁽⁶⁾

Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾⁽⁸⁾

Shrubland

Notes:

(1) Xing et al. (2000).

(2) CEDD. (2016).

(3) Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).

(4) Hu et al. (2003). NT= Near Threatened.

(5) Feng et al. (2002).

(6) List of Wild Plants under State Protection (promulgated by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 4 August 1999).

(7) Fu (1992).

(8) IUCN. (2021).

Developed Area/Wasteland

8.4.2.2 Developed area/wasteland dominated much of the area within the current assessment area, including a large proportion of the Project site; and was consisted of open storages, light industry factories, multi-storage village housings and transport infrastructures. Vegetation associated with these areas typically included weeds and herbs such as Gairo Morning Glory (Ipomoea cairica), Bidens alba, Lantana (Lantana camara), as well as trees such as Elephant’s Ear (Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa) and White Popinac (Leucaena leucocephala) (HyD, 2002; DSD, 2004; CEDD, 2016). Developed area/wasteland was highly disturbed due to nearby anthropogenic activities, heavy traffic, noise and construction activities. No flora species of conservation importance were recorded in this habitat in the past.

Village/Orchard

8.4.2.3 A small area of village/orchard was identified to the southeast of the Project site. Village/orchard was typically occupied by village-type residence and was interspersed with patches of household planting. Vegetation found in the habitat included fruit trees such as Wampi (Clausena lansium), Longan (Dimocarpus longan) and Lychee (Litchi chinensis), as well as ornamental species such as Kwai-fah (Osmanthus fragrans), Brazil Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis) and Chinese Banyan (Ficus microcarpa) (HyD, 2002; DSD, 2004; CEDD, 2016). Given that the habitat was exposed to moderate levels of anthropogenic disturbance (i.e. active management), the floristic structure exhibited within was relatively simple. No flora species of conservation importance were recorded in this habitat.

Agricultural Area

8.4.2.4 Agricultural areas and cultivated lands identified previously in the assessment area consisted of two different types, namely dry agricultural area and wet agricultural area. These agricultural lands were man-made habitats for crop production and were generally associated with small village settlement, rotation cropping was also practised. Agricultural areas were identified in the south of the Project site in the valley west of KSWH, as well as areas towards the north of the assessment area near Tseung Kong Wai. Vegetation associated with dry agricultural area included Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Chinese White Cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis), as well as fruit trees such as Papaya (Carica papaya) and Banana (Musa x paradisiaca) on field bunds; while wet agricultural areas were dominated by Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and Taro (Colocasia esculenta), with weeds such as Bidens alba and Gairo Morning Glory (HyD, 2002; CEDD, 2016). No flora species of conservation importance were identified in agricultural areas within the assessment area.

Plantation

8.4.2.5 Plantation was mainly identified along roadsides and engineered slopes as well as reforestation on natural hillside area following hill fire and erosion events. Plantation identified within the assessment area were young with a canopy height ranging between 2 – 5 m and had relatively simple structure and low diversity. Species found within the habitat comprised mostly exotic plantation species such as Taiwan Acacia (Acacia confusa), Ear-leaved Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis), Brisbane Box (Lophostemon confertus) and Eucalyptus sp. with a scaled understorey of native shrubs and herbs such as Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense), Elephant’s Ear, Wedelia trilobata and Hawk’s Beard (Youngia japonica) (HyD, 2002; CEDD, 2016). No flora species of conservation importance were identified in this habitat.

Modified Watercourse

8.4.2.6 Modified watercourse identified within the assessment area included nullahs, channels and agricultural diches which had been modified for drainage, flood control or irrigation purposes, a large number of the watercourses within the assessment area are modified watercourses. Vegetation recorded in these modified watercourses included Blunt Signal-grass (Brachiaria mutica), Polygonum sp., and Giant alocasia (Alocasia macrorrhizos) (HyD, 2002; CEDD, 2016). Water quality of these watercourses were generally poor and signs of disturbance such as littering and pollution from nearby factories were commonly observed. No flora species of conservation importance were previously recorded.

Natural Watercourse

8.4.2.7 Natural watercourses identified within the assessment area were mainly located to the south of the Project site, most of which on the hillsides of Yuen Tau Shan. This category of habitat included those which were identified as natural watercourses, watercourses and streams in previous studies. A short section of natural watercourse, which was hydrologically linked to its modified upstream and downstream sections, was also identified in the valley to the west of KSWH. Most of these natural watercourses only carried water after heavy rainfall events. Only scattered trees and herbs were recorded in the riparian of these watercourses, including Elephant’s Ear and Wedelia trilobata (HyD, 2002; CEDD, 2016). Those located uphill were relatively natural when there was substantial waterflow, while those located in the downstream areas were disturbed by nearby development and human activities (i.e. litter, illegal dumpling and construction works). No flora species of conservation importance were recorded previously in the habitat.

Shrubland

8.4.2.8 Shrublands were predominantly identified on the hillsides west of KSWH and towards the northwest of the assessment area, these shrublands were dominated by shrub and herb species such as Rose Myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), Mountain Pine (Baeckea frutescens), Dichotomy Forked Fern (Dicranopteris pedata) and Chinese Silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis) (HyD, 2002; DSD, 2004; CEDD, 2016). The plant cover within these shrubland was low and exhibited low diversity and structure complexity. A large number of graves were seen on these hillside shrublands, and signs of hill fire were also apparent. One flora species of conservation importance was recorded previously in the habitat, namely Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis).

Grassland

8.4.2.9 Areas of grassland were identified mainly on the hillside to the west of KSWH, interspersed between shrubland habitats. As with the case for shrubland, these areas of grassland were highly susceptible to hill fire, given the number of graves that were present there. These grasslands were dominated by grass and herb species such as the native Many-flowered Silvergrass (Miscanthus floridulus), Hilo Grass (Paspalum conjugatum), the exotic Carpet Grass (Axonopus compressus) and Blunt-signal grass (HyD, 2002; DSD, 2004; CEDD, 2016). No flora species of conservation importance were recorded previously in the habitat. Grassland habitat is considered as grassland/shrubland habitat under the current study.

Pond

8.4.2.10 Apart from the DBL mitigation ponds, other ponds were also identified previously in the assessment area including three ponds which are located further west from the mitigation ponds in the valley at the foot of Yuen Tau Shan. No active aquaculture practice was observed in these ponds, and their pond bunds were planted with fruit trees such as Lychee, Jack Fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and Banana, along with some herbs such as Mile-a-minute and Bidens alba (CEDD, 2016). No flora species of conservation importance were previously recorded in the habitat.

Fauna

Avifauna

8.4.2.11 Most avifauna previously recorded in the assessment area were species which are abundant and commonly found in Hong Kong. The mitigation ponds/ponds habitats were found to support a number of avifauna species, including some that are wetland-dependent and/or are of conservation importance (e.g. Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) and Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea)). Sightings of Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela), Eastern Buzzard (Buteo japonicus), Little Egret, Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis) and Red-billed Starlings (Spodiopsar sericeus) were also made in the grassland-shrubland habitat to the west of KSWH on the hillside of Yuen Tau Shan, and in developed area/wasteland and modified watercourse within the assessment area (HyD, 2002; DSD, 2004; HyD, 2009; CEDD, 2016).

8.4.2.12 Striated Heron (Butorides striatus), Common Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica) and White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) were also recorded previously within the assessment area (AFCD, 2020a), however, the locations and habitats of which these species were sighted were not disclosed.

8.4.2.13 A total of 16 avifauna species of conservation importance were previously recorded within the assessment area and a summary of their local distribution and protection status are summarised in Table 8.3.

Table 8.3 Avifauna Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name ⁽¹⁾ (Scientific Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽²⁾	Principal Status ⁽³⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded ⁽⁴⁾
Chinese Pond Heron ⁽¹⁰⁾ (Ardeola bacchus)	Common	P	PRC (RC) ⁽⁵⁾	Mitigation Pond; Pond
Grey Heron ⁽¹⁰⁾ (Ardea cinerea)	Common	W	PRC ⁽⁵⁾	Mitigation Pond
Great Egret ⁽¹⁰⁾ (Ardea alba)	Common	P	PRC (RC) ⁽⁵⁾	Mitigation Pond
Eastern Cattle Egret ⁽¹⁰⁾ (Bubulcus coromandus)	Common	P	(LC) ⁽⁵⁾	Mitigation Pond
Eastern Buzzard ⁽¹⁰⁾ (Buteo japonicus)	Common	W	Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Cap. 586 ⁽⁹⁾	Grassland; Mitigation Pond; Shrubland
Striated Heron ⁽¹⁰⁾ (Butorides striatus)	Uncommon	Su	(LC) ⁽⁵⁾	Not Specified
Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis)	Common	R	Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Mitigation Pond; Modified Watercourse; Pond
Common Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica)	Scarce but widespread	R	Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Not Specified
Zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis)	Common	W	LC ⁽⁵⁾	Mitigation Pond
Little Egret ⁽¹⁰⁾ (Egretta garzetta)	Common	P	PRC (RC) ⁽⁵⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland, Mitigation Pond; Pond
White-throated Kingfisher ⁽¹⁰⁾ (Halcyon smyrnensis)	Common	AM,P	(LC) ⁽⁵⁾	Not Specified
Black Kite ⁽¹⁰⁾ (Milvus migrans)	Common	W,R	(RC) ⁽⁵⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Cap. 586 ⁽⁹⁾	Mitigation Pond
Black-crowned Night Heron ⁽¹⁰⁾ (Nycticorax nycticorax)	Common	P	(LC) ⁽⁵⁾	Mitigation Pond
Grey-chinned Minivet (Pericrocotus solaris)	Common	R,W	LC ⁽⁵⁾	Mitigation Pond
Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela)	Uncommon	R,M	(LC) ⁽⁵⁾; Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁸⁾; Cap. 586 ⁽⁹⁾	Grassland; Mitigation Pond; Shrubland
Red-billed Starling ⁽¹⁰⁾ (Spodiopsar sericeus)	Common	W	GC ⁽⁵⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Modified Watercourse

Notes:

(1) All wild birds are protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

(2) AFCD (2021).

(3) Carey et al. (2001): R=resident; W=winter visitor; M=migrant; AM=autumn migrant; Su=summer visitor; P=present all year, exact composition unknown.

(4) HyD (2002), HyD (2009), CEDD (2016), AFCD (2020a).

(5) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern; RC=Regional Concern; GC=Global Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern; PGC= Potential Global Concern.

* Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in nesting and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(6) List of Wild Animals under State Protection (promulgated by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January 1989).

(7) Zheng & Wang (1998).

(8) Jiang et al. (2016).

(9) Protected under the Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).

(10) Wetland-dependent species (including wetland-dependent species and waterbirds).

Butterfly and Odonate

8.4.2.14 A majority of the butterfly species recorded in the assessment area in previous studies were common and widespread species. No butterfly species of conservation importance were recorded in previous EIA studies with the exception of Common Birdwing (Troides helena spilotia), which was recorded in the AFCD’s Biodiversity Survey Data between 2002 and 2020 and its recorded location was not specified.

8.4.2.15 Most odonate species recorded in the assessment area in previous studies were common and widespread species in Hong Kong. Three odonate species of conservation importance were previously recorded including Indochinese Copperwing (Mnais mneme), Blue-spotted Dusk-hawker (Gynacantha japonica) and Scarlet Basker (Urothemis signata signata) (HyD, 2002; CEDD, 2016). The former was recorded in a watercourse habitat to the west of KSWH, while the latter two were recorded in the DBL Mitigation Ponds. A summary of butterfly and odonate species of conservation importance recorded in the assessment area in previous studies is presented in Table 8.4.

Table 8.4 List of Butterfly and Odonate Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name (Species Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾
Butterfly
Common Birdwing (Troides helena spilotia)	Uncommon	Cap. 170 ⁽³⁾; Cap. 586 ⁽⁴⁾	Not Specified
Odonate
Blue-spotted Dusk-hawker (Gynacantha japonica)	Common	LC ⁽⁵⁾	Mitigation Pond
Indochinese Copperwing (Mnais mneme)	Common	LC ⁽⁵⁾	Natural Watercourse
Scarlet Basker (Urothemis signata signata)	Common	LC ⁽⁵⁾	Mitigation Pond

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021) Hong Kong Biodiversity Database.

(2) HyD (2002), CEDD (2016), AFCD (2020a).

(3) Protected under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

(4) Protected under the Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).

(5) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern.

Herpetofauna

8.4.2.16 All amphibian species previously recorded within the assessment area were common and widespread in Hong Kong and not of conservation importance with the exception of Spotted Narrow-mouthed Frog (Kalophrynus interlineatus), which was recorded in AFCD’s Biodiversity Survey Data between 2002 and 2020 (AFCD, 2020a), and its recorded location was not specified.

8.4.2.17 Majority of the reptile species recorded within the assessment area were common and widely distributed in Hong Kong. A total of four reptile species of conservation importance were recorded in the assessment area previously, including Many-banded Krait (Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus), Burmese Python (Python bivittatus), Chinese Water Snake (Enhydris chinensis) and White-spotted Slug Snake (Pareas margaritophorus) (CEDD, 2016; AFCD, 2020a). The former two were recorded in the DBL Mitigation Ponds, while the recorded locations for the latter were not disclosed. A summary of these previously recorded amphibian and reptile species of conservation importance is presented in Table 8.5.

Table 8.5 List of Amphibian and Reptile Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name (Scientific Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾
Amphibian
Spotted Narrow-mouth Frog (Kalophrynus interlineatus)	Widely distributed from low to moderate altitudes in northern and central New Territories	Near Threatened ⁽³⁾	Not Specified
Reptile
Many-banded Krait (Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus)	Widely distributed	Vulnerable ⁽³⁾;PRC ⁽⁴⁾; Endangered ⁽⁵⁾	Mitigation Pond
Chinese Water Snake (Enhydris chinensis)	Distributed in freshwater or brackish wetlands in central and northern New Territories	Vulnerable ⁽³⁾	Not Specified
White-spotted Slug Snake (Pareas margaritophorus)	Distributed in woodland or shrubland throughout Hong Kong.	Near Threatened ⁽³⁾	Not Specified
Burmese Python (Python bivittatus)	Widely distributed	Critically Endangered ⁽³⁾⁽⁵⁾; PRC ⁽⁴⁾; Class I ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾; Cap. 170 ⁽⁸⁾; Cap. 586 ⁽⁹⁾	Mitigation Pond

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021).

(2) CEDD (2016); AFCD (2020a).

(3) Jiang et al. (2016).

(4) Fellowes et al. (2002): PRC=Potential Regional Concern.

(5) Zhao (1998).

(6) List of Wild Animals under State Protection (promulgated by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January 1989).

(7) IUCN (2021).

(8) Protected under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170)

(9) Protected under the Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).

Mammal

8.4.2.18 Two mammal species of conservation importance were recorded within the assessment area, including Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus) and Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica) (HyD, 2002; DSD, 2004; CEDD, 2016). Japanese Pipistrelle were detected in shrubland habitats along KSWH as well as in ponds and agricultural area. Scats of Small Indian Civet were detected on grassland at the foothill of Yuen Tau Shan. Their local distribution and protection status are summarised in Table 8.6.

Table 8.6 List of Mammal Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name

(Scientific Name)

Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾

Protection Status

Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾

Japanese Pipistrelle

(Pipistrellus abramus)

Very Common

Cap. 170 ⁽³⁾

Agricultural Area; Pond; Shrubland

Small Indian Civet

(Viverricula indica)

Very Common

Cap. 170 ⁽³⁾;

Vulnerable ⁽⁴⁾; Class II ⁽⁵⁾

Grassland

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021).

(2) HyD (2002), DSD (2004), CEDD (2016).

(3) Protected under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

(4) Jiang et al. (2016).

(5) List of Wild Animals under State Protection (promulgated by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January 1989).

Freshwater Communities

8.4.2.19 Freshwater fauna recorded in watercourses within the assessment area in previous studies were mostly common and widespread species, such as freshwater fish Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Chinese Barb (Barbodes semifasciolatus), freshwater gastropods Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) and Melanoides tuberculata, and freshwater crustacean Caridina cantonensis (DSD, 2004, CEDD, 2016). One freshwater species of conservation importance was previously recorded, namely Predaceous Chub (Parazacco spilurus), which was recorded in a modified watercourse (CEDD, 2016).

8.4.2.20 While outside the current assessment area, the freshwater crab Cryptopotamon anacoluthon, also a species of conservation importance, was recorded in the upper section of a natural watercourse near Ling To Monastery (HyD, 2002). The local distribution and protection status of these freshwater fauna species of conservation importance are summarised in Table 8.7.

Table 8.7 List of Freshwater Fauna Species of Conservation Importance Previously Recorded within the Assessment Area

Common Name

(Scientific Name)

Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾

Protection Status

Habitat Recorded ⁽²⁾

Cryptopotamon anacoluthon

Endemic to Hong Kong. Very Common

PGC³⁾;

Vulnerable ⁽⁴⁾

Natural Watercourse

Predaceous Chub

(Parazacco spilurus)

Common

Vulnerable ⁽⁵⁾

Modified Watercourse

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021).

(2) DSD (2004), CEDD (2016).

(3) Fellowes et al. (2002): PGC=Potential Global Concern.

(4) IUCN (2021).

(5) Yue & Chan (1998).

8.5 Survey Findings

8.5.1 Habitat and Vegetation

8.5.1.1 A total of thirteen habitat types, including developed area/wasteland, plantation, grassland/shrubland, shrubland, mixed woodland, woodland, orchard, dry agricultural land, wet agricultural land, marsh, pond, modified watercourse and natural watercourse were recorded within the 500 m assessment area from the ecological surveys. Habitat map and representative photographs of habitats recorded within assessment area are shown in Figure 8.3 and Appendix 8.1. Habitat identified within the Project site are developed area/wasteland, shrubland, dry agricultural land and modified watercourse.

8.5.1.2 The sizes of these habitats within the assessment area are summarised in Table 8.8 below. The flora recorded during the ecological surveys are listed in Appendix 8.2. One flora species of conservation importance was recorded. The indicative locations and representative photographs of the species of conservation importance are presented in Figure 8.3 and Appendix 8.1. A summary of flora species of conservation importance recorded within the assessment area are presented in Table 8.9.

Table 8.8 Habitats Recorded within the Project site and Assessment Area

Habitat Type	Total Habitat Area (ha)		Percentage of Area
Habitat Type	Within Project Site	Within 500m Assessment Area (including Project Site)	Percentage of Area
Developed Area/Wasteland	4.96	97.01	66.39%
Plantation	-	1.24	0.84%
Grassland/Shrubland	-	2.63	1.80%
Shrubland	0.12	31.46	21.53%
Mixed Woodland	-	9.36	6.40%
Woodland	-	0.68	0.46%
Orchard	-	0.83	0.57%
Dry Agricultural Land	0.04	1.03	0.71%
Wet Agricultural Land	-	0.17	0.12%
Marsh	-	0.06	0.04%
Pond	-	0.87	0.60%
Modified Watercourse	0.11 (0.16 km in length)	0.73 (1.78 km in length)	0.50%
Natural Watercourse	-	0.05 (0.32 km in length)	0.04%
Total	5.23 ha	146.12 ha	100%

Table 8.9 List of Flora Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area during Field Surveys

Species	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded
Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis)	Common	Cap. 586 ⁽²⁾; Category 2 & 3 (Near Threatened) ⁽³⁾; Illustrations of Rare and Endangered Plants in Guangdong ⁽⁴⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁵⁾; Category II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ^(7)(8)(9)	Shrubland; Woodland

Species

Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾

Protection Status

Habitat Recorded

Incense Tree

(Aquilaria sinensis)

Common

Cap. 586 ⁽²⁾;

Category 2 & 3 (Near Threatened) ⁽³⁾;

Illustrations of Rare and Endangered Plants in Guangdong ⁽⁴⁾;

Near Threatened ⁽⁵⁾;

Category II ⁽⁶⁾;

Vulnerable ^(7)(8)(9)

Shrubland; Woodland

Notes:

(1) Xing et al. (2000).

(2) Protected under Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).

(3) Hu et al. (2003).

(4) Wu & Hu (1998).

(5) Feng et al. (2002).

(6) List of Wild Plants under State Protection (promulgated by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 4 August, 1999).

(7) Fu (1992).

(8) Qin et al. (2017).

(9) IUCN. (2021).

8.5.2 Project Site

8.5.2.1 The Project site was located in an area dominated by open storages and light industrial operations, between Ha Tsuen Road and Kong Sham Western Highway (KSWH). The northwest portion of the Project site was occupied by the existing San Wai Sewage Treatment Plant, while the southeast portion was operating as an open storage. Small area of shrubland and dry agricultural land, as well as a small section of modified watercourse were also found within the Project site.

8.5.2.2 The northern half of the assessment area was predominantly developed area occupied by similar land uses to those within the Project site (i.e. open storage) interspersed with woodland, shrubland and village/orchard, while the southern half of the assessment area comprised mostly shrubland and mixed woodland of Yuen Tau Shan, along with small areas of active dry and wet agricultural land, marsh and ponds. Four mitigation ponds constructed under the Deep Bay Link project were identified to the south the Project site.

Developed Area/Wasteland

8.5.2.3 Approximately 66% of the assessment area was covered by developed area/wasteland type habitat, including a large part of the Project site. Most of the land use identified within were of brownfield operations (e.g. workshops, open storages), residential developments, village housings at Tseung Kong Wai, road infrastructures, construction sites, as well as public facilities and utilities (e.g. weigh station and sewage treatment plant). This habitat had received extensive modification and lacked natural characteristics, and were subject to existing heavy vehicle traffic, industrial activities and advance construction and site formation works for Hung Shui Kiu/Ha Tsuen New Development Area (HSK/HA NDA) in the vicinity. As a result, vegetation identified within this habitat were recorded in low abundance, floristic structure and composition were quite simple and comprised mostly species that are typically associated with development and disturbed environment, such as Taiwan Acacia, Brazil Bougainvillea, Longan, Chinese Banyan, White Popinac and Chinese Privet. Occasional stands of common native self-sown shrubs, small trees and weedy herbaceous species were also recorded in the habitat, including Pop-gun Seed (Bridelia tomentosa), Microcos (Microcos nervosa), Chinese Hackberry (Celtis sinensis), Green Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum) and Mile-a-minute Weed. No flora species of conservation importance was recorded.

Modified Watercourse

8.5.2.4 Watercourses which had received some levels of modification, including channelisation, culverting, alteration for drainage and agricultural purpose, are described as modified watercourses under the study. Only a small number of modified watercourses were identified within the assessment area, including W1, W2 (refer to Figure 8.3), as well as other smaller storm drains, drainage channels and u-channels which were distributed across the assessment area. Most of these modified watercourses were lined by concrete and lacked natural bed and bank substrates, and were located within areas of development and industrial activities, as such they were subject to high degree of disturbance including direct wastewater discharge from nearby industrial operations, littering and illegal construction waste dumping.

8.5.2.5 Modified watercourse W1 originates from the valleys of Yuen Tau Shan and runs through the length of the assessment area from the southwest to the northeast, and can be roughly divided into distinct sections based on the physical characteristics they exhibited. The upper section to the west of KSWH and the lower section downstream from the Project site through Ha Tsuen area had been channelised and were lined with vertical concrete banks with limited vegetation and natural substrates. These sections are intercepted by a number of road junctions at which point the watercourse was redirected underground through box culverts and drains. These sections were measured at approximately 6 m wide and 1 – 1.5 m deep. The water flow observed during the survey was slow with a water depth less than 0.2 m deep in most sections, though water depths deeper than 1 m were noted in impoundments along the watercourse. The water quality in the section located to the west of KSWH was good and visibly better than that recorded in the section within the Ha Tsuen area, likely due to the absence of industrial operations and less frequent human activities in adjacent areas.

8.5.2.6 The section of W1 between KSWH and Ha Tsuen Road, including the section within the Project site (approximately 0.16 km), was comparatively more natural than its upstream and downstream sections. This middle section runs in a deep trench behind an existing open storage and possessed a full-bank width measured between 6.5 – 12 m wide; though the wetted width observed during the course of the survey was approximately 2 m. Like other sections of W1, the waterflow observed during the survey was slow, with a water depth measured at 0.1 – 0.2 m, though at deeper pools, the water depth could reach as deep as 0.5 m. The two slanted banks were thinly vegetated with some common hardy trees and shrubs, such as Opposite-leaved Fig (Ficus hispida), Japanese Superb Fig (Ficus subpisocarpa), Elephant’s Ear and Giant Alocasia. Climbers, such as Mile-a-minute Weed and Wild Kudzu Vine (Pueraria phaseoloides), were also commonly recorded amongst the shrubs and trees. This relatively established riparian habitat allowed for the accumulation of organic matter (i.e. leaf litter) in and around the watercourse, hence, together with the sandy/muddy bed substrate, provided a somewhat natural appeal to this watercourse section. It is worth noting that large slabs and pieces of concrete and gravel were found on the banks and in the watercourse, which could either be products of illegal construction waste dumping or slope stabilisation materials that had collapsed from the banks from lack of maintenance. Apart from the presence of litter and concrete/gravel fragments, the water quality and condition of this section were generally quite good.

8.5.2.7 Other modified watercourses identified within the assessment area included W2 and other smaller drainage channels in the periphery of the assessment area. These modified watercourses all possessed concrete banks and beds and were measured at approximately 0.5 – 1 m in width, and lacked natural bed substrates and vegetation. As with other modified watercourses in the assessment area, the water flow observed was slow with a water depth less than 0.1 m, and the water quality in general was quite poor due to nearby human disturbance and industrial activities. No flora species of conservation importance were recorded in the modified watercourse within the assessment area.

Shrubland

8.5.2.8 Shrubland identified within the assessment area included small, isolated shrubland patches which were scattered across the assessment area, as well as the extensive shrubland that covered the terrains of Yuen Tau Shan along the western and southern margins of the assessment area.

8.5.2.9 Scattered patches of shrublands within the assessment area were bounded by areas of extensive development, a small area of which falls within the Project site. These isolated shrubland patches were presumably remnants that were refrained from previous development due to their value as local burial grounds. The floristic structure and diversity exhibited within were relatively simple and low in comparison to those identified on Yuen Tau Shan. These shrublands typically had a canopy standing at 2 – 3 m. Vegetation recorded within comprised predominantly some common self-sown shrubs, trees and exotic weedy herbs, such as Opposite-leaved Fig, Elephant’s Ear, Chinese Privet, Turn-in-the-wind (Mallotus paniculatus), Lantana and Mile-a-minute Weed, as well as a small number of fruit trees and ornamental trees such as Longan, Mango (Mangifera indica) and Dragon Juniper (Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuca'), due to its close connectedness with nearby development. Signs of disturbance were visibly higher along the shrubland edges and in areas where higher number of graves and burial sites were present, the floristic composition in these areas was largely dominated by grass species such as Chinese Silvergrass, Many-flowered Silvergrass and Guinea Grass, which is likely a consequence of more frequent disturbance experienced by these shrubland areas (e.g. vegetation scaling and minor burning performed and induced by grave visitors).

8.5.2.10 The shrubland on Yuen Tau Shan covers much of the upland terrains in the assessment area, and form a part of the continual extent of wooded uplands in the region. A small part of this shrubland also falls within the “CA” in the southern part of the assessment area. These shrublands were dominated by a mix of ferns and typical shrubland species, including Hong Kong Gordonia (Polyspora axillaris), Fragrant Litsea (Litsea cubeba), Shinning Eurya (Eurya nitida), Dwarf Mountain Pine and Dichotomy Forked Fern. In areas abutting mixed woodland margins, woodland tree species, such as Aporosa (Aporosa dioica), Ficus spp., Wild Coffee (Psychotria asiatica), Chinese Hackberry, Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora), became more prevalent. Similar to the other shrublands identified across the assessment area, a number of graves and burial sites were present, especially along existing roads, as such signs of disturbance were commonly sighted during the survey (e.g. minor vegetation clearance, burning and grave construction). Grass species and ornamental planting were also commonly recorded around graves and more disturbed areas, including species like Chinese Silvergrass, Dragon Juniper, Chinese Arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis).

8.5.2.11 One flora species of conservation importance was recorded within the shrubland, namely Incense Tree. Four mature individuals, along with cluster of seedlings and saplings in the understorey, were recorded on the shrubland knoll to the south-east of the Project site. The four mature trees were measured at approximately 8 – 10 m in height with a spread ranging between 1.5 – 2 m and were in good condition. Given their close distance to existing road infrastructures and development, signs of disturbance were observed such as thick dust cover on the leaves, as well as littering and illegal dumping in their surrounding area. This species is listed and protected under several local, regional and international ordinances and listings (Table 8.9 refers), though its distribution in Hong Kong is considered common.

Dry Agricultural Land

8.5.2.12 Dry agricultural lands were mainly identified to south of the Project site on the two sides of KSWH. A small area of dry agricultural land falls within the Project site. This small area was part of a bigger agricultural field that was situated within a fenced lot. Vegetation recorded within were mostly common crop and fruit plants such as Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), Garden Pea (Pisum sativum), Maize (Zea mays), Longan and Papaya. The rest of the dry agricultural lands identified within the assessment area (i.e. those in the west of KSWH) were operating in much larger scale, and rotation cropping was practised. Main crops cultivated in these agricultural fields included species such as Egg-plant (Solanum melongena), Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. albiflora), Flowering Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis), Cabbage and Celery (Apium graveolens). Fruit trees including Banana and Papaya were also commonly recorded on and along the field bunds together with some common weedy herbaceous species like Bidens alba and Wedelia trilobata. During fallow periods, these dry agricultural lands were rid of crop plants and were in turn dominated by grasses such as Blunt Signal-grass, Nut-grass Glaingale (Cyperus rotundus), Ciliate Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris), Panicum spp. and Paspalum spp.. No flora species of conservation importance was recorded in the dry agricultural land.

8.5.2.13 Small areas of dry and wet agricultural land were previously reported in Tseung Kong Wai (CEDD, 2016), these areas were found to have been cleared for the construction and expansion of village housings.

Wet Agricultural Land

8.5.2.14 Small areas of wet agricultural land were identified adjacent to the dry agricultural land to the west of KSWH. Similar to nearby dry agricultural land, rotation cropping was observed during the survey. These actively managed wet agricultural fields were found to be planted mainly with species such as Water Cress and Chinese Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor), though during the fallow period, grasses and weedy herbs became more prominent in these fields, with species such as Ciliate Crabgrass, Barn-yard Grass (Echinochloa crusgalli) and Garden Spurge (Euphorbia hirta) dominating the ground cover. While dry crops such as Banana, Papaya and Bitter Cucumber (Momordica charantia) were found along the field bunds. No flora species of conservation importance was recorded in wet agricultural land within the assessment area.

8.5.2.15 Small areas of dry and wet agricultural land were previously reported in Tseung Kong Wai (CEDD, 2016), these areas were found to have been cleared for the construction and expansion of village housings.

Pond (incl. Mitigation Ponds)

8.5.2.16 A number of ponds were identified within the assessment area, including the four mitigation ponds which were constructed to compensate for the loss of pond habitats under the Deep Bay Link project and three other ponds which are located to the west of the KSWH.

8.5.2.17 The four DBL Mitigation Ponds are securely fenced on the four sides and hydrologically linked with one another by design. These ponds had a maximum water depth ranging between 1.4 m and 1.6 m and were observed to be regularly maintained (e.g. vegetation clearing) during the course of the survey. Despite being surrounded by development and brownfield operations, the observed condition of the ponds was good, likely attributed to the presence of fencing which prohibited unnecessary access or other littering or dumping activities into and/or within the ponds. The pond bunds lining the circumference of the ponds were found to be narrow and small in size, with limited space for the growth of larger trees, as such, shrubs and trees identified within the mitigation ponds were limited in both diversity and numbers, including only a few standalone Elephant’s Ear, Weep Fig (Ficus benjamina) and Turn-in-the-wind; while grasses and climbers dominated most of the ground cover and the surrounding metal fence. Stands of bamboo planting and other typical wetland associated emergent aquatic plants, such as Umbrella Plant, Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and Interrupted Tri-vein Fern (Cyclosorus interruptus), were also recorded in these mitigation ponds.

8.5.2.18 Three other ponds were identified to the west of KSWH, all of which located within private properties and were used for amenity and recreational purpose, as such signs of active management (e.g. clearing of bund and pond side vegetation) and/or recreational uses were noticed (e.g. raft cruises) during the survey. Vegetation recorded on the bunds and along the pond sides included mostly herbaceous species such as Bidens alba and Wedelia trilobata, banana trees were also recorded on the pond bunds. No flora species of conservation importance was recorded in pond habitats within the assessment area.

Natural Watercourse

8.5.2.19 Natural watercourses identified within the assessment area include a short section of W1, as well as W3 which is located north of the existing San Wai Sewage Treatment Plant. The natural section of W1 was measured at approximately 1 m wide and had a water depth of approximately 0.5 m, though the water depth got progressively deeper (approx. 1 m) toward the culvert section. This section possessed a bank and bed made of natural substrate (i.e. sand and mud) and was of good water quality, while the water flow observed during the survey was slow. Its riparian habitat was largely vegetated with Banana trees and Giant Alocasia, along with some common herbaceous species on the groundcover (e.g. Blunt Signal-grass, Diffuse Day Flower (Commelina diffusa) and Nut-grass Glaingale). Species typically associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats were also recorded in the section including Umbrella Plant, Interrupted Tri-vein Fern. Given its close distance with existing development, signs of disturbance were often observed in this W1 section, including littering, wastewater discharge from adjacent light industrial operation and agricultural practices, minor land/path clearing near its riparian habitat.

8.5.2.20 Natural watercourse W3 was identified within an area of extensive brownfield operations and behind an existing construction site to the north of San Wai Sewage Treatment Plant. The watercourse was presumably a remnant watercourse that had retained in the area, amid continuous urbanisation and development. The watercourse was sheltered by dense vegetation and possessed a stream bed consisted of bedrock, sand and pebbles. One side of the stream bank was lined by a vertical concrete wall, while the other side was a moderately slanted soil bank and was densely vegetated with native and exotic herbs, such as Ludwigia perennis, Giant Alocasia and Mile-a-minute Weed, as well as scattered shrubs and trees species including Opposite-leaved Fig and Elephant’s Ear. The watercourse was measured at 0.2 – 0.5 m wide with a shallow water depth (approx. 0.05 m) and a slow waterflow. Despite its close proximity to existing brownfield operation and construction sites, the water quality of W3 was noted to be good.

Marsh

8.5.2.21 A small pocket of marsh was identified adjacent to the wet agricultural land to the west of KSWH. It is likely that this marsh was formed following abandonment of agricultural fields, as evidenced by the presence of the irrigation ditch network within the marsh. The marsh was found to be waterlogged throughout the course of the survey and was dominated by common herbaceous species typically found in wasteland and semi-aquatic areas such as Diffuse Day-flower, Interrupted Tri-vein Fern, Nut-grass Glaingale, Giant Alocasia, Taro and Bidens alba. Scattered stands of Elephant’s Ear and White Popinac were also recorded within and around the margins of the marsh. In general, the floristic structure and diversity of the marsh were very low. No flora species of conservation importance was recorded within the assessment area.

Orchard

8.5.2.22 A few parcels of orchards were found throughout the assessment area. These orchards were either associated with existing agricultural lands or with residential areas, such as those to the west of KSWH and behind the village of Tseung Kong Wai in the north of the assessment area. The floristic composition recorded in these orchards was typically dominated by common fruit trees such as Longan, Lychee, Wampi, Jackfruit and Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica). Tree Cotton (Bombax ceiba) was found to be the emergents in some of these orchards, protruding a few metres beyond the existing canopy (approx. 5 – 8 m), while native self-sown herbs, shrubs and small trees were also seen in lower densities in these orchards, including species like Giant Alocasia, Elephant’s Ear, Ivy Tree (Schefflera heptaphylla).

Grassland/Shrubland

8.5.2.23 An area of grassland/shrubland was identified on the knoll to the south of the existing San Wai Sewage Treatment Plant. This habitat is located a short distance away from existing development, major road infrastructures as well as ongoing constructions; a number of graves and burial sites were also found on this knoll. As such, this grassland/shrubland habitat was exposed to high levels of disturbance, including littering, illegal dumping, vegetation clearing, as well as accidental burning induced by grave visitors. Much of this grassland/shrubland area was noticed to be severely burnt in May 2021 with most of its grassy and shrubby groundcover gone (Appendix 8.1 refers), though the area quickly recovered and was found to be thickly covered by grasses in subsequent visit in June 2021.

8.5.2.24 Due to its high exposure to existing disturbances, the floristic composition and diversity were rather simple and limited, with grasses and ferns (e.g. Guinea Grass, Many-flowered Silvergrass, Dichotomy Forked Fern etc.) dominating the groundcover in this habitat. Some typical shrubland-associated species were also recorded sparingly in this habitat including Dwarf Mountain Pine, Horsetail Tree (Casuarina equisetifolia), Shining Eurya, Ilex spp., Rhus spp., Melastoma spp., and Chinese Red Pine (Pinus massoniana). No flora species of conservation importance was recorded in this habitat.

Mixed Woodland

8.5.2.25 Mixed woodlands within the assessment area were identified in and adjacent to the valleys of Yuen Tau Shan toward the southwestern part of the assessment area. A small area of mixed woodland falls within the “CA” and it is connected to the larger continuous extent of wooded uplands of Yuen Tau Shan. Due to its close linkage with nearby shrublands and development, a mix of native and exotic cultivation species, plantation species, shrubland species and woodland species were recorded within the mixed woodland, particularly along the fringes, hence exhibited a moderate floristic diversity. The canopy of mixed woodland was made up of mostly exotic species such as Taiwan Acacia, Lemon-scented Gum (Corymbia citriodora), Horsetail Tree and Brisbane Box, standing at approximately 12 – 15 m tall. Native trees and shrubs dominated much of the mid-storey with Aporosa, Longan, Lychee, Chinese Banyan, Elephant’s Ear, Chekiang Machilus (Machilus chekiangensis) and Ivy Tree being the most prominent species recorded, while shrubs and herbs, such as Chinese Alangium (Alangium chinense), Oriental Blechnum (Blechnum orientale), Pop-gun Seed, Wood-fern (Cyclosorus parasiticus) and Wild Coffee, dominated the understorey. A number of climbers were also noted in moderate density in the mixed woodlands, including Climbing Fern (Lygodium japonicum), Gairo Morning Glory, Creeping Psychotria (Psychotria serpens) and Gray Nickers (Caesalpinia bonduc). No flora species of conservation importance was recorded within the mixed woodland in the assessment area.

Woodland

8.5.2.26 A small area of woodland was identified near Ha Tsuen to the northeast of the Project site. This woodland was surrounded by existing development and was presumably an orchard that was left without management for a period of time, as such the vegetation recorded within were predominantly species which are typically associated with human activities, with Lychee and Longan forming much of the canopy at 5 – 6 m tall. Some native self-sown shrubs and trees were also commonly found in the mid- and under-storey, including Aporosa, Wild Coffee and Elephant’s Ear, along with a number of climber species, such as Bentham’s Rosewood (Dalbergia benthamii), Uvaria (Uvaria macrophylla) and Sandpaper Vine (Tetracera asiatica). The floristic diversity exhibited by this woodland was low. Two saplings (approx. 1.3 m tall) of the Incense Tree, a flora species of conservation importance, were recorded in the woodland.

Plantation

8.5.2.27 Plantation in the assessment area was mainly identified on roadside engineered slopes along and underneath the KSWH. These plantations comprised predominantly exotic plantation tree species such as Ear-leaved Acacia, Taiwan Acacia, White Popinac and Brisbane Box. A small number of native self-sown shrubs and small trees such as Opposite-leaved Fig, Elephant’s Ear and Turn-in-the-wind were recorded in the understorey along with some very common herbaceous species including Wood-fern, Nut-grass Glaingale, Guinea Grass and Ciliate Microstegium (Microstegium ciliatum). In general, these plantations were small and/or narrow in size and were close to existing development, as such the floristic diversity and structure observed in the habitats were quite simple, signs of disturbance were also observed along these areas. No flora species of conservation importance was recorded in the habitat.

8.5.3 Terrestrial Fauna

Avifauna

8.5.3.1 A total of 42 avifauna species were recorded within the assessment area. While the avifauna community was dominated by species that are commonly distributed in Hong Kong, seven species of conservation importance were recorded (Table 8.10 refers). The full list of avifauna species recorded, their protection status, and the habitats in which they were recorded are presented in Appendix 8.3a. Low diversity and abundance of avifauna were recorded within the Project site. Two avifauna species of conservation importance were recorded in modified watercourse W1 within the Project site, namely Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) and Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax). The two individuals were seen perching in bankside trees, no foraging, breeding or roosting behaviours and/or activities were observed.

8.5.3.2 Given the large extent of existing development and brownfield operations present nearby, the occurrence of birds was generally very limited in the vicinity of the Project site, including mostly some common and very common species which are highly adapted to urban development. Occasional and isolated sightings of waterbirds and wetland-associated birds were made in the mitigation ponds, ponds and around the agricultural land matrix to the west of KSWH, including Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), Little Egret, Grey Heron, Chinese Pond Heron and Black-crowned Night Heron, which are considered species of conservation importance. In general, bird usage observed in ponds, mitigation ponds and other wetland habitats in the vicinity of the Project site were low during the survey period, possibly due to the high levels of disturbances that these habitats were experiencing and the lack of good quality habitats nearby.

8.5.3.3 Greater Coucal was often seen and/or heard in developed area/wasteland where tall grass cover was present or along the shrubland margins, during the present survey. The species is a common resident and has a wide distribution in Hong Kong. Two sightings of Black Kite (Milvus migrans) were made within the assessment area, two individuals were seen flying above the shrubland habitats and above the KSWH respectively.

Table 8.10 List of Avifauna Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area during Field Surveys

Common Name (Scientific Name) ⁽¹⁾	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽²⁾	Principal Status ⁽³⁾	Protection Status	Habitat Recorded
Grey Heron ⁽⁸⁾ (Ardea cinerea)	Common	W	PRC ⁽⁴⁾	Mitigation Pond
Chinese Pond Heron ⁽⁸⁾ (Ardeola bacchus)	Common	P	PRC (RC) ⁽⁴⁾	Mitigation Pond; Modified Watercourse
Greater Coucal (Centropus bengalensis)	Common	R	Class II ⁽⁶⁾; Vulnerable ⁽⁷⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Shrubland
Little Egret ⁽⁸⁾ (Egretta garzetta)	Common	P	PRC (RC) ⁽⁴⁾	Mitigation Pond; Modified Watercourse; Pond; Wet Agricultural Land
Black Kite ⁽⁸⁾ (Milvus migrans)	Common	W, R	(RC) ⁽⁴⁾; Cap. 586 ⁽⁵⁾; Class II⁽⁶⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Shrubland
Black-crowned Night Heron ⁽⁸⁾ (Nycticorax nycticorax)	Common	P	(LC) ⁽⁴⁾	Mitigation Pond; Modified Watercourse
Little Grebe ⁽⁸⁾ (Tachybaptus ruficollis)	Common	P	LC ⁽⁴⁾	Mitigation Pond; Pond

Notes:

(1) All wild birds are protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

(2) AFCD (2021).

(3) Carey et al. (2001): R=resident; W=winter visitor; P=present all year, exact composition unknown

(4) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern; RC=Regional Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern.

* Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in nesting and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(5) Protected under the Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).

(6) List of Wild Animals Under State Protection (promulgated by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January, 1989).

(7) Zheng and Wang. (1998).

(8) Wetland-dependent species (including wetland-dependent species and waterbirds).

Butterflies

8.5.3.4 A total of 28 butterfly species were recorded within the assessment area. The full list of butterfly species recorded, their protection status, and the habitats in which they were recorded are presented in Appendix 8.3b. The Project site supported a very limited butterfly community, comprising of species that are common and very common in the territories and are species that are typically found in disturbed urbanised environment. One species of conservation importance was recorded during the survey, namely Chinese Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora). Isolated sighting was made in the shrubland outside the Project site, as well as in the mitigation pond and in the marsh and dry agricultural land west of KSWH (Table 8.11 refers).

Table 8.11 List of Butterfly Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area during Field Surveys

Common Name (Species Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitats Recorded
Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae crucivora)	Rare	-	Dry Agricultural Land; Marsh; Mitigation Pond; Shrubland

Common Name

(Species Name)

Distribution in Hong Kong⁽¹⁾

Protection Status

Habitats Recorded

Small Cabbage White

(Pieris rapae crucivora)

Rare

Dry Agricultural Land; Marsh; Mitigation Pond; Shrubland

Note:

(1) AFCD (2021).

Odonates

8.5.3.5 A total of 14 odonate species were recorded within the assessment area. The full list of odonate species recorded, their protection status, and the habitats in which they were recorded are presented in Appendix 8.3c. Due to the extensive development nearby, odonate species recorded within the assessment area were limited in abundance and diversity. Most records of odonates were made within the mitigation ponds and the agricultural matrix to the west of KSWH, though these recorded species all have a common and abundant distribution in Hong Kong. No odonate species of conservation importance was recorded within the assessment area.

Herpetofauna

8.5.3.6 A total of four reptile and four amphibian species were recorded within the assessment area. The full list of herpetofauna species recorded, their protection status, and the habitats in which they were recorded are presented in Appendix 8.3d. The Project site and its vicinity supported limited herpetofauna, with only some common and very common herpetofauna recorded during the surveys. No herpetofauna species of conservation importance was recorded within the assessment area.

Mammals

8.5.3.7 A total of five mammal species were recorded within the assessment area, all of which were bats. The full list of mammal species recorded, their protection status, and the habitats in which they were recorded are presented in Appendix 8.3e. A majority of the bats were recorded along the walk transects with the highest detection rate made along the road underneath KSWH, around the mitigation ponds, and the agricultural land matrix to the west of KSWH, including Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi), Japanese Pipistrelle and two unknown Versperilionidae species. Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris fulvida) were also detected around the mixed woodland of Ling To Monastery valley (Table 8.12 refers). Isolated records of Japanese Pipistrelle were made in the shrubland and vehicular road adjacent to the Project site, as well as along the modified watercourse W1 near Ha Tsuen.

Table 8.12 List of Mammal Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area during Field Surveys

Common Name (Species Name)	Distribution in Hong Kong ⁽¹⁾	Protection Status	Habitats Recorded ⁽⁶⁾
Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi)	Common	Cap. 170 ⁽²⁾; PRC ⁽⁴⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Dry Agricultural Land; Marsh
Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus abramus)	Very Common	Cap. 170 ⁽²⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Shrubland; Dry Agricultural Land; Modified Watercourse
Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycteris pachypus)	Very Common	Cap. 170 ⁽²⁾; (LC) ⁽³⁾; Rare ⁽⁴⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Mixed Woodland
Unknown Vespertilionidae Sp. 1	Uncommon	Cap. 170⁽²⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁵⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland
Unknown Vespertilionidae Sp. 2	Rare	Cap. 170 ⁽²⁾; Near Threatened ⁽⁵⁾	Developed Area/Wasteland; Mitigation Pond

Notes:

(1) AFCD (2021).

(2) Protected under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

(3) Fellowes et al. (2002): LC= Local Concern, PRC= Potential Regional Concern

* Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in nesting and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.

(4) Wang (1998).

(5) Jiang et al. (2016).

(6) Actual habitats where the bat species were recorded could not be accurately ascribed given the low light levels during surveys as well as the high mobility and propensity for bats to use interface habitats.

Freshwater Fauna

8.5.3.8 Most of the watercourses within the assessment area carried little water and were highly modified and disturbed, with the exception of some sections of W1 and W3. As such, freshwater fauna assemblages recorded within the assessment area were limited in diversity and abundance. Species recorded at the freshwater sampling points comprised some common and very common freshwater fauna species, including freshwater gastropods like Red-rimmed Melania, Apple Snail and Large Stream Snail. Nile Tilapia was recorded in modified watercourse sections (e.g. FS3) with deeper water depth. No freshwater fauna species of conservation importance was recorded within the assessment area in the present survey. The full list of freshwater fauna species recorded within the assessment area is presented in Appendix 8.3f.

8.6 Ecological Value

8.6.1.1 The ecological importance of recorded habitats was evaluated in accordance with the EIAO-TM Annex 8 criteria and presented in Table 8.13 to Table 8.20 below.

Developed Area/Wasteland

8.6.1.2 Developed area/wasteland covered a large proportion of the assessment area and comprised brownfield operations, road infrastructures and small areas of residential area and public facilities. The habitat was subject to high levels of human disturbances, including on-going constructions, heavy traffic, developments and general human activities etc.. This habitat supported moderate to high diversity but low abundance of flora species, with a majority of the species being exotic species, plantation species and ornamental species. Faunal diversity and abundance were low given the extent of urbanisation and modification in the habitat. The ecological value of this habitat is very low.

Table 8.13 Ecological Evaluation of Developed Area/Wasteland within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Developed Area/Wasteland
Naturalness	Very low
Size	Very large (97.01 ha)
Diversity	Project site Very low floral diversity, comprising mostly exotic and/or planted species Very low faunal diversity Assessment area outside the Project site Moderate to high floral diversity, comprising mostly exotic and/or planted species Low faunal diversity
Rarity	Very common man-made habitat in Hong Kong Previous Studies Two avifauna of conservation importance recorded outside the Project site in previous studies Present Survey Two avifauna and five mammal species of conservation importance recorded outside the Project site in the present survey
Re-creatability	High
Fragmentation	None
Ecological linkage	Developed area/Wasteland to the west of KSWH abuts the shrubland and mixed woodland of “CA”
Potential value	Very low
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	N/A
Abundance/Richness of Wildlife	Low
Ecological Value	Very low

Plantation

8.6.1.3 Plantation within the assessment area included thin narrow strips of roadside planting along and underneath KSWH and were subject to high disturbance given its close distance to existing development (i.e. major road infrastructure and ongoing construction work). This plantation comprised low to moderate floral diversity dominated by exotic plantation species, and low faunal diversity and richness. The ecological value of this habitat is considered to be low.

Grassland/Shrubland

8.6.1.4 Grassland/shrubland within the assessment area was exposed to high disturbance including accidental burning and vegetation clearing due to the large number of graves present within. The floristic diversity recorded within was low to moderate, with grass, herb and fern species being the most dominant. Faunal diversity and richness exhibited within were low. This grassland/shrubland is linked with the larger continuous shrubland habitat of Yuen Tau Shan. The ecological value of grassland/shrubland is considered low.

Table 8.14 Ecological Evaluation of Plantation and Grassland/Shrubland within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Plantation	Grassland/Shrubland
Naturalness	Low	Low
Size	Very small (1.24 ha)	Very small (2.63 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral diversity, comprising mostly common exotic plantation species Very low faunal diversity	Low to moderate floral diversity, dominated by grass, herb and fern species Low faunal diversity
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies and in present survey	Previous Studies Two avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance were recorded in the present grassland/shrubland area in the previous studies Present Survey No species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	High	High
Ecological linkage	No ecological linkage with other high-quality ecological resources or sites of conservation importance	No ecological linkage with sites of conservation importance or habitats of high ecological value
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	Young	Young
Abundance/Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low
Ecological Value	Low	Low

Shrubland

8.6.1.5 Shrubland habitat within the assessment area included the smaller isolated shrubland parcels interspersed in the assessment area, as well as the larger extensive shrubland area on Yuen Tau Shan and within the “CA”. These shrublands processed a moderate to high floristic diversity and low to moderate fauna diversity and richness. One flora species of conservation importance, namely Incense Tree, was recorded within these shrublands. Existing development and a number of graves and burial sites were found in these shrublands, especially along the habitat edges, as such signs of disturbance were prominent. The ecological value of isolated shrubland areas within the assessment area is considered low, while the shrubland on Yuen Tau Shan is considered low to moderate due to its connectedness with wooded uplands.

Mixed Woodland

8.6.1.6 Mixed woodland within the assessment area are linked with the continuous wooded uplands of Yuen Tau Shan. Part of this mixed woodland is situated within “CA”. The floristic diversity exhibited within was moderate to high, with an even mix of native and exotic shrub and tree species. The floristic structure was also more established in comparison to adjacent more disturbed shrubland. Though fauna diversity and richness recorded in the mixed woodland were low. Areas that are adjacent to existing development (i.e. roads, access paths, open storages, graves and burial grounds) were of lower habitat quality due to disturbances. Overall, the ecological value of mixed woodland within the habitat is low to moderate.

Table 8.15 Ecological Evaluation of Shrubland and Mixed Woodland within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Shrubland	Mixed Woodland
Naturalness	Low to moderate, some modifications and continuous encroachment from nearby development and burial grounds	Low to moderate, signs of human disturbance and encroachment at the margins of these mixed woodland habitats (e.g. ornamental/amenity species)
Size	Medium (31.46 ha)	Small (9.36 ha)
Diversity	Moderate to high floral diversity Low to moderate faunal diversity and richness	Moderate to high floral diversity Low faunal diversity and richness
Rarity	Common habitat in Hong Kong Previous Studies One flora, two avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies Present Survey One flora, two avifauna, one butterfly and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded from present survey	Common habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies and present survey
Re-creatability	Re-creatable if time is allowed for maturation and natural succession	Can be re-created if given time to reach maturity
Fragmentation	High – for smaller shrubland parcels which are located across the assessment area Low – Continuous shrubland that spans across the uplands of Yuen Tau Shan	Low mostly, except for a small piece of mixed woodland located to the south of the ponds
Ecological linkage	Area of shrubland falls within “CA”, in the south and linked with the extensive continuous wooded terrains on the uplands	Area of mixed woodland falls within “CA” in the south and linked with the extensive continuous wooded terrains on the uplands
Potential value	Low to moderate. Isolated shrubland patches are small in size, fragmented, highly disturbed and lack potential value. Intact shrubland on Yuen Tau Shan are of higher potential value if nearby disturbance is reduced and given time to mature	Low to moderate if nearby disturbance is reduced and given time to mature
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	Young	Older than 40 years
Abundance/Richness of Wildlife	Low to moderate	Low
Ecological Value	Low – for isolated shrubland parcels Low to moderate – for shrubland on Yuen Tau Shan	Low to moderate

Woodland

8.6.1.7 The only patch of woodland within the assessment area near Ha Tsuen was surrounded by areas of extensive development and was presumably an orchard that had been left without management for a period of time, as such, while the structure of the woodland was established and dense, its floristic composition was heavily dominated by fruit tree species such as Lychee and Longan. Overall, the woodland was of low to moderate floristic diversity and supported limited wildlife diversity and richness and was considered to be of low ecological value.

Table 8.16 Ecological Evaluation of Woodland within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Woodland
Naturalness	Low to moderate
Size	Very small (0.68 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral diversity, highly dominated by fruit trees Low faunal diversity
Rarity	Previous Studies No species of conservation importance recorded in the present woodland area in previous studies Present Survey One flora species of conservation importance recorded in present survey
Re-creatability	Unlike natural woodland, this woodland type can be recreated if given enough time for an orchard to mature
Fragmentation	High
Ecological linkage	No ecological linkage
Potential value	Low given the lack of ecological linkage
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	N/A
Abundance/Richness of Wildlife	Low
Ecological Value	Low

Dry Agricultural Land

8.6.1.8 Dry agricultural land in the assessment area supported low to moderate floristic diversity, comprising mostly common crop and fruit plants typically associated with cultivation. During fallow periods, these dry agricultural lands were left unmanaged and were in turn dominated by weedy herbaceous species. The habitat itself was man-made by nature and was subject to active management, as well as disturbance from adjacent development and human activities, as such the diversity and richness of wildlife recorded within the habitat were low. However, due to high coverage of developed land within the assessment area, this habitat, together with its nearby wet agricultural land, pond and marsh habitat, offers an area of less disturbed and artificial habitat for wildlife usage. Overall, the ecological value of dry agricultural land within the assessment area is low.

Wet Agricultural Land

8.6.1.9 Wet agricultural land took up only a small area of overall assessment area. While it forms a larger area of semi-natural habitat matrix with adjacent dry agricultural land, pond and marsh habitat, the habitat itself supported low floristic and faunal diversity and richness. Vegetation within comprised mostly of wet crop plants during active cultivation periods, and weedy herbs during fallow periods. The habitat was subject to changes and disturbances as a result of the active management it received, and its ecological value is considered to be low.

Table 8.17 Ecological Evaluation of Dry Agricultural Land and Wet Agricultural Land within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Dry Agricultural Land	Wet Agricultural Land
Naturalness	Low	Low
Size	Very Small (1.03 ha)	Very Small (0.17 ha)
Diversity	Low to moderate floral diversity Low faunal diversity	Low floral diversity Low faunal diversity
Rarity	Common man-made habitat Previous Studies One mammal species of conservation importance was recorded in agricultural land from previous studies, though not specified whether it was dry or wet agricultural land Present Survey One butterfly and two mammal species of conservation importance recorded from the present survey	Common man-made habitat Previous Studies One mammal species of conservation importance was recorded in agricultural land from previous studies, though not specified it was dry or wet agricultural land Present Survey One avifauna species of conservation importance recorded from present survey
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	Moderate, formed by a number of agricultural land parcels though isolated from other similar habitat within and outside the assessment area	High
Ecological linkage	Functionally linked with adjacent wet agricultural land, orchard, marsh and pond to form a larger area of semi-natural habitat in area that is otherwise largely developed and modified	Functionally linked with adjacent dry agricultural land, orchard, marsh and pond to form a larger area of semi-natural habitat in area that is otherwise largely developed and modified
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	Young	N/A
Abundance/Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low
Ecological Value	Low	Low

Marsh

8.6.1.10 Marsh was identified adjacent to the agricultural fields to the west of KSWH, and together with nearby ponds, form a larger area of semi-natural habitat for wildlife usage amidst the largely developed and modified condition of the assessment area. The marsh was presumably used for crop cultivation previously but was left abandoned for a long period of time. Floristic diversity recorded within was low, comprising mostly some common weedy herbs and shrubs, as well as herbs species that are typically found in semi-aquatic/aquatic habitats. The habitat supported low diversity and richness of fauna. In general, the ecological value of marsh within the assessment area is low.

Orchard

8.6.1.11 Orchards were identified interspersed across the assessment area and were mostly surrounded by areas of development. The floristic diversity of these orchards was low and comprised mostly common fruit trees and amenity trees. Faunal diversity and richness observed within the habitat were low. This habitat is man-made habitat and was subject to high human disturbance, as such, the ecological value of orchard within the assessment area is low.

Table 8.18 Ecological Evaluation of Marsh and Orchard within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Marsh	Orchard
Naturalness	Low	Low
Size	Very small (0.06 ha)	Very small (0.83 ha)
Diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity	Low floral and faunal diversity
Rarity	Marshes of this nature (i.e. abandoned wet agricultural land that’s left overgrown) are common in Hong Kong Previous Studies No species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies Present Survey One butterfly and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded from the present survey	Common man-made habitat in Hong Kong No species of conservation importance was recorded in previous studies and in present survey
Re-creatability	High	High
Fragmentation	High	High
Ecological linkage	Functionally linked with adjacent agricultural land, orchard and pond to form a larger area of semi-natural habitat in area that is otherwise largely developed and modified	Orchard to the west of KSWH is functionally linked with adjacent agricultural fields and pond
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	Young	N/A
Abundance/Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low
Ecological Value	Low	Low

Pond (incl. Mitigation Pond)

8.6.1.12 Ponds within the assessment area included the DBL Mitigation Ponds, as well as three other amenity and recreation ponds. The DBL Mitigation Ponds possessed low to moderate floristic diversity, low to moderate faunal diversity and low faunal richness. While these ponds were designed to attract and provide habitats for wetland-associated birds, only occasional and isolated sightings of birds were recorded within these mitigation ponds during the ecological survey. The ponds were bounded by man-made structures and habitats (e.g. open storages, road infrastructures), as such signs of disturbance were prominent in its surrounding environment including noise and dust generating by ongoing traffic and nearby industrial activities.

8.6.1.13 Other ponds identified were man-made ponds which were used for amenity and recreational purposes, as such these ponds were experiencing high levels of disturbance, including frequent vegetation clearing and recreational activities. The floristic diversity recorded within was low, comprising predominantly some common weedy herbs and grasses. These ponds were found to support low diversity and richness of wildlife. Overall, the ecological value of ponds within the assessment area is low.

Table 8.19 Ecological Evaluation of Pond within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Pond (incl. Mitigation Pond)
Naturalness	Low
Size	Very small (0.87 ha)
Diversity	Low floral diversity Low faunal diversity
Rarity	Uncommon habitat Previous Studies Twelve avifauna, two odonate, two herpetofauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies Present Survey Five avifauna, one butterfly and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded from the present survey
Re-creatability	Readily re-creatable
Fragmentation	High
Ecological linkage	Functionally linked with adjacent agricultural land, marsh and orchard
Potential value	Low to moderate for mitigation ponds Low for other ponds
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	Mitigation ponds are young while other ponds have been around for more than 20 years
Abundance/Richness of Wildlife	Low
Ecological Value	Low

Modified Watercourse

8.6.1.14 Modified watercourses recorded within the assessment area are largely channelized and lacked natural substrate with the exception of a small section of W1. Waterflow and water quality of these modified watercourses were noted to be low and poor to fine respectively, with obvious signs of disturbance and pollution from adjacent development and industrial operations. These modified watercourses exhibited low floristic and faunal diversity and richness. The ecological value of these modified watercourses is considered to be low.

Natural Watercourse

8.6.1.15 Natural watercourses identified within the assessment area amounted to only a very small area of the overall assessment area and were located within areas of development. These natural watercourses were found to possess natural bed and banks with natural bed substrates. While the water flow recorded during the survey was slow, the water quality in these natural watercourse sections was quite good. This habitat supported low floristic diversity and very low faunal diversity and richness, with most vegetation species being exotic and/or remnant cultivated species. Overall, the ecological value of natural watercourse is considered to be low.

Table 8.20 Ecological Evaluation of Modified Watercourse and Natural Watercourse within the Assessment Area

Criteria	Modified Watercourse	Natural Watercourse
Naturalness	Low	Low to moderate, presumably natural watercourses which were retained from surrounding development, though signs of human disturbance and encroachment were present such as introduction of exotic and/or cultivation species and presence of man-made structures along the watercourses
Size	Very small (~ 0.73 ha, ~1.78 km)	Very small (~0.05 ha, ~0.32 km)
Diversity	Low floral diversity Low faunal diversity	Low floral diversity Very low faunal diversity
Rarity	Nullah, catchwater and drainage channels are very common and widespread man-made habitat Previous Studies Two avifauna and one freshwater fish species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies Present Survey Three avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded from present survey	Common habitat in Hong Kong Previous Studies One odonate and one freshwater crab species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies Present Survey No species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey
Re-creatability	High	Low
Fragmentation	Low	High
Ecological linkage	No ecological linkage	No ecological linkage
Potential value	Low	Low
Nursery ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground	No records of nursey or breeding ground
Age	More than 20 years	More than 20 years
Abundance/Richness of Wildlife	Low	Low
Ecological Value	Low	Low

8.7 Identification of Potential Impacts and Evaluation

8.7.1.1 As mentioned in Section 2.4 and Section 2.8, the site formation works for HSKEPP do not fall under the scope of the current Project, but rather under the site formation works for Hung Shui Kiu/Ha Tsuen New Development Area (HSK/HT NDA), the ecological implications for which had already been or will be evaluated and assessed with corresponding mitigation measures recommended in the respective EIA studies. The commencement of construction works for the HSKEPP would follow the site formation works and site handover from HSK/HT NDA, as such the baseline conditions of which the current assessment are evaluating and assessing against will be developed land formed under HSK/HT NDA.

8.7.2 Construction Phase

8.7.2.1 As discussed in Section 2.4, the proposed works mainly include the demolition of existing structures and buildings within San Wai Sewage Treatment Plant (SWSTP), the construction of a sewage treatment plant, sludge treatment facilities, facilities for food waste/sewage sludge anaerobic co-digestion, effluent discharge pipe, as well as other associated ancillary works within the proposed boundaries of HSKEPP.

8.7.2.2 No direct impacts to natural habitats or sites of ecological importance are anticipated as the construction works would be confined within the proposed site boundaries of HSKEPP and the habitat composition within which would be covered entirely by developed area/wasteland at the time of the commencement of construction works for HSKEPP.

8.7.2.3 Indirect impacts from construction disturbance on sites and species of conservation importance as well as nearby semi-natural and natural habitats and wildlife are anticipated during the construction phase as detailed in the below sections.

Direct Impact

No Direct Impact on Sites of Conservation Importance or Natural Habitats

8.7.2.4 The Project site is located within an extensive area of existing development and brownfield operations. Only small areas of shrubland, dry agricultural land and modified watercourse were recorded under the current condition. Moreover, at the time of the construction for HSKEPP, the entire Project site would have been converted into developed area/wasteland type habitat following site formation works for HSK/HT NDA under another separate agreement. The Project site also does not encroach into any recognised sites of conservation importance, thus, no direct impact on sites of conservation importance and natural habitats would be expected within the Project site. Overall, the Project would result in the loss of approximately 5.2 ha of developed area /wasteland habitat during construction phase. No direct loss of natural habitats would be resulted from the construction of HSKEPP.

8.7.2.5 As mentioned in Section 8.6.1.2, developed area/wasteland in the Project site, and in the greater assessment area, is of very low ecological value, and supported a flora community that is associated with plantation and ornamental planting. Furthermore, as a consequence of the extent of modification and high degree of ongoing disturbances (e.g. traffic, constructions, industrial activities), the fauna diversity and abundance presented within were very limited. Thus, the ecological impact on developed area/wasteland and associated flora and fauna within the Project site is expected to be minor. No ecological mitigation measures would be required.

Indirect Impacts

Disturbance from Construction Activities

8.7.2.6 The construction activities of the Project involve demolition of existing structures within SWSTP, and foundation works, superstructure works and E&M equipment installation for the HSKEPP. While the works area would be restricted within developed area, temporary increase in disturbances, including noise emission, dust emission, glare and other human activities, resulted from the construction activities at the Project site could pose indirect impacts on nearby sites of conservation importance, natural habitats, as well as associated species of conservation importance and other flora and fauna.

Disturbance Impacts on Recognized Sites of Conservation Importance

8.7.2.7 An area of “CA” is identified approximately 95 m to the south of the Project site. Construction disturbances (i.e. noise, glare, dust and general increased human activities) may potentially lead to a reduction in habitat quality and subsequent decrease in wildlife density within the “CA”. However, it is noted that this “CA” is currently bounded by areas of development on three sides, and it is exposed to regular disturbances resulted from nearby traffic, industrial operations, construction activities, as well as disturbances associated with grave and burial site construction and visitations, such as accidental burns and vegetation clearing. The effect of disturbance was particularly pronounced along the “CA” margins. As such, construction disturbances resulting from the construction of HSKEPP are unlikely to adversely affect this “CA”, the ecological impact is anticipated to be low.

Disturbance Impacts on Other Ecologically Sensitive Areas including DBL Mitigation Ponds and Other Man-made/Natural Wetland Habitats

8.7.2.8 Mitigation ponds re-provisioned under the DBL project are located within close distance to the Project site. As with the area of “CA” described above, disturbances generated from the construction of HSKEPP may potentially lead to habitat quality deterioration within the mitigation ponds, and in turn reducing wildlife usage within these ponds, especially for waterbirds and wetland-dependent bird species which the mitigation ponds were intended for. During the course of the survey for this Project, observed usage of waterbirds and wetland-dependent birds, and that of general wildlife, within the mitigation ponds was quite low, with only one or two isolated sightings of waterbird or wetland-dependent bird made. Given the current conditions which these ponds are experiencing, disturbances generated from the construction of HSKEPP are anticipated to be acceptable and the ecological impact of disturbance on the mitigation ponds is considered low.

8.7.2.9 Man-made/natural wetland habitats identified within the assessment area include natural and modified watercourses, ponds, marsh and wet agricultural land. Watercourses located in the vicinity of the Project site included mostly watercourses that are channelised, modified, polluted or lacked natural characteristics, or are either hydrologically isolated or located upstream from the Project site, thus construction disturbances are unlikely to have an adverse impact on them. Additionally, watercourse W3 and the section of W1 between KSWH and Ha Tsuen Road, including the section that falls within the Project site, will be decked over and culverted during the site formation works for HSK/HT NDA under another separate agreement according to the RODP for HSK/HT NDA. Therefore, no indirect ecological impact is anticipated to result from the construction of HSKEPP on them. The upper section of watercourse W1 is located upstream from the Project site and will be abstained from the development of HSK/HT NDA. While dust, noise and glare emission may potentially lower the habitat quality of the upper natural and modified section of W1, as the overall floral and faunal assemblages are limited, and that the section is already subject to existing disturbances from nearby construction activities, heavy traffic and other human activities. As such the ecological impact of disturbances is anticipated to be low.

8.7.2.10 Ponds and wet agricultural land identified in the vicinity of the Project site, as described in previous sections (Section 8.6.1.9 & 8.6.1.13), are subject to frequent human alteration and disturbance. As such, the vegetation assemblages exhibited within are limited and heavily dominated by artificially introduced species and are most often exotic and/or cultivation species. The wildlife which the two habitats support was also found to be limited in abundance and diversity, with only occasional sightings of wetland-associated birds and waterbirds (i.e. Little Egret and Little Grebe in pond and wet agricultural land) observed during the survey. Similarly, the marsh located to the west of KSWH was small in size and supported limited diversity and abundance of flora and fauna. Furthermore, the habitat is located some distance away from the Project site. Overall, given the extent and nature of the construction works of HSKEPP, as well as the ecological value and the distance of these wetland habitats from the Project site, the ecological impact of construction disturbances on these wetland habitats is anticipated to be low.

Disturbance Impacts on Species of Conservation Importance

8.7.2.11 Construction activities carried out within the Project site for HSKEPP are anticipated to cause disturbance to nearby species of conservation importance. However, during the present survey and in ecological studies in the past, the assessment area generally supported limited flora and fauna, particularly in areas in and around the Project site, due to the high intensity of modification and development. Those that were recorded and/or occurred in the vicinity of the Project site were mostly restricted to the agricultural land-pond-marsh matrix as well as the mitigation ponds to the south; and were recorded in low abundance and of species that are commonly seen, especially in relatively urbanised environment. As most of the habitats that these recorded species of conservation importance utilise will be refrained from development, and that these species are tolerant of human disturbance and well-adapted to urban settings, construction disturbances arising from the construction of HSKEPP are anticipated to have low ecological impact on species of conservation importance.

Disturbance Impacts on Terrestrial Habitats and Associated Vegetation and Fauna

8.7.2.12 Habitats located in the vicinity of the Project site would largely comprise developed area/wasteland type habitat, and semi-natural and other man-made habitats of low ecological value such as agricultural lands and ponds etc., most of which were found to support limited diversity and abundance of wildlife. Furthermore, these man-made and semi-natural habitats already received high degree of disturbance caused by nearby human activities, as such, the ecological impact of construction disturbances arising from the construction of HSKEPP is anticipated to be minor on these habitats.

8.7.2.13 For natural habitats, including shrublands, mixed woodlands and woodland etc., identified in the assessment area, construction disturbances generated from the construction of the HSKEPP may potentially lead to habitat quality reduction, and subsequent shift on wildlife density within these habitats. However, most of these shrublands and mixed woodlands are either located some distance away (i.e. continuous shrubland and mixed woodland of low-to-moderate ecological value on Yuen Tau Shan and Kai Pak Ling), or are already highly susceptible to existing disturbances from nearby human activities (i.e. shrubland, mixed woodland and woodland margins and pockets of low ecological value scattered across the assessment area), and supported low diversity of flora and fauna. As a result, given the extent and scale of the construction for HSKEPP, these natural habitats are unlikely to be adversely affected by construction disturbance arising from HSKEPP during the construction phase, ecological impact is anticipated to be low.

Deterioration of Water Quality of Nearby Watercourses, Mitigation Ponds and Other Wetland Habitats

Construction Surface Runoff

8.7.2.14 Wastewater generated from general land-based construction works (e.g. general cleaning and polishing, wheel washing, dust suppression, utility installation, etc.) and construction site runoff (e.g. runoff and erosion of exposed bare soil and earth, earth working area and stockpiles, etc.) could potentially pose indirect impacts on the water quality of the adjoining modified watercourses and adjacent waterbodies, more notably watercourse W1 and mitigation ponds.

8.7.2.15 The wastewater and construction site run-off are generally characterized by high concentrations of suspended solid (SS) and elevated pH. Release of uncontrolled site run-off would increase the SS levels and turbidity in the nearby aquatic environment. The suspended particles could potentially injure aquatic organisms and clog their respiratory and feeding systems, while the increased turbidity could reduce photosynthetic rate of aquatic plants, and affect feeding and other activities of fauna by hindering their vision. Uncontrolled wastewater discharge and construction site run-off may also contain a certain amount of grease and oil as well as bentonite slurries, concrete washings and other grouting materials, which are strongly alkaline. Accidental spills of oils and other chemicals from construction site could affect aquatic communities, resulting in lethal/sublethal impacts (e.g. direct mortality, reproductive retardation) on aquatic organisms.

8.7.2.16 As a large section of W1 will be culverted under the HSK/HT NDA development, and its downstream section is extensively modified, exposed to existing disturbance and pollution and of low ecological value. Therefore, construction wastewater generated during the construction of HSKEPP is anticipated to result in minor ecological impact on the watercourse. As for the DBL mitigation ponds, while surface run-off may potentially affect the flora and fauna utilising and foraging within the ponds, these ponds were found to be of low ecological value and were supporting limited diversity and abundance of wildlife, including waterbirds and wetland-associated birds. Generally speaking, if good site practices (as suggested in Section 5.7.1) are followed as far as practicable, potential water quality impacts associated with construction activities and surface runoff would be minimal. As such the ecological impact arising from water quality deterioration from surface runoff is anticipated to be low.

Sewage Effluent and Temporary Sewage Overflow from Construction Workforce

8.7.2.17 As described in Section 5.6, construction workforce on site will generate sewage effluent and temporary sewage overflow may cause potential water quality impacts on the local drainage and aquatic system, if uncontrolled. Temporary sewage generation can be adequately treated by interim sewage treatment facilities, such as portable chemical toilets. The number of the chemical toilets required for the construction sites should be subject to later detailed design, the capacity of the chemical toilets, and contractor's site practices. A licensed contractor should be employed to provide appropriate and adequate portable toilets and be responsible for appropriate disposal and maintenance. Provided that sewage is not discharged directly into storm drains or inland watercourses adjacent to the construction site, temporary sanitary facilities are used and properly maintained, and mitigation measures as recommended in Section 5.7 are adopted as far as practicable, it is unlikely that sewage effluent from the site would have a significant water quality impact.

8.7.3 Operational Phase

8.7.3.1 No direct ecological impacts would be expected during operation phase of the Project. Whereas potential indirect impacts on the surrounding habitats and associated fauna would likely be resulted, as presented in the following sections.

Indirect Impacts

Disturbance from Operation of HSKEPP

Disturbance to Recognised Site of Conservation Importance, Nearby Natural Habitats and Other Ecologically Sensitive Areas

8.7.3.2 As mentioned in earlier sections, the habitats in the vicinity of the Project site, including those located within the “CA”, are exposed to high degree of disturbance, support low density and abundance of wildlife, and are of low ecological value. While disturbances generated from the operation of HSKEPP may potentially affect these habitats, the magnitude of these disturbances would be minor and likely be less than those released from existing development and operations. Furthermore, as discussed in Section 2.5.3, a number of design and layout measures will be adopted to minimise odour and noise emission (e.g. encasing of treatment plants, installation of deodorisation units and silencers). Therefore, it is anticipated that disturbances from the operation of HSKEPP would pose minor ecological impact on nearby sites of conservation importance, natural habitats and other associated flora and fauna.

Disturbance to Species of Conservation Importance and Other Nearby Flora and Fauna

8.7.3.3 Similar to the above, while disturbances arising from the operation of HSKEPP may potentially affect species of conservation importance and other nearby flora and fauna, given that the area in the vicinity of the HSKEPP generally supported limited flora and fauna, species of conservation importance were only recorded occasionally and in limited numbers. Additionally, those which were more frequently found within the area are mostly of common and very common species which are typically well-adapted to living in urbanised environment. As such, the overall ecological impact of disturbance on species of conservation importance and other flora and fauna is anticipated to be low.

Deterioration of Water Quality of Nearby Watercourses, Mitigation Ponds and Other Wetland Habitats

Discharge of Treated Effluent and Associated Disinfection Activities

8.7.3.4 According to Section 2, treated secondary plus effluent generated from the HSKEPP is proposed to be discharged via the existing North West New Territories Discharge Tunnel to Urmston Road submarine outfall, thus limiting any extra pollution loadings into Deep Bay. Therefore, the water quality of nearby watercourses, mitigation ponds and other wetland habitats are not anticipated to be affected by discharge of treated effluent and associated disinfection activities.

Surface Runoff

8.7.3.5 As described in Section 5.6, potential water quality impact may also arise from surface runoff from HSKEPP during operational phase. Surface runoff may contain small amount of suspended solids which may enter nearby watercourses, mitigation ponds and other wetland habitats (e.g. ponds, marsh, wet agricultural land). However, impacts upon water quality would be minimal provided that a proper drainage system would be provided to receive surface runoff to the drainage system at the planning and design stages of HSKEPP. All the treatment units in HSKEPP will be covered or enclosed to minimize the inflow of surface run-off from entering the treatment processes. It is anticipated that with proper implementation of best management practices as recommended in Section 5.7, no adverse water quality impact from surface run-off is expected.

Accidental Chemical Spillage

8.7.3.6 As described in Section 5.6, a number of chemicals, including ferric chloride and polymers, would be stored onsite and be used for wastewater treatment process such as sludge conditioning /dewatering at HSKEPP. Adverse water quality impacts can be minimised by appropriate storage management and drainage system design as recommended in Section 5.7, thus no unacceptable water quality impact is expected.

Accidental Discharge of Untreated Sewage

8.7.3.7 Emergency discharge due to emergency situations (e.g. power outage/equipment failure) may occur at the proposed HSKEPP. As stated in Section 2.4.1.3, the alignment of the emergency bypass pipe may be subject to changes and planning development for the HSK/HT NDA, as such its alignment is uncertain at present. Furthermore, the construction and design of such emergency bypass pipe would be carried out in a separate agreement by CEDD. The emergency bypass pipe to Tin Shui Wai Nullah and its associated environmental impact has been assessed in EIA Ref 113-03 under the Project of Agreement No. CE 2/2011 (CE) Hung Shui Kiu New Development Area Planning and Engineering Study – Investigation. As the alignment of such emergency bypass pipe is not confirmed at the time of this assessment and may be updated according to the latest planning of HSK/HT NDA, this EIA will assume the same arrangement as EIA Ref 113-03. If the route of such emergency discharge is revised later, appropriate procedures will be taken if necessary.

8.7.3.8 Emergency discharge would typically lower the water quality of watercourses through an acute spike of released contaminants and organic matters, however, most of the watercourses identified within the assessment area are highly modified and exposed to high levels of disturbance, and supports a low diversity and abundance of flora and fauna. Moreover, as mentioned in Section 2.6, a number of design measures would be adopted to avoid and minimise the risk of emergency discharge including provision of adequate standby units, peaking factors, by-pass mechanism and interim emergency by-pass and reliable power supply. Regular maintenances and inspections, as well as application of emergency response plan would also be carried out to minimise the probability of emergency discharge at HSKEPP. With these measures in place, the risk of failure at HSKEPP is unlikely. Nonetheless, no unacceptable ecological impact is anticipated due to changes in water quality in the event of an emergency discharge from HSKEPP, as emergency discharge is not expected to result in long-term or unacceptable water quality impact on nearby watercourses, mitigation ponds and other wetland habitats.

8.8 Prediction and Evaluation of Environmental Impacts

8.8.1.1 Potential ecological impacts on the identified habitats within the assessment area associated with the construction and operation of the Project have been evaluated in accordance with the Annex 8 of the EIAO-TM, as presented in Table 8.21 to Table 8.28.

Table 8.21 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Developed Area/Wasteland within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Developed Area/Wasteland
Habitat quality	Entirely man-made habitat, comprises mostly brownfield operations and is of very low ecological value
Species	Very low floral diversity and very low faunal diversity recorded within the Project site No species of conservation importance recorded within the Project site Moderate to high floral diversity, comprising mostly exotic and/or planted species, and low faunal diversity recorded within the assessment area Species of conservation importance Two avifauna and five mammal species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and two avifauna of conservation importance recorded in previous studies
Size/Abundance	Direct loss of 5.23 ha of developed area/wasteland habitat formed under the site formation of HSK/HT NDA project under another separated agreement
Duration	Direct impact Permanent habitat loss of developed area/wasteland habitat Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact Permanent habitat loss of developed area habitat would be irreversible Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low
Overall Impact Evaluation	Minor

Table 8.22 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Plantation and Grassland/Shrubland within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Plantation	Grassland/Shrubland
Habitat quality	Semi-natural habitat dominated by exotic plantation species Of low ecological value	Semi-natural habitat dominated by grass, herb and fern species Of low ecological value
Species	Low to moderate floral diversity and very low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and in previous studies	Low to moderate floral diversity and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and two avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance in previous studies
Size/Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to plantation is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct impact No direct impact to grassland/shrubland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to plantation is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct impact No direct impact to grassland/shrubland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Very low given the distance	Low
Overall Impact Evaluation	Minor	Minor

Table 8.23 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Shrubland and Mixed Woodland within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Shrubland	Mixed Woodland
Habitat quality	Small, isolated shrubland parcels are of low ecological value, while continuous shrubland on Yuen Tau Shan is of low to moderate ecological value	Low to moderate ecological value
Species	Moderate to high floral diversity and low to moderate faunal diversity Species of conservation importance One flora, two avifauna, one butterfly and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in present survey and one flora, two avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies	Moderate to high floral diversity and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies and present survey
Size/Abundance	An area of shrubland falls within the Project site boundary however no direct loss would be anticipated from this project since the site formation works at the Project site would be carried out under a separate agreement, as detailed in Section 8.7.1.1	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to shrubland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct impact No direct impact to mixed woodland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to shrubland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct impact No direct impact to mixed woodland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Very low given the distance
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low	Low

Table 8.24 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Woodland within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Woodland
Habitat quality	Previous orchard habitat that progressively converted into woodland Of low ecological value
Species	Low to moderate floral diversity, though highly dominated by fruit trees, and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance One flora species of conservation importance recorded in present survey and none recorded in previous studies
Size/Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to woodland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to woodland is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low given the distance
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low

Table 8.25 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Dry Agricultural Land and Wet Agricultural Land within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Dry Agricultural Land	Wet Agricultural Land
Habitat quality	Low ecological value	Low ecological value
Species	Low to moderate floral and low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance One butterfly and two mammal species of conservation importance recorded from present survey and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded from previous studies	Low floral diversity and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance One avifauna species of conservation importance recorded in the present survey and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies
Size/Abundance	An area of dry agricultural land falls within the Project site boundary however no direct loss would be anticipated from this project since the site formation works at the Project site would be carried out under a separate agreement, as detailed in Section 8.7.1.1	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to dry agricultural land is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct impact No direct impact to wet agricultural land is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to dry agricultural land is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct impact No direct impact to wet agricultural land is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low	Low

Table 8.26 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Marsh and Orchard within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Marsh	Orchard
Habitat quality	Low ecological value	Low ecological value
Species	Low floral diversity and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance One butterfly and one mammal species of conservation importance were recorded in present survey and none from previous studies	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance were recorded in present survey and previous studies
Size/Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to marsh is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct impact No direct impact to orchard is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to marsh is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct impact No direct impact to orchard is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Very low given the distance	Low
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low	Low

Table 8.27 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Pond (including Mitigation Pond) within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Pond (inc. Mitigation Pond)
Habitat quality	Artificial habitat of low ecological value
Species	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance Five avifauna, one butterfly, one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in present survey and twelve avifauna, two odonate, two herpetofauna and one mammal species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies
Size/Abundance	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to pond is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to pond is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low

Table 8.28 Evaluation of Unmitigated Ecological Impacts to Modified Watercourse and Natural Watercourse within the Assessment Area

Criteria \ Habitats	Modified Watercourse	Natural Watercourse
Habitat quality	Low ecological value	Low ecological value
Species	Low floral and faunal diversity Species of conservation importance Three avifauna and one mammal species of conservation importance were recorded in present survey, two of which recorded within the Project site; and two avifauna and one freshwater fish species of conservation importance recorded in previous studies	Low floral and very low faunal diversity Species of conservation importance No species of conservation importance were recorded in the present survey and one odonate and one freshwater crab species of conservation were recorded from previous studies
Size/Abundance	A section of modified watercourse falls within the Project site, though no direct loss would be anticipated since the site formation works at the Project site would be carried out under a separate agreement, as detailed in Section 8.7.1.1	Habitat would not be directly affected
Duration	Direct impact No direct impact to modified watercourses is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent	Direct impact No direct impact to natural watercourse is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be temporary Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be permanent
Reversibility	Direct impact No direct impact to modified watercourses is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible	Direct impact No direct impact to natural watercourse is anticipated Indirect impact Construction phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be reversible Operational phase indirect impacts due to disturbance and increased human activities would be irreversible
Magnitude	Low	Low
Overall Impact Evaluation	Low	Low

8.8.2 Cumulative Impacts

8.8.2.1 According to the tentative construction programme of the Project (Appendix 2.1 refers), Phase A and Phase B of the construction of HSKEPP would be undertaken between Q1 2027 and Q3/Q4 2030 and Phase C, Phase D and Phase E of the construction would be from Q2/Q3 2027 to Q4 2030/Q1 2031. The remaining phases of the Project’s construction works (e.g. roadworks, pipeworks etc.) would be undertaken between Q2 2029 and Q2 2031. Concurrent projects identified within the assessment area are tabulated and described in Table 2.5, all of which are works under the HSK/HT NDA and are anticipated to contribute to cumulative ecological impacts. These projects include Phase 2 and Remaining Phase Development for the HSK/HT NDA development.

8.8.2.2 Phase 2 of HSK/HT NDA is to commence in 2024 and complete in 2032 tentatively, and would involve site clearance and formation works for subsequent development covering much of the areas around the Project site and Ha Tsuen, including the land within the southern portion of Project site). Remaining phase of the HSK/HT NDA Development would commence in 2030 and complete 2037/8 tentatively, and would involve the development of special industrial sites and residential sites in the northern part of the NDA, along Tin Shui Wai Main Channel and Lau Fau Shan, as well as open space in the middle part of the current assessment area. Cumulative ecological impacts during the construction and operational phases of the Project are anticipated to be minor given that most of the areas affected or surrounding the Project site are largely development area/wasteland or of low ecological value.

8.8.2.3 Depending on the completion schedule of construction works for Stage 2 to 4 of the works for HSK/HT NDA, the construction for HSKEPP may occur concurrently with these projects. Disturbance impacts arising from these projects may potentially be magnified. However, since these concurrent projects would be restricted within areas of development, and that appropriate mitigation measures had been recommended to address disturbance impacts for the respective works. Cumulative ecological indirect impacts during construction and operational phases of these projects are expected to be low if recommended mitigation measures are properly implemented.

8.9 Mitigation of Adverse Environmental Impacts

8.9.1 General

8.9.1.1 According to the EIAO-TM Annex 16 and EIAO Guidance Note. 3/2010, ecological impacts on important habitats and the associated wildlife caused by the proposed Project should be mitigated, in order of priority, avoidance, minimisation, and compensation approaches to the maximum practical extent.

8.9.1.2 The potential impacts arising from the construction and operation of the Project and the mitigation measures requirements are summarised in Table 8.29 and Table 8.30.

Table 8.29 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measure Requirements of the Construction of the Project

Impact	Unmitigated Level of Impacts	Mitigation Measures Required (ü/û)
Direct Impact
Direct ecological impact of loss of developed area/wasteland habitat and associated impacts to vegetation	Minor	û
Indirect Impacts
Disturbance from Construction Activities
Disturbance impacts on recognised sites of conservation importance	Low	û
Disturbance impacts on other ecologically sensitive areas including DBL mitigation ponds and other man-made/natural wetland habitats	Low	û
Disturbance impacts on species of conservation importance	Low	û
Disturbance impacts on man-made terrestrial habitats and associated vegetation and fauna	Minor	û
Disturbance impacts on natural terrestrial habitats and associated vegetation and fauna	Low	û
Deterioration of Water Quality of Nearby Watercourses, Mitigation Ponds and Other Wetland Habitats
Construction surface runoff	Low⁽¹⁾	x
Sewage effluent and temporary sewage overflow from construction workforce	Minor⁽¹⁾	x

Note:

(1) Evaluation of impacts has taken into consideration implementation of mitigation measures and good site practices as detailed in Section 5.

Table 8.30 Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Requirements of the Operation of the Project

Impact	Unmitigated Level of Impacts	Mitigation Measures Required (ü/û)
Indirect Impacts
Disturbance from the Operation of HSKEPP
Disturbance to recognised site of conservation importance, nearby natural habitats and other ecologically sensitive areas	Minor	û
Disturbance to species of conservation importance and other nearby flora and fauna	Low	û
Deterioration of Water Quality of Nearby Watercourses, Mitigation Ponds and Other Wetland Habitats
Discharge of Treated Effluent and Associated Disinfection Activities	No unacceptable ecological impacts	û
Surface runoff	No unacceptable ecological impacts	û
Accidental discharge of untreated sewage	No unacceptable ecological impacts	û

8.9.2 Avoidance

Avoidance of Recognised Site of Conservation Importance and Other Ecologically Sensitive Areas

8.9.2.1 The Project site and the construction works for the HSKEPP are designed to be confined within areas of existing development and/or within the boundary of the planned development under the approved HSK/HT NDA, such that no sites of conservation importance and/or other ecological sensitive areas would be directly affected, including the DBL mitigation ponds which are located to the south of the Project site.

8.9.3 Precautionary Measures and Enhancement Opportunities

8.9.3.1 Precautionary measures and enhancement opportunities to further minimise any potential environmental impacts and to promote the ecological value of the Project are discussed in the following sections.

Minimising Construction Disturbances

8.9.3.2 Construction disturbances on nearby sites of conservation importance, ecologically sensitive areas, species of conservation importance, terrestrial habitats and associated flora and fauna can be effectively alleviated and minimised through the implementation of the precautionary measures listed below, along with the implementation of construction phasing as detailed in Section 2.

· Noise generated from the construction works – Erection of noise reducing barriers and/or tarpaulins, use of Quality Powered Mechanical Equipment (QPME), avoidance of prolonged period and minimisation on the use of heavy machinery operations, as well as appropriate scheduling of works to minimise noise emission during season or time of high ardeid activities.

· Glare generated from the construction works – Erection of non-transparent hoarding around the Project site, restriction of construction work hours, night-time lighting control and avoidance of any directional lights to the adjoining habitats.

· Dust emitted from the construction works – Erection of dust reducing barriers and/or tarpaulins, suppression via regular spraying of haul roads, proper storage and covering of construction materials, and strict adherence to relevant control measures as stipulated in the Air Pollution Ordinance (Construction Dust) Regulation.

· Increased human presence and activities due to construction works – Erection of hoarding to avoid trespassing into nearby habitats and sites of conservation importance, as well as strict adherence of good construction site practices including regular monitoring and audit and staff training on site cleanliness, waste management and handling etc.

Use of Avifauna-Friendly Materials

8.9.3.3 While avifauna occurrence and bird-usage recorded in the mitigation ponds and nearby wetland habitats are low. As a precaution, materials used for the superstructures and barriers of the HSKEPP shall opt for non-reflective and non-transparent materials to avoid potential injury from collision.

Greening Opportunities

8.9.3.4 Greening opportunities to integrate the HSKEPP with surrounding environment, including future green belt, local open green space, as well as the existing mitigation ponds, through implementation of vertical greening and green roof atop the superstructures of HSKEPP, could be explored to further promote the ecological value of the Project. Ecological planting within and along the periphery of the HSKEPP could be explored, which could potentially benefit future wildlife use in surrounding habitats, through provision of buffer and native trees. As presented in Section 9, native trees are proposed to be planted within the Project site to enhance ecological value of the habitatsHSKEPPHSKEPPHSKEPP.

8.10 Evaluation of Residual Ecological Impacts

8.10.1.1 Precautionary measures and enhancement opportunities to further minimise any potential environmental impacts and to promote the ecological value of the Project are recommended. No unacceptable residual ecological impact is anticipated from the Project.

8.11 Environmental Monitoring and Audit

8.11.1.1 Environmental monitoring and audit are not required as no unacceptable residual impacts of the Project is anticipated.

8.12 Conclusion

8.12.1.1 A literature review and ecological field surveys have been conducted. A total of thirteen habitat types, including developed area/wasteland, plantation, grassland/shrubland, shrubland, mixed woodland, woodland, orchard, dry agricultural land, wet agricultural land, marsh, pond, modified watercourse and natural watercourse were recorded within the 500 m assessment area from recent surveys, with developed area/wasteland, and a small area and section of shrubland, dry agricultural land and modified watercourse recorded within the Project site. The ecological values of habitats within the Project site are very low and low, as they are highly modified and disturbed habitats which support limited flora and fauna. Similarly, due to the extent of existing development in the area, most of the other habitats recorded within the assessment area are of low ecological value, with the exception of the shrubland and mixed woodland on the terrain of Yuen Tau Shan, which are considered to be of low to moderate ecological value. In general, the assessment area supported limited wildlife, most wildlife were observed within the agricultural land-pond-marsh matrix to the west of KSWH.

8.12.1.2 No potential direct impact on recognised sites of conservation importance and natural habitats is expected to arise from the Project as all site formation works would be completed under a separate agreement for HSK/HT NDA, prior to the commencement of construction works for this Project. Indirect impacts, in the form of construction disturbance and water quality deterioration, are anticipated, though the ecological impact from these indirect impacts is expected to be minor and low, and no mitigation measures are required. Precautionary measures and enhancement opportunities to further minimize any potential environmental impacts and promote the ecological value of the Project are recommended. No adverse residual indirect impacts are expected arising from the Project.

8.12.1.3 Ecological monitoring and auditing are not required as no significant construction and operational phase ecological impact is anticipated; nor is any residual ecological impact.

8.13 Reference

[1] Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). 2020a. AFCD’s Biodiversity Survey Data between 2002 and 2020. Unpublished data.

[2] Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). 2020b. Tai Lam Country Park. Assessed on 23 June 2021 at https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/country/cou_vis/cou_vis_cou/cou_vis_cou_tl/cou_vis_cou_tl.html

[3] Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). 2021. Hong Kong Biodiversity Database. Accessed on July 2021 at https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/conservation/hkbiodiversity/database/search.php

[4] Anon. (2014). Summer 2014 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

[5] Anon. (2015). Summer 2015 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

[6] Anon. (2016). Summer 2016 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

[7] Anon. (2017). Summer 2017 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

[8] Anon. (2018). Summer 2018 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

[9] Anon. (2020). Summer 2019 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

[10] Anon. (2021). Summer 2020 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

[11] Carey, G.J., Chalmers, M.L., Diskin, D.A., Kennerley, P.R., Leader, P.J., Leven, M.R., Lewthwaite, R.W., Melville, D.S., Turnbill, M. & Young, L. 2001. The Avifauna of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society, Hong Kong.

[12] Chan, S.K.F., Cheung, K.S., Ho, C.Y., Lam, F.N., Tang, W.S., Lau, M.W.N. & Bogadek, A. 2005. A Field Guide to the Amphibians of Hong Kong. Friends of the Country Parks.

[13] Chan, S.K.F., Cheung, K.S., Ho C.Y., Lam, F.N., Tang, W.S. & Tse, M.L. 2006. A Field Guide to the Venomous Land Snakes of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Cosmo Books Ltd.

[14] Civil Engineering & Development Department (CEDD). 2017. Planning and Engineering Study for Housing Sites in Yuen Long South – EIA Report (AEIAR-215/2017). Prepared by ARUP for Civil Engineering & Development Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

[15] Drainage Services Department (DSD). 2004. EIA and TIA Studies for the Stage 2 of PWP Item No. 215DS – Yuen Long and Kam Tin Sewerage and Sewage Disposal – EIA Report (AEIAR-078/2004). Prepared by ARUP for Drainage Services Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

[16] Dudgeon, D. 2003. Hong Kong Field Guides 2: Hillstreams. Hong Kong: The Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong and Wan Li Book Co Ltd.

[17] Environmental, Transport and Works Bureau (ETWB). 2005. Protection of natural streams/rivers from adverse impacts arising from construction works. Environment, Transport and Works Bureau Technical Circular (Works) No. 5/2005.

[18] Fellowes, J.R., Lau, M.W.N., Dudgeon, D., Reels, G.T., Ades, G.W.J., Carey, G.J., Chan, B.P.L., Kendrick, R.C., Lee, K.S., Leven, M.R., Wilson, K.D.P. & Yu, Y.T. 2002. Wild Animals to Watch: Terrestrial and Freshwater Fauna of Conservation Concern in Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 25:123-159

[19] Feng, Z.-J., Li, Z.-K., Li, B.-T., Xue, C.-G., Liu, J.-B. & He, Y.-Q. 2002. Study on Rare and Endangered Plants and National Key Protected Plants in Guangdong. Journal of South China Agricultural University 3:24-27.

[20] International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 2021. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021,1. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed in July 2021.

[21] Hong Kong Herbarium. 2012. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

[22] Hong Kong Herbarium and South China Botanical Garden. 2007. Flora of Hong Kong. Volume 1. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

[23] Hong Kong Herbarium and South China Botanical Garden. 2008. Flora of Hong Kong. Volume 2. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

[24] Hong Kong Herbarium and South China Botanical Garden. 2009. Flora of Hong Kong. Volume 3. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

[25] Hong Kong Herbarium and South China Botanical Garden. 2011. Flora of Hong Kong. Volume 4. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

[26] Hu, Q.M, Wu, T.L., Xia, N.H., Xing F.W., Lai, C.C.P., and Yip, K.W. 2003. Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

[27] Jiang, Z.G., et al. 2016. Red List of China's Vertebrates. Biodiversity Science 24(5): 500-551.

[28] Lai, C.C., Yip, Y., Yip, K.L., Ngar, Y.N., and Liu, K.Y. 2008. Field Guide to Trees in Hong Kong’s Countryside. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

[29] Lee, L.F., Lam, K.S., Ng, K.Y., Chan, K.T. and Young, L.C. 2004. Field Guide to the Freshwater Fish of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Cosmos Books Ltd.

[30] Qin, et al. 2017. Threatened Species List of China's Higher Plants. Biodiversity Science 25(7): 696-747

[31] Reels, G.T. 2019. An Annotated Check List of Hong Kong Dragonflies and Assessment of Their Local Conservation Significance. Faunistic Studies in South-east Asian and Pacific Island Odonata. Journal of the International Dragonfly Fund 30:1-49.

[32] Shek, C. T. 2006. A field guide to the terrestrial mammals of Hong Kong. Friends of Country Park and Cosmos Book Limited.

[33] Tam, T.W., Leung, K.K., Kwan, B.S.P., Wu, K.K.Y., Tang, S.S.H., So, I.W.Y., Cheng, J.C.Y., Yuen, E.F.M., Tsang, Y.M., and Hui, W.L. 2011. The Hong Kong Dragonflies. AFCD, Friends of Country Park and Cosmos Books Ltd. Hong Kong. p.367.

[34] Town Planning Board (TPB). 2018a. Approved Ha Tsuen Fringe Outline Zoning Plan No. S/YL-HTF/12. Assessed on 23 June 2021 at https://www1.ozp.tpb.gov.hk/plan/ozp_plan_notes/en/S_YL-HTF_12_e.pdf

[35] Town Planning Board (TPB). 2018b. Approved Hung Shui Kiu and Ha Tsuen Outline Zoning Plan No. S/HSK/2. Assessed on 17 November 2021 at https://www1.ozp.tpb.gov.hk/plan/ozp_plan_notes/en/S_HSK_2_e.pdf

[36] Viney, C., Phillipps, K. and Lam, C.Y. 2005. The Birds of Hong Kong and South China. 8th Edition. Information Services Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

[37] Wang, S. 1998. China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals. Mammalia. First Edition. Beijing: Science Press.

[38] Wu, D.L. and Hu, C.X. 1988. Illustrations of Rare and Endangered Plants in Guangdong Province. China Environmental Science Press, Beijing. 46pp. (In Chinese only).

[39] Xing, F.W., Ng, S.C. and Chau, L.K.C. 2000. Gymnosperms and angiosperms of Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 23: 21-136.

[40] Yue, P.Q. & Chan, Y.Y. 1998. China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals. Pisces. First Edition. Beijing: Science Press.

[41] Zheng, G.-M. & Wang, Q.-S. 1998. China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: Aves. First Edition. Beijing: Science Press.

List of Appendices
Appendix 8.1	Representative Photographs of Habitats and Species of Conservation Importance Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.2	Flora Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3a	Avifauna Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3b	Butterfly Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3c	Odonate Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3d	Herpetofauna Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3e	Mammal Species Recorded within the Assessment Area
Appendix 8.3f	Freshwater Fauna Species Recorded within the Assessment Area