10. Landscape and visual impact assessment

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1.1 The assessment of potential landscape and visual impacts due to construction and operation of the Project is presented in this chapter.

10.1.1.2 Landscape and visual impacts were assessed in accordance with the criteria and guidelines as stated in Annexes 10 and 18 of the Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (EIAO-TM) and the latest version of Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) Guidance Note No. 8/2023 on “Preparation of Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment under the Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance”.

10.1.1.3 Relevant reports, studies, books, scientific papers and any other available information regarding the landscape resources and characteristics and viewing points of the assessment area were collated and reviewed, i.e. Agreement No. CE 50/2020 (HY) Feasibility Review of Tsing Yi - Lantau Link - Feasibility Study - Preliminary Environmental Review Report (HyD, 2023a). The information collected was evaluated to identify any information gaps relating to the assessment of potential landscape and visual impacts.

10.2 Scope and Content of the Study

Assessment Area

10.2.1.1 The assessment area for landscape impact assessment includes all areas within 100m from the Project boundary in accordance with EIA Study Brief (No. ESB-359/2023). The assessment area for the visual impact assessment is defined by the visual envelope of the Project. The landscape and visual impact study boundary are shown in Figure 10.1.

Landscape Impact Assessment

10.2.1.2 The existing and planned landscape resources and character within the assessment area were described, appraised, analyzed and evaluated. A system is derived for judging landscape and visual impact significance as required under the EIAO-TM. The sensitivity of the landscape framework and its ability to accommodate change are particularly focused on. The degree of compatibility of the Project with the existing and planned landscape setting was identified. The landscape impact assessment evaluated the potential landscape impact so as to illustrate the significance of such impacts arising from the proposed Project. Clear mapping of the baseline landscape resources, landscape character areas and the landscape impact were provided.

Visual Impact Assessment

10.2.1.3 The visual impact of the Project was assessed. For aboveground structures of the Project, clear illustrations including mapping of visual impact are provided. The assessment adopts a systematic methodology and includes the following:

· Identification and plotting of visual envelope of the Project;

· Appraisal of existing visual resources and character as well as the future outlook of the visual system of the assessment area;

· Identification and justification of the key groups of existing and planned sensitive receivers within the visual envelope and their views at sea level, ground level and elevated vantage points, and clearly indicate the sensitive receivers on a plan of appropriate scale;

· Evaluation of the magnitude of change in terms of visual composition, visual obstruction and visual change of the Project with the existing and planned visual context, and sensitivity of viewers in terms of types of viewers and value of existing views;

· The visual impact of the Project with and without mitigation measures during operational phase shall be included and illustrated so as to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures across time; and

· Evaluation and explanation with supportive arguments of factors considered in arriving the significant thresholds of visual impacts. The visual impacts included the presentation of an evaluation matrix derived for judging impact significance.

Landscape and Visual Mitigation Measures

10.2.1.4 The merit of preservation in total or in parts of existing landscape and the establishment of a new landscape character are evaluated. Alternative construction methods and / or Project-related works or structure(s) that would avoid or reduce the identified landscape and visual impacts are considered and evaluated for comparison before adopting other mitigation or compensatory measures to alleviate the impacts. The mitigation measures proposed are not only concerned with damage reduction but also included consideration of potential enhancement of the existing landscape and visual quality. Mitigation measures to minimise the adverse effects identified, including provision of a landscape design, are recommended.

10.2.1.5 The mitigation measures include the preservation and tree transplanting as far as practical, erection of decorative screen hoarding that is compatible with the surrounding setting, reinstatement of the affected hard and soft landscape area in like-for-like basis, aesthetic design of aboveground structure, provision of finishes to structure, colour scheme and texture of material used, tree compensation, provision of screen planting, roadside amenity planting, roof greening and reprovision of open spaces. Parties are identified for the on-going management and maintenance of the proposed mitigation works to ensure their effectiveness throughout the operation of the Project. A practical programme and funding proposal for the implementation of the recommended measures are provided in Section 10.8.

Significance of Landscape and Visual Impact

10.2.1.6 Annotated illustration such as coloured perspective drawings, plans and section/elevation diagrams, oblique aerial photographs, photographs taken at vantage points and computer-generated photomontage are adopted where appropriate to illustrate the significance of the landscape and visual impacts of the aboveground ancillary structures of the Project.

10.3 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines

10.3.1.1 The following legislation, standards and guidelines are applicable to landscape and visual impact assessment associated with the construction and operation of the Project:

· EIAO (Cap.499) and the EIAO-TM, particularly Annexes 10 and 18;

· EIAO Guidance Note No. 8/2023;

· Town Planning Ordinance (Cap. 131);

· Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96) and its subsidiary legislations;

· Plant Varieties Protection Ordinance (Cap. 490);

· Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586);

· Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines (HKPSG) Chapters 4, 10 and 11;

· Charter on External Lighting;

· Guideline on Industry Best Practices for External Lighting Installations;

· AFCD Nature Conservation Practice Note No. 2 - Measurement of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH);

· AFCD Nature Conservation Practice Note No. 3 - The Use of Plant Names;

· DEVB TC(W) No. 4/2020 - Tree Preservation;

· DEVB TC(W) No. 5/2020 - Registration and Preservation of Old and Valuable Trees;

· DEVB TC(W) No. 3/2024 - Allocation of Space for Quality Greening on Roads;

· DEVB TC(W) No. 6/2015 - Maintenance of Vegetation and Hard Landscape Features;

· DEVB TC(W) No. 9/2020 - Blue-Green Drainage Infrastructure;

· LAO PN 6/2023 - Processing of Tree preservation and Removal Proposals for Building Development in Private Projects - Compliance with Tree Preservation Clause under Lease;

· GEO Publication 1/2011 - Technical Guidelines on Landscape Treatment for Slopes;

· GEO Publication (1999) - Use of Vegetation as Surface Protection on Slopes;

· Guidelines on Tree Transplanting (September 2014) issued by Greening, Landscape and Tree Management (GLTM) Section of DevB;

· Guidelines on Tree Preservation during Development (April 2015) issued by GLTM Section of DevB;

· Guidelines for Tree Risk Assessment and Management Arrangement issued by DEVB; and

· Study on Landscape Value Mapping of Hong Kong.

10.4 Assessment Methodology

Landscape Impact Assessment Methodology

10.4.1.1 The landscape impact was assessed according to the following procedures:

· Carry out Broad Brush Tree and Vegetation Survey on Old and Valuable Trees and trees of particular interest within the Assessment Area. The survey would be carried out within 100m from the boundary of the Project, which is in accordance with the EIA Study Brief (No. 359/2023), to identify the dominant tree species, maturity, rarity, and any plant species or particular flora species of conservation importance, etc. for the baseline study on the Landscape Resources (LR) and Landscape Character Areas (LCAs).

· Identification and description of the baseline LR and LCA found within the Assessment area. The assessment area includes all areas within 100m of the Project area. This is achieved by site visits and desktop study of topographical maps, information databases and photographs.

· Assessment of the degree of sensitivity of the LR and LCA. This is influenced by a number of factors including whether the resource/character is common or rare, whether it is considered to be of local, regional, national or global importance, whether there are any statutory or regulatory limitations/requirements relating to the resource, the quality of the resource/character, the maturity of the resource and the ability of the resource/character to accommodate change.

The sensitivity of each LR and LCA is classified as follows:

High:	Important landscape resources and landscape character of particularly distinctive in character or high importance, sensitive to relatively small change.
Medium:	Landscape resources and landscape character of moderately valued landscape characteristics reasonably tolerant to change.
Low:	Landscape resources and landscape character, the nature of which is largely tolerant to change.

· Identification of potential sources of landscape impacts. These are the various elements of the construction works and operation procedures that would generate landscape impact.

· Assessment of the potential magnitude of landscape changes. Factors considered include:

- the compatibility with the surrounding landscape;

- the duration of the impact under construction and operational phases;

- scale of development; and

- reversibility of change.

· The magnitude of landscape changes is classified as follows:

Substantial:	The landscape resources and landscape character would incur a major change.
Moderate:	The landscape resources and landscape character would incur a moderate change.
Slight:	The landscape resources and landscape character would incur slight or barely perceptible change.
Negligible:	The landscape resources and landscape character would incur no discernible change.

· Identification of potential landscape mitigation measures. These may take the form of adopting basic engineering design to prevent and/or minimise adverse landscape impact before adopting other mitigation or compensatory measures to alleviate the impacts. Potential mitigation measures should also include the preservation of vegetation and natural landscape resources, transplanting trees with good condition and high amenity value, enhancement of existing landscape quality by providing planting with screening, shading and ornamental value, re-vegetation of disturbed lands, compensatory planting, aesthetic design of aboveground structures including provision of finishes, colour scheme, texture of materials used and any measures to mitigate the impact on the existing and planned land use and visually sensitive receivers. A programme for the mitigation measures is provided. The agencies responsible for the funding, implementation, management and maintenance of the mitigation measures are identified.

· Prediction of the significance of impacts before and after the implementation of the mitigation measures. Potential mitigation measures suggested would alleviate the landscape impact and enhance the landscape quality by reinstating the disturbed lands and improve the compatibility with the surrounding. By synthesising the magnitude of the change and the sensitivity of the various LRs and LCAs, it is possible to categorise impacts in a logical, well-reasoned and consistent fashion. Table 10.1 shows the rationale for dividing the degree of significance into four thresholds, namely negligible, slight, moderate, and substantial, depending on the combination of a negligible-slight-moderate- substantial magnitude of change and a low-medium-high degree of sensitivity of landscape resource and character.

Table 10.1 Relationship between Sensitivity and Magnitude of Change in Defining Impact Significance

Magnitude of Change	Substantial	Moderate	Moderate / Substantial	Substantial
	Moderate	Slight / Moderate	Moderate	Moderate / Substantial
	Slight	Negligible / Slight	Slight / Moderate	Moderate
	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible
		Low	Medium	High
		Sensitivity of Landscape Resource and Landscape Character Area

Note: All impacts are Adverse unless otherwise noted with Beneficial.

· The significance of landscape impact is categorised as follows:

Substantial:	Adverse / beneficial impact where the proposal would cause significant deterioration or improvement in existing landscape quality.
Moderate:	Adverse / beneficial impact where the proposal would cause a noticeable deterioration or improvement in existing landscape quality.
Slight:	Adverse / beneficial impact where the proposal would cause a barely perceptible deterioration or improvement in existing landscape quality.
Negligible:	No discernible change in the existing landscape quality.

· Prediction of Acceptability of Impacts. An overall assessment of the acceptability, or otherwise, of the impacts according to the five criteria set out in Annex 10 of the EIAO-TM.

Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) Methodology

10.4.1.2 Reference is drawn from EIAO Guidance Note (GN) No. 8/2023 - Preparation of Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Under Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance.

10.4.1.3 These various elements of the VIA are detailed below:

· Identification of the Visual Envelope (VE) of the Project. This is achieved by site visit and desktop study of topographic maps and photographs. Size, distance and other factors will be considered, to determine the VE of the Project. The VE is expected to cover the fields of views from sensitive viewers in direct sight of the proposed TYLL; usually defined by natural ridgeline, man-made features, or road infrastructures, etc.

· Identification of the viewpoints (VPs) within the VE. These VPs are where members of the public or tourists can access or view the site easily.

· Assessment of the degree of sensitivity to change of the viewers of the VPs. Factors considered include:

- Visual impact on sensitive public viewers from the most affected viewing points, include key pedestrian nodes, popular areas used by the public or tourists for outdoor activities, recreation, rest, sitting-out, leisure, walking, sight-seeing, and prominent travel routes where travellers’ visual attention may be caught by the Project;

- People engaged in working activities are regarded as less sensitive to the visual changes;

- Viewing point should be at human eye level for a realistic presentation of the views;

- Key public viewing points may refer to Chapter 11 on Urban design Guidelines in the Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines (HKPSG), the Explanatory Statement of the relevant statutory plans, adopted outline development plans and layout plans, and completed planning studies available for public reference; and

- Local viewpoints should be determined with reference to the setting of the project and views of local significance.

The sensitivity of viewers of the VPs is classified as follows:

High:

The viewers of the VP are highly sensitive to any change in their viewing experience.

Medium:

The viewers of the VP are moderately sensitive to any change in their viewing experience.

Low:

The viewers of the VP are only slightly sensitive to any change in their viewing experience.

· Identification of existing visual elements. This includes major physical structures, visual resources or attractors, and/ or visual eyesores or detractors that currently exist or area known to be planned within the assessment area. Different visual elements may enhance, degrade or neutralize the overall visual impact of the development being assessed.

· Appraisal of visual changes. Visual changes may be positive or negative and they are not necessarily mutually exclusive:

- Visual Composition: the total visual effects of all the visual elements due to their variation in locations, massing, heights, dispositions, scales, forms, proportions and characters viz-a-viz the overall visual backdrop. It may result in visual balance, compatibility, harmony, unity or contrast. This appraisal should have due regard to the overall visual context and character within the wider and local contexts;

- Visual Obstruction: this appraisal should assess the degree of visual obstruction and loss of views or visual openness due to the Project from all key public viewing points within the assessment area. Blockage or partial blockage of views which substantially reduce visual permeability, existing panorama, vistas, visual resources or visual amenities should be avoided or minimised, in particular with regard to impact on prominent ridgelines, the harbour, natural coastlines, open sea horizon, skyline, scenic areas, valued landscape, special landmark, heritage features to be preserved, etc; and

- Visual Changes: this appraisal should assess the impacts on changes with direct sightlines (considering degree of visibility and viewing distance) to the existing and future public views by comparing before and after the proposed TYLL.

· The magnitude of visual changes is classified as follows:

Substantial:	The viewers of the VP would suffer a major change in their viewing experience.
Moderate:	The viewers of the VP would suffer a moderate change in their viewing experience.
Slight:	The viewers of the VP would suffer a small change in their viewing experience.
Negligible:	The viewers of the VP would suffer no discernible change in their viewing experience.

· Identification of potential visual mitigation measures. These may take the form of adopting basic engineering design to prevent and/or minimise adverse visual impact before adopting other mitigation or compensatory measures to alleviate the impacts. Potential mitigation measures should also include the preservation of vegetation and natural landscape resources, provision of screen planting, re-vegetation of disturbed lands, compensatory planting, aesthetic design of aboveground structures including provision of finishes, colour scheme, texture of materials used and any measures to mitigate the impact on the existing and planned land use and visually sensitive receivers. A programme for the mitigation measures is provided. The agencies responsible for the funding, implementation, management and maintenance of the mitigation measures are identified.

· Prediction of the significance of visual impacts before and after the implementation of the mitigation measures. By synthesising the magnitude of the various visual impact and the sensitivity of the viewers, it is possible to categorise the degree of significance of the impacts in a logical, well-reasoned and consistent fashion. Table 10.2 shows the rationale for dividing the degree of significance into four thresholds, namely, negligible, slight, moderate or substantial, depending on the combination of the magnitude of change and the degree of sensitivity of viewers. The assessment of visual impacts will be presented in a matrix format considering the factors including the location of the VPs, type and approximate number of viewers of the VPs, description of existing view and degree of visibility of the proposed TYLL, the sensitivity of the viewers of the VPs, sources of visual impacts, minimum viewing distance of the viewers, magnitude of change, significance thresholds of potential visual impacts (before mitigation), mitigation measures and significance thresholds of residual impacts (upon mitigation) during operational phase on Day 1 and in Year 10.

Table 10.2 Relationship between VPs/ Viewers’ Sensitivity and Magnitude of Change in Defining Impact Significance

Magnitude of Change	Substantial	Moderate	Moderate / Substantial	Substantial
	Moderate	Slight / Moderate	Moderate	Moderate / Substantial
	Slight	Negligible / Slight	Slight / Moderate	Moderate
	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible
		Low	Medium	High
		Sensitivity of VPs / Viewers
Note: All impacts are Adverse unless otherwise noted with Beneficial.

· The significance of visual impact is categorised as follows:

Substantial:	Adverse / beneficial impact where the proposal would cause significant deterioration or improvement in existing visual quality.
Moderate:	Adverse / beneficial impact where the proposal would cause a noticeable deterioration or improvement in existing visual quality.
Slight:	Adverse / beneficial impact where the proposal would cause a barely perceptible deterioration or improvement in existing visual quality.
Negligible:	No discernible change in the existing visual quality.

10.5 Baseline Study

10.5.1 Physical Landscape Resources

Landform

10.5.1.1 The assessment area for on-site works areas generally comprises various types of landforms, from hillside upland at the northwest side of the Tsing Yi and northeast tip of side of Lantau Island, to the coastal sandy shore and rocky shore at the Yi Chuen and Sam Chuen of Lantau Island, southern side of the Ma Wan and northern of the Tang Lung Chau.

Waterbody

10.5.1.2 Within the assessment area, a vast sea waterbody is covered, including the Ma Wan Fairway between Ma Wan and Tsing Yi and Kap Shui Mun Fairway between Ma Wan and Lantau Island.

Existing Trees

10.5.1.3 A broad-brush tree survey was carried out to identify the existing trees located within the assessment area (i.e. including 100m from the Project boundary), and account the baseline condition of existing landscape resources at the time of EIA preparation. To quantify and safeguard the quality of broad-brush tree survey information, on-site survey with aerial photo analysis and drone technology was adopted. Considering the site constraints and safety/accessibility problems (such as hillside locations, steep slopes, within private lots and fence off areas etc.), the tree quantity and tree information estimation were collected from aerial photos and drone photos of high resolution, with visual inspection at the nearest locations to quantify the findings as far as possible. Furthermore, existing trees would be carefully grouped in consideration of the extent of each LR, within site/ outside site location, plant composition and density, accessibility and geographical location of the tree group etc. Therefore, the conducted on-site broad-brush tree survey, in combination of aerial photo and drone technology to increase the accuracy, provides representative tree group information for effective analysis.

10.5.1.4 Based on the broad-brush tree survey information, approximately 28,010 trees have been surveyed. None of these are Registered Old and Valuable Trees (OVTs) in accordance with DEVB TC(W) No. 5/2020 identified within the Project boundary. Major tree species included Acacia confusa, Leucaena leucocephala, Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, Ficus microcarpa and Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia. Most tree species in tree groups surveyed are common in Hong Kong. Approximately 9 nos. of Artocarpus hypargyreus are Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong are found in 4 tree groups and are considered as potential Trees of Particular Interest (TPIs) and would not be potentially affected by the proposed development. The location and information of broad-brush tree survey are presented in Appendix 10.1.

Landscape Resources

10.5.1.5 Baseline LR which will be potentially affected by the Project are described and appraised, together with their sensitivity are analysed and evaluated in Table 10.3. The locations of LR are mapped in Figures 10.2.0 - 10.2.6. Photographs of the LR are provided in Figure 10.2.7 - 10.2.8.

Table 10.3 Landscape Resources and Their Sensitivity

ID No.	Landscape Resources	Description	Sensitivity	Approx. Area (ha)
Ma Wan/ Tsing Yi Area
LR1.1	Hillside Vegetation of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi	This LR refers to the hillside vegetation located within the Study Area at the Sam Chi Heung on Tsing Yi, and southern side and northern side of the Ma Wan and Tang Lung Chau respectively. The vegetation mixed with the grassland, shrubland and trees form a green backdrop in the vicinity and serve as an important green vista and visual amenity for the regions. Dominant tree species include Acacia confusa, Eucalyptus spp., and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa. Due to limited human disturbance, these trees are mature and of medium to large sizes. The quality and significance of this landscape resources are high with relatively low tolerance to change. The ability to accommodate change is relatively low. Hence, the sensitivity of this LR is considered as High.	High	13.9 (Approx. 2730 nos. of trees)
LR1.2	Vegetation on Engineered Slope at North West Tsing Yi Interchange	This LR refers to the vegetation planted on the engineered slope on both side and along the central median of expressway, including the Tsing Sha Highway and Tsing Long Highway. The majority of the vegetation are in the toe planters, complies with cluster of exotic trees species and shrub and ruderal herbs and weedy. It is extensively covered throughout the roadside engineering slopes to provide a series of green screening and a green buffer between the expressway and the adjacent hillside vegetation. Dominant tree species include Acacia confusa, Eucalyptus spp., Leucaena leucocephala, and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, which are common species of Hong Kong. Its quality and significance is relatively low while the ability to accommodate change in high and hence the sensitivity is considered as Low.	Low	28.2 (Approx. 5279 nos. of trees)
LR1.3	Sandy Beach along the coastal area of Ma Wan	This LR refers to the beaches located at the south side of the shoreline of Ma Wan and the northeast side of the Tang Lung Chau. The beaches are formed under natural deposition of the settlement along the shoreline of the Ma Wan and Tang Lung Chau. The quality and significance of these sandy beaches are high with relatively little tolerant to change, hence the sensitivity of the landscape resources is High.	High	0.22 (Approx. 80 nos. of trees)
LR1.4	Natural Rocky Shore along the coastal area of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi	This LR refers to the rocky coastline in the foothill of the north side of the Ma Wan and west of the Tsing Yi within the Study Area. These existing landscape resources are naturally formed under years of shoreline erosion. Cluster of vegetation, mainly shrub and costal plant species can be found between the gaps of the rocks. Dominant tree species include Acacia confusa, Eucalyptus spp., and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, which are common species of Hong Kong. The quality and significance of these natural coastlines are high with relatively low tolerant to change. Hence, the sensitivity of this LR is considered as High.	High	4.51 (Approx. 740 nos. of trees)
LR1.5	Sea Waterbody of Kap Shui Mun and Ma Wan Channel	This LR refers to the vast waterbody at the west of Tsing Yi and between Ma Wan and Tang Lung Chau. This LR comprises the natural shoreline and the cluster of vegetation along the shoreline. The quality and significance of this landscape resources are relatively high and little tolerant to changes. Hence, the sensitivity of this LR is considered as High.	High	161.5 (Approx. nil trees)
LR1.6	Vegetation in Developed Area of Tsing Yi	The vegetation found within the industrial area and transportation related facilities at the west of the Tsing Yi are the key landscape resources of this LR. The vegetation found are mainly the ruderal herbs and weedy or some individual trees scattered at the edges of the development plots. Dominant tree species include Acacia confusa, Archontophoenix alexandrae, Leucaena leucocephala, Liquidambar formosana and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, which are common species of Hong Kong. The quality of these vegetation is fair to poor, while significance is relatively low with high tolerant to changes. Hence, the sensitivity is considered as Low.	Low	29.4 (Approx. 710 nos. of trees)
LR1.7	Vegetation at Lantau Link Visitors Centre	This LR refers to the amenity planting at the Lantau Link Viewing Platform and the Visitors Centre. Vegetation, including flowering tree and shrub species are planted for ornamental purpose and serve as the amenity feature to the visitor. Dominant tree species include Bauhinia variegata, Ficus virens, Ficus macrocarpa, Roystonea regia. The vegetation is in fair to good condition. This man-made landscaping is in fair quality and significance and high ability to accommodate the changes. Hence, the sensitivity is considered as Medium.	Medium	0.43 (Approx. 40 nos. of trees)
LR1.8	Vegetation at the southeast side of Ma Wan	This LR refers to the vegetation identified at the southeast side of the Ma Wan. The extensive coastal lowland is predominately covered by mosaic shrubland with high density of mixed trees growth while ruderal herbs and weedy grown along the coastal edges. Dominant tree species include Leucaena leucocephala. This man-made landscaping is in fair condition and significance and high ability to accommodate the changes. Hence, the sensitivity is considered as Low.	Low	2.50 (Approx. 388 nos. of trees)
LR1.9	Roadside amenity planting along the highway	The roadside amenity planting along the Tsing Long Highway are the key landscape resources of this LR. The vegetation including palm trees and grassy species are in fair to good condition for visual screening and ornamental purpose. Dominant tree species include Acacia confusa, Eucalyptus spp., and Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, which are common amenity species in Hong Kong. The significance is relatively low and the ability to accommodate change of this man-made landscaping is relatively high, hence the sensitivity is considered as Low.	Low	1.28 (Approx. 305 nos. of trees)
North Lantau Area
LR2.1	Hillside Vegetation at North Lantau	This LR refers to the hillside vegetation located within the Study Area at Ng Kwu Leng and Fa Peng Teng on Lantau Island. The vegetation mixed with the grassland, shrubland and trees form a green backdrop in the vicinity and serve as an important green vista and visual amenity for the regions. Dominant tree species include Acacia confusa, Cratoxylum cochinchinense, Litsea glutinosa, Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Machilus chekiangensis, Polyspora axillaris and Schefflera hetaphylla. Due to limited human disturbance, these trees are mature and of medium to large sizes. The quality and significance of this landscape resources are high with relatively low tolerance to change. The ability to accommodate change is relatively low. Hence, the sensitivity of this LR is considered as High.	High	80.2 (Approx. 14960 nos. of trees)
LR2.2	Vegetation on Engineered Slope along North Lantau Highway	This LR refers to the vegetation planted on the engineered slope on both sides of North Lantau Highway. The majority of the vegetation are in the toe planters, complies with cluster of exotic trees species and shrub and ruderal herbs and weedy. These vegetations provide a series of green screening and a green buffer between the expressway and the adjacent hillside vegetation. Dominant tree include Casuarina equisetifolia and Polyspora axillaris, which are common species in Hong Kong. The vegetation quality and significance is relatively low while the ability to accommodate change in high and hence the sensitivity is considered as Low.	Low.	9.92 (Approx. 1643 nos. of trees)
LR2.3	Natural Rocky Shore facing Kap Shui Mun	This LR refers to the rocky coastline in the foothill of east side of Lantau which the existing landscape resources are naturally formed under years of shoreline erosion. Cluster of vegetation can be found between the gaps of the rocks. Dominant tree species include Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia and Schefflera hetaphylla, which are common species in Hong Kong. The quality and significance of these natural coastlines are high with relatively low tolerant to change. Hence, the sensitivity of this LR is considered as High.	High	4.10 (Approx. 810 nos. of trees)
LR2.4	Sea Waterbody of Kap Shui Mun	This LR refers to the vast waterbody within the assessment area close to the Yi Chuen and Sam Chuen of North Lantau, which comprise of natural shoreline and cluster of vegetation along the shoreline. The quality and significance of this landscape resources are relatively high and little tolerant to changes. Hence, the sensitivity of this LR is considered as High.	High	18.9 (Approx. no trees)
LR2.5	Vegetation in Developed Area at To Kau Wan and Ng Kwu Leng	The vegetation found within the construction site at Ng Kwu Leng and the temporary storage site at To Kau Wan are the key landscape resources of this LR. The vegetation found are mainly the ruderal herbs and weedy scattered at the edges of the development plots. Dominant tree species include Juniperus chinensis and Leucaena leucocephala, which are common species in Hong Kong. The quality of these vegetation is fair to poor, while significance is relatively low with high tolerant to changes due to constant human interference. Hence, the sensitivity is considered as Low.	Low	5.37 (Approx. 285 nos. of trees)
LR2.6	Roadside Amenity Planting along North Lantau Highway	Row of palm trees and grassy species along the North Lantau Highway are the key landscape resources of this LR, which are planted strategically to bring ornamental purpose and serve as an visual extension of the adjacent hillside vegetation. Dominant tree species include Livistona chinensis, which is common amenity species in Hong Kong. The quality and significance is relatively low and the ability to accommodate change of this man-made landscaping is relatively high, hence the sensitivity is considered as Low.	Low	0.17 (Approx. 40 nos. of trees)
LR2.7	Watercourse at North Lantau	This LR refers to the vegetation identified along the watercourse at Yi Chun and Fa Peng Teng in Northeast Lantau. The watercourse is partially natural and channelized with concrete bedding. Along the channelized section, only limited vegetation such as Giant Alocasia, Oriental Blechnum and few trees are found. The quality and significance of this LR is fair to low due to the human disturbance while the ability to accommodate change is medium. Hence, the sensitivity is considered as Medium.	Medium	0.70 (Approx. no trees)

Landscape Character Area

10.5.1.6 LCAs were identified within the assessment area in accordance with the “A Study on Landscape Value Mapping of Hong Kong”. LCAs which will be potentially affected by the Project are described and appraised, together with their sensitivity analysed and evaluated in Table 10.4. The locations of LCAs are mapped in Figures 10.3.0 - 10.3.6. Photographs of the LCAs are presented in Figure 10.3.7.

Table 10.4 Landscape Character Areas and Their Sensitivity

ID No.	Landscape Character Area	Descriptions	Sensitivity	Approx. Area (ha)
Ma Wan / Tsing Yi Area
LCA 1.1	Inshore Water Landscape of Ma Wan Channel and between Ma Wan and Tang Lung Chau	These are areas of coastal water lying close to the shores of Ma Wan, Tang Lung Chau and Tsing Yi. This LCA is characterized predominantly by the coastal waters, small islands, rocky shoreline and sandy beaches while serving as key shipping lanes and ferry traffic. Apart from the natural shoreline, the straighten sea edge at west Tsing Yi due to reclamation is also a key feature of this LCA. Such setting forms an open, tranquil and natural landscape which provide valuable views to adjacent residential receivers from Ma Wan, Tsing Yi and Sham Tseng and hikers of the country park. The quality of the inshore water landscape is high with relatively low tolerant to change. This LCA is important and significant to the adjacent district and hence its sensitivity is considered as High.	High	161.5
LCA 1.2	Upland and Hillside Landscape of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi	This LCA is characterized predominantly by its lush and extensive vegetation coverage at south of the Ma Wan (i.e. Tai Leng Tau), Tang Lung Chau and northwest of Tsing Yi. Vegetation is dominated by shrubby grassland and patches of plantation. Matures vegetation may be found along the foothills. Such vegetation forms a natural green backdrop to the viewers at the natural trail and residents at Ma Wan. The quality of the upland and hillside landscape is high with relatively low tolerant to change. This LCA is important and significant to the adjacent district and hence its sensitivity is considered as High.	High	53.0
LCA 1.3	Industrial Urban Landscape of West Tsing Yi	This LCA refers to the industrial developments and relevant works at industrial area, which are all clustered at the reclaimed land of the west of Tsing Yi. The facilities found are mainly oil depots, warehouses, dockyards and quarry sites. Vegetation is mostly found at the periphery of the developed plots and are mainly weedy plant or some individual trees. Given the urbanized nature of the area with low amenity value of the vegetation, the quality and significance are relatively low and the ability to accommodate change of this man-made landscaping is relatively high. Hence, the sensitivity of this LCA is considered as Low.	Low	31.0
LCA 1.4	Transportation Corridor Landscape of West Tsing Yi Interchange	This LCA refers to the transportation corridor within the assessment area, including the Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Tsing Long Highway and Tsing Sha Highway. These highways are generally characterized by their linear form and served as a major traffic connection between the islands. Vegetation is found mainly along the roadside or gaps between the highway with relatively low amenity value. The quality and significance are relatively low and the ability to accommodate change of this man-made landscaping is relatively high. Hence, the sensitivity is considered as Low.	Low	6.0
LCA 1.5	Miscellaneous Urban Fringe Landscape at southeast Ma Wan and Tsing Yi	This LCA refers to the developed area at the edges of the urbanised environment, including reclaimed lowland at the southeast of Ma Wan and the Lantau Link Visitors Centre. Vegetation is found mainly man-made either for amenity purpose or greenery provision. Its quality and significance are considered as fair while the ability to accommodate change is medium. Hence, the sensitivity is considered as Medium.	Medium	3.31
North Lantau Area
LCA2.1	Inshore Water Landscape of Kap Shui Mun	This LCA refers to the waterbody identified at the north of the Lantau which is characterized predominantly by the coastal waters and rocky shoreline. It provides valuable views to adjacent residential receivers from Ma Wan, Sham Tseng and Tsing Lung Tau and hikers at Fa Peng Teng and Yi Chuen. The quality of the inshore water landscape is high with relatively low tolerant to change. This LCA is important and significant to the adjacent district and hence its sensitivity is considered as High.	High	18.9
LCA2.2	Upland and Hillside Landscape of North Lantau	This LCA is characterized predominantly by its extensive and dense vegetation coverage at the northeast of the Lantau (i.e. Ng Kwu Leng and Fa Peng Teng). Vegetation is dominated by shrubby grassland and patches of plantation, as part of the lush vegetation of Lantau. It forms a natural green backdrop to the viewers at the natural trail and residences of Ma Wan, Sham Tseng and Tsing Lung Tau. The quality of the upland and hillside landscape is high with relatively low tolerant to change. This LCA is important and significant to the adjacent district and hence its sensitivity is considered as High.	High	96.3
LCA2.3	Industrial Urban Landscape at To Kau Wan and Ng Kwu Leng	This LCA refers to temporary construction or storage scattered at the northeast of the Lantau close to Ng Kwu Leng and To Kau Wan. The facilities found are mainly dockyards and quarry sites while vegetation, mainly weedy plants, are found at the periphery of the developed plots. Given the urbanized nature of the area with low amenity value of the vegetation, the quality and significance are relatively low and the ability to accommodate change of this man-made landscaping is relatively high. Hence, the sensitivity of this LCA considered as Low.	Low	4.76
LCA2.4	Transportation Corridor Landscape along North Lantau Highway	This LCA refers to the transportation corridor within the assessment area, including the Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Tsing Yi-Lantau Link, Tsing Long Highway and Tsing Sha Highway. Those highways are generally characterized by their linear form and served as a major traffic connection between the islands. Vegetation is found mainly along the roadside or gaps between the highway with relatively low amenity value. The quality and significance are relatively low and the ability to accommodate change of this man-made landscaping is relatively high. Hence, the sensitivity is considered as Low.	Low	9.07

Visual Envelope

10.5.1.7 The VE of the Project has been identified by desktop study maps, photographs and site visit to determine visibility of the project site from various locations. Subject to the location of the proposed works which is in between Tsing Yi, Ma Wan and Lantau, the VE is relatively extensive, confined along the ridgeline of the hillside along Sham Tseng at the north, ridgeline of the hillside along the Tsing Yi Nature Trails at the east, waterfront of Kennedy Town and the ridgeline of Mount Davis, Kau Yi Chau, Siu Kau Yi Chau and Peng Chau at the south and the ridgeline of Lantau along the Fa Peng Teng at the west. The visual envelope of the Project during operational phase is illustrated in Figure 10.4 and will be further reviewed subject to the latest design development.

Existing Visual Condition and Key Visual Elements

10.5.1.8 Within the VE, most of them are coastal areas and hillside ridgeline of the surrounding inland area or islands of Ma Wan. The major visual resource and landmark within the VE is the Tsing Ma Bridge, continuous ridgeline with dense vegetation as greenery backdrop of most of the key public view and vast open sea view.

Identified VPs

10.5.1.9 Within the VE, the following VPs are identified:

1) VP-A2 - View from New Praya at Kennedy Town;

2) VP-A3 - View from Fa Peng Teng;

3) VP-A4 - View from Tsing Yi Nature Trails;

4) VP-B3 - View from Ma Wan Tung Wan Beach;

5) VP-B4 - View from Lantau Link Visitors Centre;

6) VP-B5 - View from Airport Core Programme Exhibition Centre;

7) VP-A5 - View from Peng Chau Family Walk;

8) VP-T1 - View from the Travellers on the Discovery Bay-Central Ferry; and

9) VP-P1 - View from Waterfront of Southern Ma Wan.

10.5.1.10 Based on the locations of the proposed aboveground structures, the viewpoints from key public viewers are mapped in Figure 10.4, with their description and sensitivities evaluated in Table 10.5 as follow:

VP. ID	Location of VPs and Description	Type of Viewers	Description and Value of Existing Views	Viewer Sensitivity (Low, Medium, High)
VP-A2	View from New Praya at Kennedy Town · Ground level VP viewing at TYLL · Located at around 8000m from the Project · Approx. no. of viewers: Medium	Traveller / Recreational Users	· The general view of this VP consists of vast waterbody at front ground and ridgeline of North Lantau, Tsing Yi and continuous ridgeline at Sham Tseng with open sky view at the background. · The duration of view is short to medium viewing. · Subject to the long viewing distance, the visibility of the view may vary due to the weather condition. · Value of existing view: Fair to good	Medium
VP-A3	View from Fa Peng Teng · Elevated vantage point viewing at TYLL · Located around 1200m from the Project · Approx. no. of viewers: Few	Hiker	· The general view of this VP consists of shoreline of the North Lantau at the front ground, Tang Lung Chau, Tsing Ma Bridge connected from the North Lantau, Ma Wan to Tsing Yi at the mid-ground and ridgeline behind Sham Tseng and Ting Kau Bridge with open sky view at the background. · Hikers would temporarily stop by for a while to rest and enjoy the scenery, hence the viewing duration is occasional · The visibility of the view is high due to no blockage from surrounding vegetation. · Value of existing view: Good	High
VP-A4	View from Tsing Yi Nature Trails · Elevated vantage point viewing at TYLL · Located around 500m from the Project · Approx. no. of viewers: Medium	Hiker	· The general view of this VP consists of dense hillside vegetation at the front ground, Tsing Ma Bridge at the mid-ground and coastal shoreline and ridgeline of North Lantau with an open sky view as a backdrop. · The duration of view is occasional due to the blockage of the view by dense vegetation along the trails. · Value of existing view: Good	High
VP-B3	View from Ma Wan Tung Wan Beach · Ground level VP viewing at TYLL · Located around 800m from the Project · Approx. no. of viewers: Many	Recreational Users	· The general view of this VP consists of an open sea view toward the coastal shoreline of Ma Wan and Tsing Ma Bridge with an open sky view. · The duration of view is long as visitors would likely to stay on the beach for various recreational activities. · Value of existing view: Good	High
VP-B4	View from Lantau Link Visitors Centre · Elevated vantage point viewing at TYLL · Located around 1000m from the Project · Approx. no. of viewers: Few	Recreational Users	· The general view of this VP consists of hillside vegetation at the front ground, Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge at mid-ground and Fa Peng Teng and ridgeline of Lantau with open sky view at the background. · Visitors would likely stop at the lookout point to enjoy the scenery of Tsing Ma Bridge. · Value of existing view: Good	High
VP-B5	View from Airport Core Programme Exhibition Centre · Elevated vantage point viewing at TYLL · Located around 2000m from the Project · Approx. no. of viewers: Few	Visitor/ Recreational Users	· The general view of this VP consists of vast waterbody of Ma Wan Channel and Tsing Ma Bridge connecting the Ma Wan and North Tsing Yi with open sky view. · The duration of view is medium and the frequency is occasional. · Value of existing view: Good	Medium
VP-A5	View from Peng Chau Family Walk · Ground Level VP viewing at TYLL · Located around 6500-7000m from the Project · Approx. no. of viewers: Few	Hiker	· The general view of this VP consists of vegetation at front ground, vast waterbody and ridgeline of Lantau at mid-ground with the Tsing Ma Bridge, Tsing Yi and Tai Mo Shan as a backdrop. · Hikers would temporarily stop by for a while to rest and enjoy the scenery, hence the viewing duration is occasional. · Subject to the long viewing distance, the visibility of the view may vary due to the weather condition. · Value of existing view: Good	Medium
VP-T1	View from the Travellers on the Discovery Bay-Central Ferry · Sea level VP viewing at TYLL · Located at around 5000m from the Project · Approx. no. of viewers: Medium to Many	Traveller	· The general view of this VP consists of vast waterbody of Ma Wan Channel and Kap Shui Mui, islands of Lantau, Ma Wan, Tang Lung Chau and Tsing Yi, Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge the hillside ridgeline at Sham Tseng. · The duration of the view is short. Viewers of the VP may occasionally view the Project throughout the travelling journey due to the long travelling hours. · Value of existing view: Good	Medium
VP-P1	View from Waterfront of Southern Ma Wan · Ground level VP viewing at TYLL · Located at around 400m from the Project Approx. no. of viewers: Few to Medium	Recreational Users	· The general view of this VP consists of vast waterbody at front ground and ridgeline of Tsing Yi and Victoria Peak with open sky view at the background. · The duration of view is medium. · Value of existing view: Good	High

10.6 Landscape Impact Assessment

Sources of Landscape Impact

10.6.1.1 The sources of landscape impact arising from the Project would create various levels of landscape impact during construction and operational phases of the Project. Potential impacts would result from the temporary and permanent works during the construction phase and permanent aboveground structure elements during operational phase.

10.6.1.2 The TYLL will be predominantly as aboveground structures and minor underground structures, including the Main Bridges, viaduct structures, tunnels connection with the existing North Lantau Highway and Tsing Sha Highway, the proposed Tsing Lung Bridge under Route 11 and Hong Kong Island - Northeast Lantau Link (HKIW-NEL Link) and relevant road modification/ realignment of existing highway. The sources of temporary landscape impact were expected from the following key aboveground construction works:

· Construction of about 3.2 km long dual-3 lane carriageway suspension bridges between North Lantau and Tsing Yi;

· Construction of North Lantau Interchange, consisting of at-grade roads, tunnels and viaducts;

· Construction of Tsing Yi Connection, consisting of at-grade roads and viaducts;

· Modification/ realignment of Tsing Sha Highway and Cheung Tsing Highway;

· Associated reclamation works for the proposed bridge construction works;

· Construction of associated ancillary building for operation and maintenance; and

· Removal of existing trees and other vegetation due to the construction works.

10.6.1.3 The sources of landscape impact in the operational phase would include:

· Operation of the TYLL, including the Main Bridges; and

· Permanent removal of existing trees and other vegetation.

Magnitude of Landscape Change

10.6.1.4 The magnitude of unmitigated landscape changes associated with the construction and operational phases of the Project were assessed and are described in Table 10.6

Table 10.6 Magnitude of Landscape Changes during Construction and Operation

ID No.	Landscape Resources/ Landscape Character Areas	Description of Works	Description of Impacts	Magnitude of Change (Negligible / Slight / Moderate / Substantial)
ID No.	Landscape Resources/ Landscape Character Areas	Description of Works	Description of Impacts	Construction	Operation
*Landscape Resources*
Ma Wan/ Tsing Yi Area
LR1.1	Hillside Vegetation of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi	· Temporary work sites for the construction works of the open road sections of TYLL at the Tsing Yi Interchange. · Permanent structure of the highway connected to TYLL , including the retaining walls and elevated roads.	· Approx. 0.06ha (0.43%) of this LR would be affected. · A small portion of the LR close to the works site would be permanently affected. · Approx. 26 no. of trees would be affected.	Slight	Slight
LR1.2	Vegetation on Engineered Slope at Northwest Tsing Yi Interchange	· Temporary work sites for the construction works of the TYLL and connection to Tsing Sha Highway and Tsing Yi Anchorage, including slope cutting, construction of open road sections and associated structures. · Permanent structures of the open road sections connected to the Tsing Sha Highway and Tsing Yi Anchorage.	· Approx. 2.24ha (7.94%) of this LR would be affected. · Some of the existing vegetation along the engineering slope would be removed. · Approx. 430 no. of trees would be affected.	Slight	Slight
LR1.3	Sandy Beach along the coastal area of Ma Wan	· The temporary work for reclamation at the south of Ma Wan.	· Approx. 0.004ha (1.95%) of LR would be affected. · A small portion of the LR close to the works site would be temporarily affected. · A small cluster of shrubs and weedy plant would be permanently removed.	Slight	Slight
LR1.4	Natural Rocky Shore along the coastal area of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi	· The temporary work for reclamation at the south of Ma Wan. · Permanent reclamation sites for the bridges of the proposed works.	· Approx. 0.025ha (0.55%) of this LR would be affected. · A small portion of this LR, mainly at the south side of Ma Wan would be affected by the reclamation works. · The natural rocky shoreline would be replaced by the man-made rocky sea edges. · Some of the existing vegetation would be permanently removed.	Slight	Slight
LR1.5	Sea Waterbody of Kap Shui Mun and Ma Wan Channel	· The temporary works for reclamation at the south of Ma Wan and west of Tsing Yi at the industrial area. · Permanent reclamation sites for the bridges.	· Approx. 19.8ha (12.3%) of this LR would be affected. · A portion of seawater would be permanently taken up by the reclamation works.	Slight	Slight
LR1.6	Vegetation in Developed Area	· Temporary works for reclamation at the west of the Tsing Yi at the industrial area. · Permanent reclamation site for the bridges.	· Approx. 0.6ha (2.0%) of this LR would be affected. · Some of the existing industrial use would be removed or relocated. · The existing vegetation at the edges of the developed area would be removed permanently. · Approx. 5 no. of trees would be affected.	Slight	Slight
LR1.7	Vegetation at Lantau Link Visitors Centre	· No temporary work and permanent work proposed.	· Nil.	Negligible	Negligible
LR1.8	Coastal lowland with mixed trees/ shrubland	· No temporary work and permanent work proposed.	· Nil.	Negligible	Negligible
LR1.9	Roadside amenity planting along the highway	· No temporary work and permanent work proposed.	· Nil.	Negligible	Negligible
North Lantau Area
LR2.1	Hillside Vegetation at North Lantau	· Temporary work sites for the construction works of the TYLL, including slope cutting, construction of the highways and open road sections, tunnels and associated structures at Ng Kwu Leng and east of Fa Peng Teng. · Permanent structures of the highways connected to the North Lantau Highway, and viaduct structures and tunnel portals at Ng Kwu Leng and east of Fa Peng Teng.	· Approx. 7.53ha (9.40%) of this LR would be affected. · A relatively large portion of existing vegetation would be affected permanently, especially the vegetation at Ng Kwu Leng and east of Fa Peng Teng. · Existing natural hillside would be replaced by man-made slopes or retaining walls. · Approx. 1540 no. of trees would be affected.	Moderate	Moderate
LR2.2	Vegetation on Engineered Slope along North Lantau Highway	· Temporary work sites for the construction works of the TYLL, and connection to North Lantau Highway including slope cutting, construction of open road section and associated structures. · Permanent structures of the open road sections connected to the North Lantau Highway.	· Approx. 1.64ha (16.5%) would be affected. · Some of the existing vegetation along the engineering slope would be removed. · Approx. 325 no. of trees would be affected.	Slight	Slight
LR2.3	Natural Rocky Shore facing Kap Shui Mun	· Temporary works sites for the construction works of the TYLL, including the construction of pile-supported Vessel Impact Protection System (VIPS). · Permanent structures of the pile-supported VIPS.	· Approx. 0.09 ha (2.20%) of this LR would be affected. · Small portion of the rocky shoreline and existing coastline vegetation would be permanently replaced by the pile-supported VIPS. · Approx. 55 no. of trees would be affected.	Slight	Slight
LR2.4	Sea Waterbody of Kap Shui Mun	· Temporary works sites for the construction works of the TYLL, including the construction of pile-supported Vessel Impact Protection System (VIPS). · Permanent structures of the pile-supported VIPS.	· Approx. 0.1ha (0.53%) of this LR would be affected. · A portion of seawater would be permanently taken up by the reclamation works.	Negligible	Negligible
LR2.5	Vegetation in Developed Area at To Kau Wan and Ng Kwu Leng	· No temporary work and permanent work proposed.	· Nil.	Negligible	Negligible
LR2.6	Roadside Amenity Planting along North Lantau Highway	· No temporary work and permanent work proposed.	· Nil.	Negligible	Negligible
LR2.7	Watercourse at North Lantau	· Temporary work sites for the construction works of the TYLL, include slope cutting, construction of the highways and open road sections, tunnels and associated structures at Ng Kwu Leng and east of Fa Peng Teng. · Permanent structures of the highways connected to the North Lantau Highway, and viaduct structures and tunnel portals at Ng Kwu Leng and east of Fa Peng Teng.	· Approx. 0.03ha (4%) of this LR would be affected. · A small portion of existing vegetation would be affected. · Diversion of existing watercourses.	Slight	Slight
*Landscape Character Area*
Ma Wan / Tsing Yi Area
LCA1.1	Inshore Water Landscape of Ma Wan Channel and between Ma Wan and Tang Lung Chau	· The temporary works for reclamation at the south of Ma Wan and west of Tsing Yi at the industrial area. · Permanent reclamation sites for the bridges of the proposed works.	· Approx. 19.8ha (12.3%) of this LCA would be affected. · A relatively small portion of water would be permanently taken up by the proposed works.	Slight	Slight
LCA1.2	Upland and Hillside Landscape of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi	· Temporary work sites for the construction works of the TYLL and connection to Tsing Sha Highway and Tsing Yi Anchorage, including slope cutting, construction of open road sections and associated structures. · Permanent structures of the open road sections connected to the Tsing Sha Highway and Tsing Yi Anchorage.	· Approx. 2.50ha (4.72%) of this LCA would be affected. · A small portion of the LCA would be replaced as part of the transportation corridor LCA permanently.	Slight	Slight
LCA1.3	Industrial Urban Landscape of West Tsing Yi	· Temporary work sites for the construction of the reclamation site for the proposed works at the west of the Tsing Yi at the industrial area. · Permanent provision of reclamation site for the works.	· Approx. 0.98ha (3.16%) of this LCA would be affected. · Some of the existing industrial structures would be affected permanently and replaced by transportation-related structures (i.e. open road sections and associated facilities).	Slight	Slight
LCA1.4	Transportation Corridor Landscape of West Tsing Yi Interchange	· Temporary work sites for the construction works of the TYLL, and connection to Tsing Sha Highway, include the construction of the open road sections and associated structures. · Permanent structures of the open road sections connected to Tsing Sha Highway.	· Approx. 0.8ha (13.4%) of this LCA would be affected. · The coverage area of this LCA would be increased due to the expansion of the existing transportation corridor along the Tsing Sha Highway. · The character of this LCA would remain the same as the existing due to the similar development nature.	Slight	Slight
LCA1.5	Miscellaneous Urban Fringe Landscape	· No temporary work and permanent work proposed.	· Nil.	Negligible	Negligible
North Lantau Area
LCA2.1	Inshore Water Landscape of Kap Shui Mun	· Temporary works sites for the construction works of the TYLL, including the construction of pile-supported Vessel Impact Protection System (VIPS). · Permanent structures of the pile-supported VIPS.	· Approx. 0.1ha (0.53%) of this LCA would be affected. · A relatively small portion of water would be permanently taken up by proposed works.	Negligible	Negligible
LCA2.2	Upland and Hillside Landscape of North Lantau	· Temporary work sites for the construction works of the TYLL, include the construction of the open road sections, tunnels and associated structures at Ng Kwu Leng and east of Fa Peng Teng. · Permanent structures of the open road sections connected to the North Lantau Highway and viaduct structures and tunnel portals at Ng Kwu Leng and east of Fa Peng Teng.	· Approx. 9.26ha (9.61%) of this LCA would be affected. · A portion of vegetation would be replaced by the proposed infrastructures (i.e. open road sections, tunnels and associated structures). · The affected area would be replaced as transportation corridor LCA permanently.	Slight	Slight
LCA2.3	Industrial Urban Landscape at To Kau Wan and Ng Kwu Leng	· No temporary work and permanent work proposed.	· Nil.	Negligible	Negligible
LCA2.4	Transportation Corridor Landscape along North Lantau Highway	· Temporary work site for the construction works of the TYLL, and connection to North Lantau Highway, including the construction of the open road sections and associated structures. · Permanent structures of the open road sections connected to the North Lantau Highway.	· Approx. 0.44ha (4.85%) of this LCA would be affected. · The coverage area of this LCA would be increased due to the expansion of the existing transportation corridor along North Lantau Highway. · The character of is LCA would remain the same as the existing due to the similar development nature.	Slight	Slight

Significance of Unmitigated Landscape Impact

10.6.1.5 The significance of landscape impact, before implementation of mitigation measures, in the construction and operational phases will be assessed and presented in Table 10.10.

10.6.1.6 The initial significance of unmitigated impacts on the affected LRs and LCAs would vary from substantial to negligible. They are described as below:

LR 1.1 - Hillside Vegetation of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi

10.6.1.7 LR 1.1 is the hillside vegetation at Sam Chi Heung on Tsing Yi and southern side and northern side of Ma Wan and Tang Lung Chau. The sensitivity of this LR is identified as High. During the construction phase, it is assumed that only a small portion of existing vegetation close to Tsing Yi Interchange would be affected permanently for the construction of the open road sections connecting to the TYLL. Upon the completion of works, the natural vegetated hillside would be replaced by highway structures such as elevated roads and associated retaining structures. The compatibility of the proposed works is relatively low while not reversible. The magnitude of change on this LR due to the Project is considered as Slight and the resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases is Moderate.

LR 1.2 - Vegetation on Engineered Slope at Northwest Tsing Yi Interchange

10.6.1.8 The man-made vegetation on the engineered slope along the Tsing Long Highway and Tsing Sha Highway is assumed to be removed permanently for the construction of the open road sections and associated viaduct structures and Tsing Yi Anchorage. The affected vegetated man-made slope would be reinstated upon the completion of works. Even though the proposed works are considered as compatible in nature to the existing surrounding landscape, the scale of development is relatively extensive, and the change resulting from the proposed works would be irreversible. The magnitude of change is considered as Slight. Given that the sensitivity of this LR is Low, the resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases is Slight.

LR 1.3 - Sandy Beach along the coastal area of Ma Wan

10.6.1.9 The natural coastal features of this LR are mainly located at the south side of the shoreline of Ma Wan and the northeast side of Tang Lung Chau. A periphery portion of this LR may potentially be affected by the reclamation works of the Project at the south of Ma Wan during both the construction and operational phases. The changes would be irreversible while the compatibility of the proposed works is considered as low. The magnitude of change on this LR due to the Project is considered as Slight and localized. Given to its High sensitivity, the resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases is Moderate.

LR 1.4 - Natural Rocky Shore

10.6.1.10 This LR refers to the rocky coastline at the foothill of the north of Ma Wan and west of the Tsing Yi within the Study Area. The sensitivity of this LR is considered as High due to its natural formation characteristics. Along the extensive rocky coastline, only a small portion of the coastline at the south side of Ma Wan would be affected by the proposed reclamation works during the construction phase. Upon the completion of works, some of the existing vegetation along the coastline would be removed permanently and replaced by man-made rocky sea edges. The compatibility of the proposed works is fair while changes are irreversible. Considered that the proposed works are localized and relatively small in scale, the magnitude of change on this LR due to the Project is considered as Slight. It is assumed that the resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases would be Moderate.

LR 1.5 - Sea Waterbody of Kap Shui Mun and Ma Wan Channel

10.6.1.11 This LR refers to the vast waterbody of Kap Shui Mun between Ma Wan and Tang Lung Chau and Ma Wan Channel between Ma Wan and Tsing Yi. The sensitivity of this LR is High. During the construction stage, reclamation work would be conducted and would take up a small portion of the waterbody for the construction of bridges and associated structures. Upon the completion of works, the reclaimed site would be permanently located at the south of Ma Wan and change the profile of the natural rocky shoreline while the reclamation at the northwest of Tsing Yi would be considered as an extension of the existing reclaimed industrial site. The compatibility of the works is relatively low due to nature of works and the change is irreversible. Considered that affected area is relatively small and localized, the magnitude of change on this LR is Slight. It is assumed that the resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases would be Moderate.

LR 1.6 - Vegetation in Developed Area of Tsing Yi

10.6.1.12 This LR refers to the vegetation found within the developed area including the industrial area at the west of Tsing Yi. The sensitivity of this LR is Low due to the existing poor to fair quality of existing vegetation. During the construction stage, existing small cluster of vegetated area would be permanently affected for the construction of the open road sections and associated viaduct structures. Upon completion of works, the affected industrial buildings would be redeveloped subject to the future development scheme and the affected vegetated area would conservatively assume not to be reinstated subject to the nature of the existing industrial activities. The compatibility of the proposed works is fair while the changes are irreversible. The magnitude of change on this LR due to the Project is considered as Slight. Hence, the resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases is Slight.

LR 1.7 to LR 1.9

10.6.1.13 The landscape resources identified within the LR 1.7 - LR 1.9 amenity planting in Lantau Link Visitors Centre, roadside amenity planting along the Tsing Long Highway and vegetated flatland at the southeast of Ma Wan. Their sensitivity range from Low to Medium. Since no works would be proposed during both construction and operational phases, the magnitude of change on these LRs due to the Project is considered as Negligible. The resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases is Negligible.

LR 2.1 - Hillside Vegetation of North Lantau

10.6.1.14 LR 2.1 is the hillside vegetation at Ng Kwu Leng and east of Fa Peng Teng. The sensitivity of this LR is identified as High. During the construction phase, it is assumed that a portion of existing hillside vegetation would be affected permanently by the slope cutting for the construction of the open road sections and associated viaduct structures, tunnels and associated portal structures, and anchorage of the bridges. Upon the completion of works, the disturbed natural hillside would be replaced as man-made slope permanently due to the associated slope cutting works and construction of highway structures. The periphery of the proposed structures would be fenced off for security purpose. The compatibility of the proposed works is low to the surrounding natural landscape and change is irreversible. The magnitude of change on this LR due to the Project is considered as Moderate and the resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases is Moderate.

LR 2.2 - Vegetation on Engineering Slope along North Lantau Highway

10.6.1.15 The man-made vegetation on the engineered slope and roadside along the Tsing Long Highway, Tsing Sha Highway and North Lantau Highway is assumed to be removed permanently for the construction of the open road sections and associated viaduct structures, and tunnels and associated portal structures. The affected area would be reinstated upon the completion of works. Considered that the sensitivity of this LR is Low while the magnitude of change on this LR due to the Project is considered as Slight, the resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases is Slight.

LR 2.3 - Natural Rocky Shore facing Kap Shui Mun

10.6.1.16 The natural rocky shore and vegetation are the key landscape resources of the LR. During the construction stage, a small portion of rocky shore would be taken up for the construction of pile-supported VIPS. Upon completion of works, the affected vegetated area would conservatively assume not to be reinstated subject to the maintenance and security requirements. The compatibility of the proposed works to the existing natural surrounding is considered as low and the changes are irreversible. Since the scale of the proposed works is small and localized while the sensitivity of this LR is High, the magnitude of change on this LR due to the Project is considered as Slight. The resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases is Moderate.

LR 2.7 - Watercourse at North Lantau

10.6.1.17 The vegetation along the watercourse at Yi Chuen and Sam Chuen are the key landscape resources of this LR. During the construction stage, the proposed works including tunnels, portals, viaduct structures and southbound slip road construction works would potentially affect the existing watercourse. Existing vegetation would also be potentially affected temporarily. Upon the completion of works, the affected vegetation would be reinstated. Considered that the sensitivity of this channelised watercourse is Medium while the magnitude of change on this LR due to the Project is considered as Slight and localized, the resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases is Slight.

LR 2.4 to LR 2.6

10.6.1.18 Landscape resources identified within the LR 2.4 - LR 2.6 include vegetation in temporary construction / storage sites and roadside amenity plantings. Their sensitivity range from Low to High. Considered that no works would be proposed during both the construction and operational phase within these LRs, the magnitude of change from the Project to these LRs are Negligible and the unmitigated landscape impact on these LRs during construction and operational phases is considered as Negligible.

LCA 1.1 - Inshore Water Landscape of Ma Wan Channel and between Ma Wan and Tang Lung Chau

10.6.1.19 The LCA refers to the vast water resources, natural shoreline and straighten sea edge within the assessment area. The sensitivity is considered as High due its open, tranquil and natural landscape characteristic. During the construction stage, reclamation works would be conducted strategically within this LCA for the construction of bridges and associated structures. Upon the completion of works, the reclamation at the south of Ma Wan would affect the existing natural rocky shoreline permanently while the reclamation at the north of Tsing Yi would consider as an extension of the existing reclaimed area. A small portion of seawater become reclamation site permanently. The compatibility of the proposed works is fair due to its similar nature to the existing reclaimed site. Since the changes are localised and relatively small in scale, the magnitude of change to this LCA is considered as Slight. The unmitigated landscape impact on this LCA during construction and operational phases is considered as Moderate.

LCA 1.2 - Upland and Hillside Landscape of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi

10.6.1.20 During the construction stage, existing lush and densely vegetated hillsides and the engineering slopes would be affected by the construction works of TYLL bridges and open road sections connected to the existing Tsing Long Highway and Tsing Sha Highway and the Tsing Yi Anchorage. Upon the completion of works, the affected vegetation would be permanently affected and occupied by the transportation related infrastructure and the affected vegetation would be reinstated or reprovided in the form of roadside planting or man-made slope vegetation. The changes are irreversible, and compatibility of works is fair to low. Since the nature of the Project is not similar as the existing character, the magnitude of change on this LR due to the Project is considered as Slight. Considered that the sensitivity of this LCA is identified as High, hence resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases is Moderate.

LCA 1.3 - Industrial Urban Landscape of West Tsing Yi

10.6.1.21 During the construction stage, the existing industrial facilities (i.e. dockyards and warehouses) in west of Tsing Yi would be temporarily removed or relocated to provide space for the construction of open road sections and viaduct structures. Only a small cluster of vegetation would be permanently removed. The sensitivity is considered as Low. The affected industrial facilities would be redeveloped by others subject to the future development scheme. The changes are irreversible and compatibility of works is fair. Since the changes are localised, the magnitude of change to this LCA is considered as Slight. The unmitigated landscape impact on this LCA during construction and operational phases is considered as Slight.

LCA 1.4 - Transportation Corridor Landscape of West Tsing Yi Interchange

10.6.1.22 Tsing Ma Bridge, Tsing Long Highway and Tsing Sha Highway are the key elements of this LCA. Vegetation is found mainly along the roadside or gaps between the highways with relatively low amenity value. The sensitivity is considered as Low. Due to the proposed construction works, existing vegetation would be permanently removed. Considered that the proposed works are in similar nature of the existing highway infrastructure, the magnitude of change to this LCA is considered as Slight. The unmitigated landscape impact on this LCA during construction and operational phases is considered as Slight.

LCA 1.5 - Miscellaneous Urban Fringe Landscape at southeast Ma Wan and Tsing Yi

10.6.1.23 LCA 1.5 is the developed area at the edges of the urbanised environment, including reclaimed lowland at the southeast of Ma Wan and Lantau Link Visitors Centre. The sensitivity is considered as Medium. Considered that no works would be proposed during both the construction and operational phase within this LCA, the magnitude of change induced by the Project on this LCA is Negligible and the unmitigated landscape impact on this LCA during construction and operational phases is considered as Negligible.

LCA 2.1 - Inshore Water Landscape of Kap Shui Mun

10.6.1.24 The LCA refers to the waterbody of Kap Shui Mun, rocky shoreline at the foothill of Yi Chuen and Sam Chuen and reclaimed sea edge at Ng Kwu Leng. Its sensitivity is considered as High due its open and natural landscape characteristic. Considered that no works would be proposed during both the construction and operational phase within this LCA, the magnitude of change induced by the Project on this LCA is Negligible and the unmitigated landscape impact on this LCA during construction and operational phases is considered as Negligible.

LCA 2.2 - Upland and Hillside Landscape of North Lantau

10.6.1.25 During the construction stage, existing vegetated hillsides and the engineering slopes would be affected by slope cutting, the construction of the highways and open road sections, tunnels and associated structures at Ng Kwu Leng and east of Fa Peng Teng. Upon the completion of works, the vegetation would be permanently affected and occupied by the transportation related infrastructure and the affected vegetation would be reinstated or reprovided as form of roadside planting or man-made slope vegetation. The changes are irreversible, and compatibility of works is fair to low. Despite the nature of the Project is not similar as the existing character, the affected area would be localised. The magnitude of change on this LR due to the Project is considered as Slight. Considered that the sensitivity of this LCA is identified as High, the resultant unmitigated impact during construction and operational phases is Moderate.

LCA 2.3 - Industrial Urban Landscape at To Kau Wan and Ng Kwu Leng

10.6.1.26 Considered that no works would be proposed during both the construction and operational phase within this LCA, the magnitude of change induced by the Project on this LCA is Negligible and the unmitigated landscape impact on this LCA during construction and operational phases is considered as Negligible.

LCA 2.4 - Transportation Corridor Landscape along North Lantau Highway

10.6.1.27 The Kap Shui Mun Bridge and North Lantau Highway are the key elements of this LCA. Roadside amenity planting are found mainly at the area connected to the Kap Shui Mun Bridge. The sensitivity is considered as Low. Due to the proposed construction works of highways and open road sections, the road alignment would be slightly adjusted. Since the proposed works are in similar nature of the existing highway infrastructure, the magnitude of change to this LCA is considered as Slight. The unmitigated landscape impact on this LCA during construction and operational phases is considered as Slight.

10.7 Visual Impact Assessment

Source of Visual Impact

10.7.1.1 The sources of visual impact in operational phases of the Project would create varying levels of visual impact. Potential impacts would be resulted from the permanent aboveground structure elements during operational phase.

10.7.1.2 The sources of visual impact in the operational phase would include:

· Aboveground structures of TYLL include Main Bridges, viaduct structures and ancillary buildings, etc.; and

· Permanent removal of existing trees and other vegetation.

Magnitude of Visual Impact on existing VPs

10.7.1.3 The magnitude of change during operational phase would be assessed and described subject to the visual composition, visual obstruction and visual change in text and shown in Table 10.7 in accordance with the latest version of EIAO GN. Photomontages are prepared for the proposed VPs as per the requirements of the Study.

10.7.1.4 The criteria for the selection of representative viewpoints for photomontages include:

· the viewpoints which cover the aboveground structure(s) viewed from major public viewpoint would be potentially affected by the proposed permanent structures; and

· the viewpoints should be able to represent the worst-case scenarios and demonstrate the compatibility of the aboveground structures to the adjacent visual context and illustrate the visual effect during Day 1 without mitigation measures, Day 1 with mitigation measures and Year 10 with mitigation measures.

Significance of Unmitigated Visual Impact

10.7.1.5 The significance of visual impact, before implementation of mitigation measures, in the operational phase will be assessed and presented in Table 10.11.

Table 10.7 Magnitude of Visual Change during Operation

VP ID.	Location of VPs	Source of Visual Impact	Visual Composition	Visual Obstruction	Visual Change	Magnitude of Change (Negligible / Slight / Moderate / Substantial)
VP-A2	View from New Praya at Kennedy Town	The proposed main bridges	· The alignment and structural mass of the proposed main bridges would be similar to the existing Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge. · The visual compatibility of the proposed main bridges with surrounding context is considered as high.	· Subject to the long viewing distance and slim structural mass, the proposed development would have no obstruction to the existing visual elements. · The viewer can still enjoy the existing panorama view of the Lantau Island, Ma Wan and Tsing Yi.	· The proposed main bridges would be an additional visual element to this view. · The additional main bridges would not be noticeable by the viewers due to the long viewing distance and in similar nature with the surrounding built environment. · Effect of visual change on the public viewers: Slight · Degree of visibility: Glimpse · Minimum viewing distance: 8000m	Negligible - Slight
VP-A3	View from Fa Peng Teng	The proposed main bridges, site reclamation works	· The alignment and the scale of the structural mass is similar to the existing Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge. · The visual compatibility of the proposed main bridges with surrounding context is considered as high.	· The proposed main bridges is in similar scale of the existing Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge, existing view toward the Tsing Yi industrial area and the waterbody would be slightly blocked. · The existing open sky view and view toward the ridgeline of Tsing Yi and Tai Mo Shan would not be affected.	· The value of this view is attached to the visual amenity of the ridgeline of Tsing Yi and Tai Mo Shan and the developments at Ma Wan and Sham Tseng. · Subject to the high viewing location, the proposed main bridges would be fully visible to the viewers. · Due to the similar structural scale to and development nature of the existing Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge, the existing visual character is largely the same and can be maintained. · Effect of visual change on the public viewers: Slight · Degree of visibility: Full · Minimum viewing distance: 1200m	Slight
VP-A4	View from Tsing Yi Nature Trails	The proposed main bridges, site reclamation works	· The view is dominated by a panoramic view of open sky and vast waterbody of Ma Wan Channel and Kap Shui Mun. · The backdrop consists of the continuous ridgeline formed by Lantau Island and nearby islands, while the Tsing Ma Bridge occupies the middle ground. · The presence of vegetation in the foreground adds to the overall framing of the vista for the viewers. · The proposed main bridges are planned to be situated to the left of and parallel to the existing Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge. · It will span across the entire Kap Shui Mun and Ma Wan Channel, connecting to the North Lantau area. · The proposed main bridges would become one of the key visual elements of this view, blending harmoniously with the adjacent existing bridges. · The visual compatibility of the proposed works with the surrounding context is considered as high.	· Despite a small portion of existing view towards the Kap Shui Mun, Ma Wan Channel, Tang Lung Chau and natural hillside vegetation of North Lantau would be blocked by the proposed main bridges, the visual openness of the existing visual elements, such as the expansive waterbody, open sky and continuous ridgeline, would be largely retained. · The overall visual permeability would be largely preserved due to the slender and airy structural design of the proposed main bridges.	· The value of this view is primarily attached to the visual amenity of panoramic view toward the open sky view, the continuous ridgeline of Lantau Island, the vast waterbody and the iconic structure of Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge. · Since the proposed main bridges would cut though the waterbody, the existing view of vast waterbody would be slightly alternated. The visual change would be easily noticed by the public viewers due to the high viewing location. · Viewers at this VP are mainly hikers which are transient in nature. · Effect of visual change on the public viewers: Slight · Degree of visibility: Partial · Minimum viewing distance: 500m	Slight
VP-B3	View from Ma Wan Tung Wan Beach	The proposed main bridges	· The view is dominated by the Tsing Ma Bridge and its associated structure and the open sky view, featuring with the waterbody and sandy beach of Ma Wan Tung Wan Beach at the foreground and mountain backdrop of Tsing Yi at the background. · Since the proposed main bridges would be placed in parallel with and located at the back of Tsing Ma Bridge, the proposed main bridges would form part of the visual backdrop of this view. · While its development nature and scale is similar to existing Tsing Ma Bridge, small portion of the open sky view and the mountain backdrop of Tsing Yi would be obstructed. · The visual compatibility of the proposed works with the surrounding context is considered as high.	· Existing view toward the mountain backdrop of Tsing Yi and the open sky view would be partially blocked by the proposed main bridges. · The visual openness would be slightly reduced. · Subject to the design of the proposed main bridges, the visual permeability can still be preserved. · In general, the visual blockage caused by the proposed main bridges is considered as small.	· The proposed main bridges would be an additional visual element of this VP. · Despite the addition of the proposed main bridges, the Tsing Ma Bridge and waterbody of Ma Wan Tung Wan Beach and the open sky view would still be the key visual elements of this VP. · The proposed main bridges would be partially visible to viewers in medium viewing distance due to the blockage of existing visual elements. · The visual character of this VP would generally be retained due to the similar development nature and scale of the proposed main bridges as compared to the Tsing Ma Bridge. · Effect of visual change on the public viewers: Slight · Degree of visibility: Partial · Minimum viewing distance: 800m	Slight
VP-B4	View from Lantau Link Visitors Centre	The proposed main bridges, site reclamation works	· Visual composition of this VP is characterised by an open sky view with the ridgeline of Lantau Island and a minor potion of Ma Wan and Park Island in the background, Ma Wan Channel, Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge in the middle ground and hillside vegetation abutting lookout area of Lantau Link Visitors Centre in the foreground. · The proposed main bridges would be located at the back and in parallel with the Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge. · As the development nature and scale of the proposed works are similar with the existing infrastructure, the visual compatibility of the proposed works with the surrounding context is considered as high.	· Since the structural height and design are similar with the abutting Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge, only a small portion of view toward the open sky view, waterbody, ridgeline and hillside would be blocked. · Majority of the view and its overall quality remain the same.	· The visual resources would remain largely unaffected by the proposed main bridges. · At approximately 1,000m away from the subject site, the proposed main bridges are unlikely to significantly degrade the visual amenity being enjoyed from the VP. · Effect of visual change on the public viewers: Slight · Degree of visibility: Partial · Minimum viewing distance: 1000m	Slight
VP-B5	View from Airport Core Programme Exhibition Centre	The proposed main bridges, site reclamation works	· This is the view covering the lookout area at Airport Core Programme Exhibition Centre in the foreground, Tsing Ma Bridge at the mid-ground, and the open sky view, the small portion of mountain backdrop of Tsing Yi at the leftmost of the background, Ma Wan Channel and vegetated area of Ma Wan at the rightmost of the background as a backdrop. · The proposed main bridges would be located behind and in parallel with the Tsing Ma Bridge. · With similar structural design, elevation and massing as compared to the Tsing Ma Bridge, the visual compatibility of the proposed works with the surrounding context is considered as high.	· With similar structural design, bridge height and massing as compared to the Tsing Ma Bridge, only a small portion of open sky view and mountain backdrop of Tsing Yi would be blocked. · The visual permeability and the depth of view would remain largely the same.	· The value of this view is primarily attached to the open sky, vast waterbody of Ma Wan Channel and the iconic landmark bridge of Tsing Ma Bridge. · Given the proposed main bridges would be located behind and in parallel to Tsing Ma Bridge and their similar development nature, structural design and massing, the change would be considered as slight. · A small portion of mountain backdrop of Tsing Yi and open sky view would be blocked by the proposed development while the visual permeability would remain largely the same. · Other elements of the view will remain largely the same. · Effect of visual change on the public viewers: Slight · Degree of visibility: Full · Minimum viewing distance: 2000m	Slight
VP-A5	View from Peng Chau Family Walk	The proposed main bridges	· This viewpoint is situated in Peng Chau, which is relatively distant from the proposed works area. · The view encompasses a sandy beach in the foreground, expansive water bodies in the middle ground, and a continuous ridgeline of Lantau Island, Tsing Yi, Sham Tseng, and bridges in the background. · The proposed main bridges would be positioned in front of the Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge, connecting Tsing Yi and North Lantau. · Given its resemblance in development style, the proposed main bridges will harmoniously blend into the surrounding visual environment and be regarded as part of the existing infrastructural related visual elements of the VP. · The visual compatibility of the proposed works with the surrounding context is considered as high.	· The view toward the Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge would be slightly blocked by the proposed main bridges. · Due to the long viewing distance, the proposed work would be barely noticeable by the viewers. · The other visual elements currently enjoyed, such as the open sky view and continuous ridgeline at the back would not be blocked by the proposed works. · It is considered that no visual obstruction would be created at this VP.	· The value of this view is primarily attached to the panoramic view toward the vast waterbody and the continuous ridgeline. · The proposed main bridges between Tsing Yi and North Lantau would be the only visual change of this VP. · However, subject to the relatively small structural scale viewing from far distance, the current view enjoyed and sense of openness would remain. · Effect of visual change on the public viewers: Slight · Degree of visibility: Glimpse · Minimum viewing distance: 6500-7500m	Negligible- Slight
VP-T1	View from the travellers on the Discovery Bay-Central Ferry	The proposed main bridges	· This viewpoint offers a sea-level perspective along the ferry route between Discovery Bay and Central. · The main features of this view consist of a vast expanse of water in the foreground and an expansive open sky. · Tsing Yi, Ma Wan, Lantau Island, the coastal developments are at the middle ground and continuous ridgeline are at the background. · The proposed main bridges would be positioned in front of the Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge, connecting Tsing Yi and Lantau Island. · Given its similar development style and scale as compared to the Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge, the proposed bridge would seamlessly blend into the surrounding visual environment, considered as part of the existing infrastructural related visual elements of the VP. · The visual compatibility of the proposed works with the surrounding context is considered as high.	· The proposed main bridges would be slightly obstructing the view of the Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge. · The obstruction would be minimal due to the long viewing distance. The viewer would hardly notice the presence of the proposed structure. · Additionally, the open sky view and continuous ridgeline, which are currently enjoyed, would be remain unobstructed by the proposed works. · There would be no significant visual obstruction created at this viewpoint.	· The value of this view is primarily attached to the open sky, vast waterbody, and continuous ridgeline in the background, which all remain the same. · The proposed main bridges positioned in parallel with the existing bridges, would not alter the existing visual amenity. · Effect of visual change on the public viewers: Slight · Degree of visibility: Glimpse · Minimum viewing distance: 5000m	Negligible- Slight
VP-P1	View from the waterfront of southern Ma Wan	The proposed main bridges, site reclamation works	· The view encompasses the rocky shore in the foreground, expansive water bodies of Ma Wan Channel and vegetated area of Ma Wan in the middle ground, and a ridgeline of Tsing Yi and Victoria Peak in the background. · The proposed main bridges are planned to traverse the entire viewpoint from east to west. · Considering the relatively short viewing distance, the size of the development would be deemed moderate. · Despite its slender design, the bridge's artificial nature distinguishes it from the surrounding natural environment. · The visual compatibility of the proposed works with the surrounding context is considered as medium.	· The open sky view and a portion of ridgeline of Tsing Yi would be obstructed by the proposed main bridges. · The degree of visual permeability would be slightly reduced despite the slender and airy structural design of the proposed main bridges.	· The value of this view is primarily attached to the open sky, vast waterbody, and continuous ridgeline in the background. · However, the proposal for the main bridges would introduce a change to the sense of openness in the view. · The bridge, similar to the existing Tsing Ma Bridge, would potentially serve as a new visual element and would be became a prominent visual feature of the VP. · Effect of visual change on the public viewers: Moderate · Degree of visibility: Partial to full · Minimum viewing distance: 400m	Moderate

10.8 Landscape and Visual Mitigation Measures

Landscape and Aesthetic External Design Measures in the Proposed Scheme

10.8.1.1 The proposed landscape and visual mitigation measures, together with an indication of funding, implementation and maintenance agencies, during the construction and operational phases are listed in Table 10.8 and Table 10.9 below. The mitigation measures proposed would be further reviewed, subject to the design development of the Project. Besides, the management and maintenance agencies are identified as per DEVB TC(W) No. 6/2015.

Table 10.8 Proposed Landscape Mitigation Measures for Construction Phase

ID No.	Landscape and Visual Mitigation Measures	Funding Agency	Implementation Agency*
CM1	Tree Preservation and Transplantation Trees without impact from the proposed works should be retained and any existing trees unavoidably affected by the works should be transplanted as far as possible in accordance with DEVB TC(W) No. 4/2020.	HyD	HyD (via Contractor)
CM2	Erection of Decorative Screen Hoarding Erection of decorative screen hoarding with advance planting or hoarding compatible with the surrounding setting.	HyD	HyD (via Contractor)
CM3	Management of Construction Activities and Facilities Construction facilities and activities on work sites and areas should be carefully managed and controlled, including height and disposition /arrangement, to minimise any potential adverse landscape impacts.	HyD	HyD (via Contractor)
CM4	Reinstatement of the affected landscaped area Reinstatement of the temporarily affected landscaped area within assessment area in like-for-like basis would be implemented to restore the existing natural environment as far as possible.	HyD	HyD (via Contractor)

* Management and Maintenance Agencies are identified as per DEVB TC(W) No. 6/2015.

Table 10.9 Proposed Landscape and Visual Mitigation Measures for Operational Phase

ID No.	Landscape and Visual Mitigation Measures	Funding Agency	Implementation Agency	Maintenance/ Management Agency*
OM1	Aesthetically Pleasing Design of Aboveground Structures Aesthetically pleasing design as regard to the form, material and finishes should be incorporated into bridges, ancillary buildings and other associated engineering facilities so as to blend in the structures with the adjacent landscape and visual context.	HyD	HyD (via Contractor)	HyD
OM2	Buffer Screen Planting Buffer screen planting, including shrubs, to provide screening.	HyD	HyD (via Contractor)	HyD / LCSD
OM3	Compensatory Tree Planting As far as practicable, compensatory tree planting requirement of 1:1 in terms of number in accordance with DEVB TC(W) No. 4/2020 for compensation of felled trees subject to agreement made with relevant departmental parties.	HyD	HyD (via Contractor)	HyD / LCSD
OM4	Landscape Treatments on Slope or Retaining Structure Landscape treatments on slope or retaining structure in accordance with GEO Publication No. 1/2011 - Technical Guidelines on Landscape Treatment for Slopes shall be adopted subject to agreement made with relevant departmental parties.	HyD	HyD (via Contractor)	HyD

* Management and Maintenance Agencies are identified as per DEVB TC(W) No. 6/2015.

10.8.1.2 The construction phase mitigation measures listed above should be adopted from the commencement of construction and should be in place throughout the entire construction period. The operational phase mitigation measures listed above should be adopted during the detailed design and should be built as part of the construction works so that they are in place at the date of commissioning of the Project. However, it should be noted that the full effect of the soft landscape mitigation measures would not be appreciated for several years.

10.8.1.3 Viewpoint locations of the photomontages are shown in Figure 10.4. The photomontages intend to demonstrate only the scale and massing of the Project and the effect of the proposed mitigation measures. The architectural design finishes or any other related detailed design components are subject to refinement and changes during the detailed design stage. Photomontages of the Project without and with mitigation measures illustrating the appearance on day 1 and after 10 years of the Project are shown in Figures 10.4.1 to 10.4.9.

10.9 Residual Impacts

10.9.1.1 After implementation of mitigation measures, residual landscape impact of significance during construction and operational phases are described below:

Residual impact to Landscape Resources

10.9.1.2 For LR1.7, LR1.8, LR1.9, LR2.4, LR2.5 and LR2.6, there would be no residual impact on these LRs during construction and operation as no construction works would be conducted in these LRs.

LR 1.1 - Hillside Vegetation of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi

10.9.1.3 Given that a relatively extensive portion of existing hillside vegetation would be permanently affected by the proposed works, the unmitigated landscape impact on this LR would be considered Moderate. After the completion of works, the natural vegetated slope would be partially replaced as man-made slope with shrub mixed slope planting or man-made slope with toe planter for greening. The affected hillside vegetation would be re-established over the time. It is considered that residual impact on this LR is Moderate during the construction phase and Day 1 of operation, and further reduced to Slight in Year 10 of operation with the implementation of mitigation measures.

LR 1.2 - Vegetation on Engineered Slope at Northwest Tsing Yi Interchange

10.9.1.4 During the construction phase, some portion of engineered slope would be affected by the provision of elevated infrastructure. Upon the completion of works, some of the temporarily affected engineered slope would be reinstated with toe planter or shrub mixed planted while some of the engineered slope would be permanently occupied by the proposed road works. The affected vegetation would be re-established over the time. It is considered that residual impact on this LR is Slight during the construction phase and Day 1 of operation, and further reduced to Negligible in Year 10 of operation with the implementation of mitigation measures.

LR 1.3 - Sandy Beach along the coastal area of Ma Wan

10.9.1.5 During the construction phase, small portion of existing vegetation along the sandy shore would be temporarily affected. Upon the completion of works, the temporarily affected vegetation would be reinstated with shrub mixed planting. It is considered that residual impact on this LR is Moderate during the construction phase and Day 1 of operation, and further reduced to Slight in Year 10 of operation with the implementation of mitigation measures.

LR 1.4 - Natural Rocky Shore along the coastal area of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi

10.9.1.6 During the construction phase, a portion of existing natural rocky shoreline and adjacent vegetation would be permanently affected by the proposed reclamation and site formation works. Upon the completion of works, the affected rocky shoreline would be replaced as reclamation site. The anticipated unmitigated landscape impact would be Moderate due to permanent removal of existing vegetation. To minimise the landscape impact, reinstatement of affected landscaped area, provision of buffer planting and tree compensation at the interface area of rocky shoreline and reclamation islands would be proposed. The affected vegetation would be re-established over time and integrated with the abutting unaffected landscaped area. It is considered that residual impact on this LR is Moderate during the construction phase and Day 1 of operation, and further reduced to Slight in Year 10 of operation with the implementation of mitigation measures.

LR 1.5 - Sea Waterbody of Kap Shui Mun and Ma Wan Channel

10.9.1.7 During the construction phase, a small portion of waterbody would be taken up by reclamation island for the proposed works. The anticipated unmitigated landscape impact would be Moderate due to permanent loss of natural resources. Upon the completion of works, reinstatement of affected landscaping area in like-for-like basis would be proposed to alleviate the landscape impact to this LR. It is considered that residual impact on this LR is Moderate during the construction phase and Day 1 of operation, and further reduced to Slight in Year 10 of operation with the implementation of mitigation measures.

LR 1.6 - Vegetation in Developed Area of Tsing Yi

10.9.1.8 Small cluster of man-made vegetation identified within the industrial area would be permanently affected due to the proposed works. The anticipated unmitigated landscape impact would be Slight. Upon the completion of works, provision of greenery would be subject to the future development in the industrial area. It is considered that residual impact on this LR would be Slight in Day 1 of operation, and further reduced to Negligible in Year 10 of operation with the implementation of mitigation measures.

LR 2.1 - Hillside Vegetation of North Lantau

10.9.1.9 Given that a small portion of existing hillside vegetation abutting the Lantau Link Visitors Centre would be permanently affected by the proposed works, the unmitigated landscape impact on this LR would be considered Moderate. After the completion of works, the natural vegetated slope would be partially reinstated with shrub mixed slope planting or man-made slope with toe planter for greening. The affected hillside vegetation would be re-established over the time. It is considered that residual impact on this LR is Moderate during the construction phase and Day 1 of operation, and further reduced to Slight in Year 10 of operation with the implementation of mitigation measures.

LR 2.2 - Vegetation on Engineered Slope at North Lantau Highway

10.9.1.10 During the construction phase, some portion of engineered slope would be affected by the provision of elevated infrastructure. Upon the completion of works, the temporarily affected engineered slope would be reinstated with toe planter or shrub mixed planted while some of the engineered slope would be permanently occupied by the proposed road works. The affected vegetation would be re-established over the time. It is considered that residual impact on this LR is Slight during the construction phase and Day 1 of operation, and further reduced to Negligible in Year 10 of operation with the implementation of mitigation measures.

LR 2.3 - Natural Rocky Shore facing Kap Shui Mun

10.9.1.11 During the construction phase, some small portion of natural rocky shore and adjacent vegetation would be permanently affected by the proposed works. Upon the completion of works, the affected shoreline vegetation would be re-established over the time. However, reprovision of rocky shoreline would not be applicable due to the maintenance concern of the pile-supported VIPS. It is considered that residual impact on this LR is Moderate during the construction phase and Day 1 of operation, and further reduced to Slight in Year 10 of operational phase.

LR 2.7 - Watercourse at North Lantau

10.9.1.12 Upon the completion of works, the temporarily affected vegetation along the watercourse would be reinstated with similar planting species and re-established over time to mimic the existing natural environment. It is considered that the residual impact on this LR is Slight during the construction phase and Day 1 of operation, and further reduced to Negligible in Year 10 of operational phase.

Residual Impact to existing on Landscape Character Areas

10.9.1.13 For LCA1.5, LCA2.1 and LCA2.3, there would be no residual impact on these LCAs during construction and operation as no construction works would be conducted in these LRs.

LCA 1.1 - Inshore Water Landscape of Ma Wan Channel and between Ma Wan and Tang Lung Chau

10.9.1.14 Upon the completion of works, several new reclamation islands would be formed. The anticipated unmitigated landscape impact would be Moderate. Reinstatement of affected landscaping area in like-for-like basis would be implemented to compensate the vegetation loss due to the proposed works connected to the existing vegetated islands. The approach used for shoreline treatment on Ma Wan and the reclamation island of Tsing Ma Bridge will be replicated on the newly created islands to ensure a seamless integration with the existing shoreline treatment. It is considered that the residual impact on this LCA would be Moderate in Day 1 and reduced to Slight in Year 10 of operation.

LCA 1.2 - Upland and Hillside Landscape of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi

10.9.1.15 Upon the completion of works, only a small portion of the existing vegetated hillside would be occupied by the slip roads connected to main bridges. The unmitigated landscape impact would be Moderate. With the implementation of mitigation measures of roadside greenery, the affected vegetated area would be re-established throughout time. Hence, it is considered that the residual impact on this LCA would be Moderate in Day 1 and reduced to Slight in Year 10 of operational phase.

LCA 1.3 - Industrial Urban Landscape of West Tsing Yi

10.9.1.16 Owing to the removal or relocation of small portion of industrial buildings, it is anticipated that the unmitigated landscape impact would be Slight. Since the temporarily affected industrial buildings or facilities would be redeveloped by others, the character of this LCA would still largely be preserved. Hence, it is assumed that that residual impact on this LCA would be Slight in Day 1 and reduced to Negligible in Year 10 of operation.

LCA 1.4 - Transportation Corridor Landscape of West Tsing Yi Interchange

10.9.1.17 Upon the completion of works, a portion of Tsing Long Highway would be modified and connected to the proposed main bridges. Some existing vegetation abutting the transportation corridor would be permanently replaced by the proposed works. The anticipated unmitigated landscape impact would be Slight. Aesthetically pleasing design for the retaining wall and strategically provision of buffer planting along the proposed works would be adopted to mimic the current site condition. It is considered that the residual impact on this LCA would be Slight in Day 1 and reduced to Negligible in Year 10 of operational phase.

LCA 2.2 - Upland and Hillside Landscape of North Lantau

10.9.1.18 Given that the alignment of the proposed works would cut though the vegetated hillside of North Lantau, a portion of existing vegetated hillside would be permanently occupied by the portals and highway structures, while the natural hillside with slope cutting works would result in the provision of man-made slope. A portion of this LCA would be replaced as transportation corridor related LCA (i.e. LCA2.4) subject to the change in land usage. The anticipated unmitigated landscape impact would be Moderate. Landscape mitigation measures such as reinstatement of affected landscaping area, tree planting at the toe planter of engineered slope as compensation and shrub mixed planting on the man-made slope would be adopted to alleviate the potential landscape impact. Vegetation would be further re-established throughout time to re-create the current site character. Hence, it is anticipated that the residual impact on this LCA would be Moderate in Day 1 and reduced to Slight in Year 10 of operational phase.

LCA 2.4 - Transportation Corridor Landscape along North Lantau Highway

10.9.1.19 Upon the completion of works, there would be a slight increase in area of this LCA due to the permanent occupation of certain natural vegetated hillside areas by the proposed roadworks. To seamlessly integrate the proposed works to existing highway system, a similar design approach and edge treatment will be employed to replicate the current roadside condition. Hence, it is anticipated that the residual impact on this LCA would be Slight in Day 1 and reduced to Negligible in Year 10 of operational phase.

Table 10.10 Significance of Landscape Impact during Construction and Operational Phases

ID No.	Landscape Resource / Landscape Character Areas	Sensitivity (Low, Medium, High)		Magnitude of Change (Negligible, Slight, Moderate, Substantial)		Impact Significance before Mitigation (Negligible, Slight, Moderate, Substantial)		Recommended Mitigation Measures ⁽¹⁾	Significance of Residual Impact after Mitigation (Negligible, Slight, Moderate, Substantial)
		Construction	Operation	Construction	Operation	Construction	Operation		Construction	Operation
		Construction	Operation	Construction	Operation	Construction	Operation		Construction	Day 1	Year 10
*Landscape Resources (LRs)*
Ma Wan / Tsing Yi Area
LR1.1	Hillside Vegetation of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi	High	High	Slight	Slight	Moderate	Moderate	CM1, CM3, CM4, OM3, OM4	Moderate	Moderate	Slight
LR1.2	Vegetation on Engineered Slope at Northwest Tsing Yi Interchange	Low	Low	Slight	Slight	Slight	Slight	CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4, OM3, OM4	Slight	Slight	Negligible
LR1.3	Sandy Beach along the coastal area of Ma Wan	High	High	Slight	Slight	Moderate	Moderate	CM1, CM3, CM4	Moderate	Moderate	Slight
LR1.4	Natural Rocky Shore along the coastal area of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi	High	High	Slight	Slight	Moderate	Moderate	CM1, CM3, CM4	Moderate	Moderate	Slight
LR1.5	Sea Waterbody of Kap Shui Mun and Ma Wan Channel	High	High	Slight	Slight	Moderate	Moderate	CM3, CM4	Moderate	Moderate	Slight
LR1.6	Vegetation in Developed Area of Tsing Yi	Low	Low	Slight	Slight	Slight	Slight	CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4, OM2, OM3	Slight	Slight	Negligible
LR1.7	Vegetation at Lantau Link Visitors Centre	Medium	Medium	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	-	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible
LR1.8	Vegetation at the Southeast Side of Ma Wan	Low	Low	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	-	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible
LR1.9	Roadside Amenity Planting along the highway	Low	Low	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	-	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible
North Lantau Area
LR2.1	Hillside Vegetation at North Lantau	High	High	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	CM1, CM3, CM4, OM3, OM4	Moderate	Moderate	Slight
LR2.2	Vegetation on Engineered Slope along North Lantau Highway	Low	Low	Slight	Slight	Slight	Slight	CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4, OM3, OM4	Slight	Slight	Negligible
LR2.3	Natural Rocky Shore facing Kap Shui Mun	High	High	Slight	Slight	Moderate	Moderate	CM1, CM3, CM4	Moderate	Moderate	Slight
LR2.4	Sea Waterbody of Kap Shui Mun	High	High	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	-	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible
LR2.5	Vegetation in Developed Area at To Kau Wan and Ng Kwu Leng	Low	Low	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	-	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible
LR2.6	Roadside Amenity Planting along North Lantau Highway	Low	Low	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	-	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible
LR2.7	Watercourse at North Lantau	Medium	Medium	Slight	Slight	Slight	Slight	CM1, CM3, CM4, OM3	Slight	Slight	Negligible
*Landscape Character Areas (LCAs)*
Ma Wan / Tsing Yi Area
LCA1.1	Inshore Water Landscape of Ma Wan Channel and between Ma Wan and Tang Lung Chau	High	High	Slight	Slight	Moderate	Moderate	CM3, CM4	Moderate	Moderate	Slight
LCA1.2	Upland and Hillside Landscape of Ma Wan and Tsing Yi	high	high	Slight	Slight	Moderate	Moderate	CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4, OM3, OM4	Moderate	Moderate	Slight
LCA1.3	Industrial Urban Landscape of West Tsing Yi	Low	Low	Slight	Slight	Slight	Slight	CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4, OM3	Slight	Slight	Negligible
LCA1.4	Transportation Corridor Landscape of West Tsing Yi Interchange	Low	Low	Slight	Slight	Slight	Slight	CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4, OM2, OM3, OM4	Slight	Slight	Negligible
LCA1.5	Miscellaneous Urban Fringe Landscape at Southeast Ma Wan and Tsing Yi	Medium	Medium	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	-	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible
North Lantau Area
LCA2.1	Inshore Water Landscape of Kap Shui Mun	High	High	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	-	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible
LCA2.2	Upland and Hillside Landscape of North Lantau	High	High	Slight	Slight	Moderate	Moderate	CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4, OM3, OM4	Moderate	Moderate	Slight
LCA2.3	Industrial Urban Landscape at To Kau Wan and Ng Kwu Leng	Low	Low	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible	-	Negligible	Negligible	Negligible
LCA2.4	Transportation Corridor Landscape along North Lantau Highway	Low	Low	Slight	Slight	Slight	Slight	CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4, OM2, OM3, OM4	Slight	Slight	Negligible

Note:

⁽¹⁾ Refer to Table 10.8 - Proposed Landscape Mitigation Measures for Construction Phase & Table 10.9 - Proposed Landscape and Visual Mitigation Measures for Operational Phase

VP ID.	Location of VPs / Key Public Viewers	Sensitivity (High, Medium, Low)	Magnitude of Change (Negligible, Slight, Moderate, Substantial)	Impact Significance before Mitigation (Negligible, Slight, Moderate, Substantial)	Recommended Mitigation Measures	Significance of Residual Impact after Mitigation (Negligible, Slight, Moderate, Substantial)
VP-A2	View from New Praya at Kennedy Town	Medium	Negligible - Slight	Negligible	OM1	Negligible	Negligible
VP-A3	View from Fa Peng Teng	High	Slight	Moderate	OM1, OM2, OM3	Slight	Slight
VP-A4	View from Tsing Yi Nature Trails	High	Slight	Moderate	OM1, OM2, OM3	Slight	Slight
VP-B3	View from Ma Wan Tung Wan Beach	High	Slight	Moderate	OM1	Slight	Slight
VP-B4	View from Lantau Link Visitors Centre	High	Slight	Moderate	OM1, OM2	Slight	Slight
VP-B5	View from Airport Core Programme Exhibition Centre	Medium	Slight	Slight	OM1, OM2, OM3	Slight	Slight
VP-A5	View from Peng Chau Family Walk	Medium	Negligible - Slight	Slight	OM1	Negligible	Negligible
VP-T1	View from the Travellers on the Discovery Bay-Central Ferry	Medium	Negligible - Slight	Slight	OM1	Negligible	Negligible
VP-P1	View from the Waterfront of Southern Ma Wan	High	Moderate	Moderate	OM1, OM2	Moderate	Moderate

Evaluation of the Residual Landscape and Visual Impacts

10.9.1.30 Considering the scale and nature of the Project, it would inevitably result in certain levels of residual landscape and visual impacts in relation to the loss of hillside vegetation (i.e. LR1.1, LR2.1, LCA1.2 and LCA2.2), loss of natural shorelines (i.e. LR1.3, LR1.4, LR1.5, LR2.3 and LCA1.1) and the views from hilltop and from ground level (i.e. VP-A3, VP-A4, VP-B3, VP-B4, VP-B5 and VP-P1). The residual landscape and visual impacts are evaluated below in accordance with Section 4.4.3 of EIAO-TM:

i) Effects on public health and health of biota or risk to life:

The residual landscape and visual impacts would not cause adverse effects on public health and the health of biota or pose risk to life.

ii) The magnitude of the adverse environmental impacts:

The magnitude of residual landscape and visual impacts of LR1.1, LR1.3, LR1.4, LR1.5, LR2.1, LR2.3, LCA1.1, LCA1.2, LCA2.2, VP-A3, VP-A4, VP-B3, VP-B4 and VP-B5 are slight and minor in scale. The residual visual impacts on VP-P1 are moderate due to the short viewing distance. Nevertheless, the proposed development incorporating landscape mitigation measures such as tree compensation where space is available, reinstatement of affected landscaping area in like-for-like basis and provision of buffer screen planting would be implemented. Visually compatible design had also been developed for the proposed main bridges, to cohere with the existing Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge with similar development nature and scale, to ameliorate the overall landscape and visual qualities.

iii) The geographic extent of the adverse environmental impacts:

The geographic extent of LR1.5, LR2.4, LCA1.1 and LCA2.1 includes reclamation area in total. LR1.3 and LR1.4 includes natural shorelines also taken up by the reclamation works. These affected extents are limited to southern Ma Wa area and Tsing Yi area, and had already been minimised further through several adjustments and engineering options with reductions in the reclamation extent and in affected areas along the natural shorelines, to accommodate the towers and anchorages of long span bridges. For VP-A3, VP-A4, VP-B3, VP-B4, VP-B5 and VP-P1, all the residual visual impacts are confined within the visual envelope.

iv) The duration and frequency of the adverse environmental impacts:

The residual landscape and visual impacts are long term and permanent due to the nature of bridge construction and associated reclamation works, transforming hillside vegetation to man-made slope and the water area to land formation. The durations of view on VP-A3 and VP-A4 are short and transient, as most of the public viewers will only take short rest and then continue their hiking journey. The durations of view are medium for VP-B4, VP-B5 and VP-P1 as recreational users / visitors likely to stop by at the lookout point to enjoy the scenery. The durations of view are long for VP-B3 as recreational users likely to stay on the beach for various recreational activities.

v) The likely size of the community or the environment that may be affected by the adverse impacts:

The residual landscape impacts are localised and confined to the loss of hillside vegetation, natural shorelines and waterbody in the reclamation area. No existing community in Tsing Yi and Lantau would be involved, and no country park and coastal protection area would be affected. The residual visual impacts on VP-A3, VP-A4, VP-B4, VP-B5 and VP-P1 involved relatively few to medium public viewers, mainly hikers in lookout of Fa Peng Teng and Tsing Yi Nature Trails, recreational users in Lantau Link Visitors Centre and waterfront of southern Ma Wan, and visitors / recreational users in Airport Core Programme Exhibition Centre. Although the residual visual impacts on VP-B3 involved relatively large numbers of public viewers from Ma Wan Tung Wan Beach, the proposed development would only be partially visible to viewers in medium viewing distance due to the blockage of existing visual elements.

vi) The degree to which the adverse environmental impacts are reversible:

The residual landscape impacts are irreversible due to the nature of bridge construction and associated reclamation works, transforming hillside vegetation to man-made slope and the water area to land formation. The residual visual impacts are also long term and irreversible with the introduction of new development in the area. Nevertheless, the proposed development incorporating landscape mitigation measures such as tree compensation where space is available, reinstatement of affected landscaping area in like-for-like basis and provision of buffer screen planting would be implemented. Visually compatible design had also been developed for the proposed main bridges, to cohere with the existing Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge with similar development nature and scale, to ameliorate the overall landscape and visual qualities.

vii) The ecological context:

The residual landscape and visual impacts would not occur in ecologically fragile areas such as country park and coastal protection area.

viii) The degree of disruption to sites of cultural heritage:

The residual landscape and visual impacts would not disrupt any cultural heritage context.

ix) International and regional importance:

The residual landscape and visual impacts would not involve any distinctive landscape resource, landscape character and vantage viewing point with international or regional importance.

x) Both the likelihood and degree of uncertainly of adverse environmental impacts:

The residual landscape and visual impacts would be foreseeable without uncertainty at the time of EIA preparation.

10.9.1.31 As discussed above, the residual landscape and visual impacts ranged from negligible to moderate magnitude, long term and irreversible due to the nature of bridge construction and associated reclamation works, transforming hillside vegetation to man-made slope and the water area to land formation, are inevitable. Nevertheless, the residual landscape impacts are localised and limited to the bridge construction and associated works extent and reclamation extent only without affecting existing community, while the residual visual impacts are confined within the visual envelope either involving few numbers of public viewers along hiking trail and visitor / exhibition centres, or relatively large numbers of public viewers at the beach but only partially visible to viewers in medium viewing distance due to the blockage of existing visual elements. Although not all landscape and visual impacts can be fully reduced or eliminated through the implementation of mitigation measures. The design, construction and operation of the TYLL would also fully comply with relevant ordinances, regulations, standards and guidelines as stipulated in Section 10.3. Hence, with full implementation of the recommended mitigation measures, unacceptable adverse residual landscape and visual impacts are not expected, as evaluated based on the factors in Section 4.4.3 of the EIAO-TM.

10.10 Cumulative Impacts

10.10.1.1 According to the implementation programme in Section 2.10, the construction of TYLL is to begin tentatively in Q1 of 2027 and would last until Q2 of 2033. A number of committed and planned developments as identified in Section 2.12 that would likely interface with the implementation of TYLL were identified within the 100m assessment area and the visual envelope of the Project. These include:

· Route 11 (Section between Yuen Long and North Lantau)

· Hong Kong Island West - Northeast Lantau Link (HKIW-NEL Link)

· Road P1 (Tai Ho-Sunny Bay Section)

10.10.1.2 Route 11 and HKIW-NEL Link would be respectively constructed and connected to the northern and southern road limits of the TYLL at North Lantau. The construction of Route 11 would commence in 2026 and be expected to complete in 2033 while the HKIW-NEL Link is still under planning. The Road P1 would be located at the western end of the assessment area. The construction of Road P1 would commence in 2027 and be expected to complete in 2031.

10.10.1.3 Due to the planned construction of Route 11 and HKIW-NEL Link in the Ng Kwu Leng hillside area and Fa Peng Teng foothill area, it is expected that a small portion of the existing hillside vegetation will need to be either temporarily or permanently removed. This will particularly affect areas near LR 2.1 and LR 2.2, resulting in a cumulative impact on the landscape resources during the middle to late stages of construction. To mitigate this impact, measures such as replanting hillside vegetation, planting whip trees, or adding greenery to man-made slopes will be implemented after completion of the planned development. No cumulative landscape impact of Road P1 during construction phase is expected. Consecutively, assuming the TYLL project would be completed around the same time as the other planned developments in similar nature of road projects, it is anticipated that there will not be any significant cumulative landscape and visual impacts during the operational phase.

10.11 Environmental Monitoring and Audit

10.11.1.1 The detailed landscape and engineering design of the Project shall be undertaken so as to ensure compliance with the landscape and visual mitigation measures described in Section 10.8.

10.11.1.2 Implementation of the recommended mitigation measures would be regularly audited during construction phase and the 12-month establishment period during operational phase. Details of environmental monitoring and audit requirement are stated in Section 13.9 of the EIA Report.

10.12 Conclusion

10.12.1.1 The Project will inevitably result in some landscape and visual impacts during construction and operational phases. These impacts were minimised through the consideration on minimisation of works areas, incorporation of aesthetic external designs and landscape treatments in the proposed infrastructures.

10.12.1.2 Due to the proposed works, a portion of vegetation areas would be unavoidably affected. Approximately 28,010 existing trees were identified within the works area. Of these, approx. 25,630 nos. would be retained hence not affected by the proposed works. Approx. 2,380 nos. of trees, including approx. 130 undesirable species (i.e. Leucaena leucocephala) would be directly affected by the proposed works and would be either removed or transplanted as far as practicable. Tree compensation within site in a form of light standard tree planting at the toe planter or heavy standard tree planting in amenity area would be explored. It is recommended that tree compensation requirement of 1:1 in terms of number, i.e. minimum 2,250 nos. of trees, should be carried out as far as practicable. Exact number of trees to be retained, transplanted and removed to be determined under the Tree Preservation and Removal Proposals (TPRPs) in accordance with DEVB TC(W) No. 4/2020.

10.12.1.3 Under this Project, the existing landscape resources, including vegetation, natural rocky and sandy shoreline and waterbody, would be affected in various magnitudes subject to the proposed works. Vegetation found within the LRs and LCAs would either be temporarily or permanently lost. After the completion of works, landscape mitigation measures such as tree compensation at available space, reinstatement of affected landscaping area in like-for-like basis and provision of buffer screen planting would be implemented. With the implementation of these mitigation measures, it is considered that residual impacts of most of the LRs and LCAs would be maintained as Moderate to Slight in Day 1 and Slight to Negligible in Year 10 of the operation.

10.12.1.4 In terms of the visual impact, considered that the proposed works would have similar structural mass, height and design characteristics as the existing infrastructures (i.e. Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge), the unmitigated visual impact to the identified key public viewers would be ranging from Moderate to Negligible.

10.12.1.5 For VPs viewing at relatively short distance (i.e. VP-P1), the proposed works would be considered as new visual elements to the existing view and would partially block the existing view toward the natural resources. However, owing to the slender and airy structural design of the proposed main bridges, the visual permeability would only be slightly reduced. The anticipated residual visual impact for both Day 1 and Year 10 of operational phase would be Moderate respectively.

10.12.1.6 For VPs viewing at medium distance (i.e. VP-A3, VP-A4, VP-B3, VP-B4 and VP-B5), with the mitigation measures such as adaptation of aesthetic pleasing design and provision of greenery on the reclamation islands and roadside area, it is anticipated that that residual visual impact would be reduced to Slight for both Day 1 and Year 10 of operational phase.

10.12.1.7 For VPs viewing at relatively long distance (i.e. VP-A2, VP-A5 and VP-T1), the proposed works would not be noticeable by viewers, or that there would not be significant visual blockages to existing visual elements. Hence, the anticipated residual visual impact for both Day 1 and Year 10 of operational phase would be Negligible.

10.12.1.8 Cumulative landscape and visual impacts from other concurrent projects during the construction and operational phases of the Project were assessed. Based on the best available information on the implementation programme and the anticipated landscape and aesthetic design of concurrent projects, insurmountable cumulative landscape and visual impacts would not be anticipated.

10.12.1.9 Considering the scale and nature of the Project, it would inevitably result in certain levels of residual landscape and visual impacts in relation to the loss to hillside vegetation, loss of waterbody, loss of natural shorelines, and the views from hilltop and from ground level. Nevertheless, the residual landscape impacts are localised and limited to the bridge construction and associated works extent, and reclamation extent only without affecting existing community. Meanwhile the residual visual impacts are confined within the visual envelope either involving few numbers of public viewers along hiking trail and visitor / exhibition centres, or relatively large numbers of public viewers at the beach in medium viewing distance but to whom the Project is only partially visible due to the blockage by existing visual elements.

10.12.1.10 In view of the above, with the implementation of the appropriate mitigation measures, it is considered that the overall residual landscape impacts are minimised to Slight to Negligible, and the overall residual visual impacts are minimised to Moderate to Negligible in Year 10 of the operation. With full implementation of the recommended mitigation measures, unacceptable adverse residual landscape and visual impacts are not expected.