9.1.1.1 This report presents the fisheries baseline within the assessment
area and the assessment results of the potential fisheries impacts resulting
from the construction and operation of the Project. Measures required to mitigate any identified
adverse impacts are recommended, where necessary, and residual impacts are
assessed.
9.2.1.1 Relevant regulations, legislation, and guidelines for the assessment
of fisheries impact include the following:
·
Environmental Impact
Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) (Cap. 499);
·
Technical Memorandum on
Environmental Impact Assessment Process (EIAO-TM) Annexes 9 and 17;
·
Fisheries Protection
Ordinance (Cap. 171) and its subsidiary legislation, the Fisheries Protection
Regulations;
·
Marine Fish Culture
Ordinance (Cap. 353) and its subsidiary legislation; and
·
Water Pollution Control
Ordinance (WPCO) (Cap. 358) and its subsidiary regulations and statements.
9.2.1.2 Annex 17 of the EIAO-TM sets out the general approach and
methodology for assessments of fisheries impacts arising from a project or
proposal, to allow a complete and objective identification, prediction, and
evaluation of the potential fisheries impacts.
Annex 9 recommends the criteria that can be used for evaluating
fisheries impacts.
9.2.1.3 Destructive fishing practices such as the use of explosive, toxic
substances, electricity, dredging, suction, and trawling devices for the
purpose of fishing are detrimental to fisheries and the marine ecosystem and
are prohibited under the Fisheries Protection Ordinance (Cap. 171).
9.2.1.4 Marine fish culture is protected and regulated by the Marine Fish
Culture Ordinance (Cap. 353) which requires all marine fish culture activity to
operate under licence in designated fish culture zones (FCZs).
9.2.1.5 WPCO (Cap. 358) aims to control water pollution in the waters of
Hong Kong. According to the Ordinance
and its subsidiary legislation, Hong Kong waters are divided into 10 water
control zones (WCZs). WCZs are
designated with individual water quality objectives (WQOs) to promote the
conservation and best use of those waters in the public interest. Corresponding statements of WQOs are
stipulated for different water regimes (marine waters, inland waters, bathing
beaches subzones, secondary contact recreation subzones and fish culture
subzones) in each of the WCZs.
9.3.1
Assessment Area
9.3.1.1 The Project covers Tsing Yi West, Ma Wan South, and North
Lantau. The study on fisheries would
focus on the alignment of the Project, in particular marine sections and
proposed reclamation extent.
9.3.1.2 The proposed alignment with possible reclamation for the
construction and protection of bridge towers and anchorages might also affect
intertidal and marine habitats. The
assessment area for fisheries impact assessment follows that for water quality
impact assessment, which includes the areas within 500 m distance from the
boundary of the Project, the Western Buffer WCZ and other affected WCZs as
designated under the WPCO (Cap. 358), as well as other areas likely to be
impacted by the Project. The assessment
area is presented in Figure 9.1.
9.3.2.1 A literature review was conducted to characterise the existing
conditions within the assessment area and to collect fisheries data, to
establish the fisheries baseline conditions, and to identify practices, sites
and species of potential fisheries importance which may be affected by the
Project for incorporation into the assessment.
The literature review covered government and private sector data and
reports, independent and government published literature and academic studies,
and previous environmental impact assessment (EIA) reports and consultancy
studies.
9.3.2.2 The information reviewed include, but not limited to the following:
·
Latest annual report
and website from Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD);
·
Port Survey 2021 (AFCD
2022);
·
Report on Survey of
Fisheries Resources in Hong Kong (2010-2015) (SCSFRI 2017);
·
Fisheries Resources and
Fishing Operations in Hong Kong Waters (ERM 1998);
·
Consultancy Study on
Fisheries and Marine Ecological Criteria for Impact Assessment (CCPC 2001);
·
Route 11 (Section
between Yuen Long and North Lantau) – EIA report (Arup 2023); and
·
Expansion of Hong Kong
International Airport into a Three-Runway System – EIA report (Mott MacDonald
2014).
9.3.3.1 Besides literature review, fisheries surveys were conducted to fill
the information gap for fisheries impact assessment. The methods of fisheries survey are discussed
in following paragraphs.
9.3.3.2 Survey stations were located to collect pelagic fauna samples (gill
netting) and demersal fauna samples (cage trapping). The survey comprised of four stations (FS-1
to FS-4) located in the nearby marine waters (Figure 9.2 refers). FS-1 and FS-2 were located near Sam Chuen and
Yi Chuen of Northeast Lantau, respectively, while FS-3 was at South Ma Wan and
FS-4 was at the northwest tip of Tsing Yi.
To avoid marine traffic and for safety of sampling operation, transects
were chosen near shore, i.e. within approximately 100 m from shoreline. The sampling locations were recorded by using
global positioning system when conducting the field surveys, and water depth
was measured using portable sonar system during survey. Data analysis for the mentioned fisheries
surveys included species composition, numerical abundance, size, biomass in wet
weight and calculation of diversity index.
9.3.3.3 The programme of the fisheries survey is shown in Table 9.1. Gill netting and cage trapping surveys were
conducted between July and September 2023 during the wet season, and between
November 2023 and January 2024 during the dry season. Fishing activities observation surveys were
carried out from February 2023 to January 2024 covering the dry, wet, and
transitional seasons.
Gill Netting
9.3.3.4 Six (6) gill nets were deployed at each sampling station for three
hours. Each net was 1.5 m in stretch
depth, 30 m in length and comprised of three layers, with two 20 cm stretch
mesh size sandwiching a 5 cm stretch mesh size.
All fish and/or crustaceans species captured were recorded and
identified to species level as far as practicable. Specimen measurements including total length
/ standard length / fork length, and wet biomass were recorded.
Cage Trapping
9.3.3.5 Demersal fauna sampling was performed by cage trapping. Two (2) chains of cage traps were deployed to
the sea bottom at each location for three hours, in which one (1) chain
comprised 20 rabbitfish cages (50-60 cm in diameter and 30-40 cm in height,
with a mesh size of 25 mm; each cage about 10 m apart); and one (1) chain
comprised 20 crab cages (60 cm in diameter and 28 cm in height, with a mesh
size of 20 mm; each cage about 10 m apart).
Baits used were standardised, consisting of a mix of fish and bread. All species caught in the cage were
identified to species level as far as practical. The size, length, biomass by wet weight were
measured and recorded.
Fishing
Activities Survey
9.3.3.6 In order to supplement the information from the Port Survey, fishing
activities surveys were performed. The
surveys were performed at suitable sampling locations along the coastal area to
observe the assessment area (Figure 9.2 refers). The fishing activities surveys were conducted
at daytime between 12 noon and 6 pm once per month over a duration of 12 months
with the aid of at least 8x binocular. Both
commercial and recreational fishing activities observed in the sampling
locations were recorded. The fishing
operation information recorded included number, types, size, and operation
location of the fishing vessels. Data of
the fishing activities survey were presented by observation dates with a
location map showing the locations of the recorded fishing operations.
Table 9.1 Survey Programme of the Fisheries
Survey
|
Survey Type
|
Dry Season
|
<->
|
Wet Season
|
<->
|
Dry Season
|
|
2023
|
2024
|
|
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
|
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Jan
|
|
Gill Netting
|
|
|
|
|
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
|
Cage Trapping
|
|
|
|
|
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
|
Fishing
Activities Observation
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
ü
|
Physical
Environmental Background
9.4.1.1 Hong Kong is situated at the mouth of the Pearl River, within the
delta region that spans Hong Kong, Macau, and Guangdong Province of China. Based on the hydrographical conditions and
its proximity to the Pearl River Estuary, Hong Kong waters are mainly
categorised into four major zones, where the assessment area of this Project is
located in the western waters of Hong Kong.
The marine water within the assessment area of the Project is surrounded
by Tsing Yi, Ma Wan, Tang Lung Chau and Northeast Lantau.
Fishing Operation
9.4.1.2 Trawl ban has been implemented in Hong Kong waters since 31 December
2012. After the trawl ban, fishing
activities in Hong Kong waters are mainly conducted by sampans and other
smaller non-trawling fishing vessels (such as gill netters, purse seiners, long
liners, and cage trappers). Trawlers and
other larger non-trawling vessels generally operate in the adjacent waters of
South China Sea. AFCD Port Survey
provides the most comprehensive information on capture fisheries in Hong Kong
waters, including fishing operations and fisheries production. From the results of the latest Port Survey in
2021, the assessment area was of moderate usage by fishing vessels (>200-400
vessels per grid) (Figure 9.3.1 refers). Sampan was the dominant fishing vessel with
>200-400 vessels per grid (Figure 9.3.2 refers), while the number
of other types of fishing vessels were very low (>0-50 vessels per grid) (Figure
9.3.3 refers; AFCD 2022).
9.4.1.3 Fishing activities surveys were conducted for the Route 11 (Section
between Yuen Long and North Lantau) Project in January 2019 and between March
and December 2022. Their survey
locations covered Ma Wan, Tsing Lung Tau and the north side of Lantau Island
near Ng Kwu Leng which partly overlapped with the assessment area of this
Project. A total of 37 vessels with
fishing activities were recorded within their study area during the surveys and
were mainly comprised of recreational fishing activities. Commercial fishing activities with gill
netting, cage trapping and hand lining were apparently rare as indicated by the
survey results (Arup 2023).
Capture Fisheries
9.4.1.4 The fishing industry makes an important contribution to Hong Kong in
maintaining a steady supply of fresh marine fish to local consumers. In 2023, it produced an estimated 87,000
tonnes of fisheries production valued at about $2.4 billion (AFCD 2024a). From the results of AFCD’s latest Port
Survey, adult fish production in the assessment area was mainly at moderate
level (>200-300 kg/ha) (Figure 9.4.1 refers), with sampans and
other types of fishing vessels contributing to >100-200 kg/ha and >50-100
kg/ha of fisheries production, respectively (Figure 9.4.2 and Figure
9.4.3 refer). Fish fry
collection was found negligible in the Port Survey 2021 (AFCD 2022).
9.4.1.5 A fisheries resources survey was conducted by AFCD to assess the
effectiveness of the implementation of the trawl ban and other relevant
fisheries management measures on the recovery of fisheries resources in Hong
Kong waters. Two types of surveys
including shrimp trawl surveys and stern trawl surveys were conducted in the
north-western waters of Hong Kong, of which the assessment area falls in. Main commercial families from the shrimp
trawl surveys include Penaeidae, Sciaenidae, Platycephalidae, Portunidae,
Clupeidae, Leiognathidae, Cynoglossidae, Squillidae, Polynemidae and
Synodontidae, while the main commercial catches from stern trawl surveys
include Clupeidae, Sciaenidae, Engraulidae, Leiognathidae, Carangidae,
Stromateidae, Penaeidae, Portunidae, Trichiuridae and Polynemidae (SCSFRI
2017).
9.4.1.6 Fisheries surveys were also conducted in 2013 during the EIA study
of the Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System,
covering the North Lantau waters and Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park. Fish trawl surveys, purse-seine surveys, gill
net surveys, hand line surveys and ichthyoplankton and fish post-larvae surveys
were conducted. Results of the fisheries
surveys provided the general fisheries conditions of North Lantau waters. It was concluded that the North Lantau waters
were of moderate fisheries production that mainly comprised of species not
commercially targeted or of low commercial values, namely anchovy (Thryssa
kammalensis) and sardine (Sardinella albella) (Mott MacDonald 2014).
9.4.1.7 Another gill netting and cage trapping surveys were conducted in
January 2019 and between March and September 2022 for the Route 11 (Section
between Yuen Long and North Lantau) Project.
Fisheries surveys were conducted in four sampling locations at the North
Lantau waters, including Tai Lam, Tsing Lung Tau, Ng Kwu Leng and Tsing Chau
Wan. Catches of low mean abundance and
biomass were recorded. The majority of
organisms caught were not commercially targeted or of low commercial value that
accounted for about 82% of total biomass and 69% of total abundance (Arup
2023).
Spawning Ground
of Commercial Fisheries Resources
9.4.1.8 Consultancy paper “Fisheries Resources and Fishing Operations in
Hong Kong Waters” identified important spawning and nursery grounds of
fisheries resources in Hong Kong waters.
The Northeast Lantau area covering the Brothers Marine Park (BMP) and
the Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park is identified as one of the
important spawning grounds of commercial fisheries resources including Leiognathus
brevirostris, Lateolabrax japonicus and Clupanodon punctatus
(ERM 1998). However, it is located about
4.5 km away from the assessment area (Figure 9.1 refers).
Artificial Reefs
9.4.1.9 An Artificial Reef (AR) project has been implemented in Hong Kong
waters by AFCD since 1996 to enhance fisheries resource, restore destructed
habitats, protect important nursery and spawning grounds and marine protected
areas, and to improve the habitat quality of homogenous seabed. ARs are widely recognised for the ability to
encourage growth and development of a great number and variety of marine
organisms, which in turn provide food, shelter, and protection for fishes. The deployed ARs in Hong Kong waters are
therefore regarded as fisheries sensitive receivers. More than 600 units of ARs with a total
volume about 180,000 m3 have been deployed at various locations in
Hong Kong waters, such as marine parks, important fish spawning and nursery
grounds, and FCZs (AFCD 2023). Besides
the AFCD ARs project, there are also other ARs deployed as mitigation measures
compensating the impact of marine works.
9.4.1.10 The closest AR deployment site is located within the BMP to the
south of Siu Mo To, with ARs cubical in shape with a height of about 3.5 m and
a base of about 8.1 m by 8.1 m. These
ARs are located about 5 km away from the assessment area (Figure 9.1 refers).
Culture Fisheries
9.4.1.11 Marine fish culture involves rearing of marine fish from fry or
fingerlings to marketable size in cages suspended by floating rafts usually in
sheltered coastal areas. The species
cultured changed gradually over the recent years depending on the availability
of imported fry mainly from the Mainland, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, or
Indonesia. Common species under culture
include green grouper, brown-spotted grouper, giant grouper, Russell’s snapper,
mangrove snapper, gold lined seabream, and star snapper (AFCD 2024b). Marine fish culture is protected and
regulated by the Marine Fish Culture Ordinance (Cap. 353) which requires all
marine fish culture activity to operate under licence in designated FCZs.
9.4.1.12 Currently, there are 28 FCZs occupying a total sea area of 650 ha
with some 911 licensed operators. The
estimated production in 2023 was about 499 tonnes valued at HK$54 million (AFCD
2024b). The nearest mariculture site is
Ma Wan FCZ, which is divided into three subzones at Tam Shui Wan, Shek Tsai Wan
and Kung Tsai Wan, respectively. The
assessment area partially overlaps with the subzone of Ma Wan FCZ at Kung Tsai
Wan, and about 450 m from the project area (Figure
9.2 refers). It has been
observed that there are no fishing rafts in the subzone at Kung Tsai Wan over
the past two years.
Overview
9.4.2.1 Fisheries surveys using gill netting and cage trapping were
conducted at four sampling locations, i.e. FS-1 (near Sam Chuen of Northeast
Lantau), FS-2 (near Yi Chuen of Northeast Lantau), FS-3 (at South Ma Wan) and
FS-4 (at the northwest tip of Tsing Yi) during the wet season (July to
September 2023) and dry season (November 2023 to January 2024).
9.4.2.2 A total of 1,813 individuals weighing 118.01 kg from 93 species of
49 families were collected in the four sampling locations during the survey
period. Among all, 1,007 individuals of
fishes weighing 69.84 kg from 77 species of 40 families, 795 individuals of
crustaceans weighing 44.21 kg from 14 species of seven families, and 11
individuals of cephalopods weighing 3.96 kg from two species of two families
were recorded from the surveys. Results
of the surveys are summarised in Table 9.2. A full list of species with their
respective abundance and biomass are shown in Appendices 9.1 and 9.2.
Commercial Value
9.4.2.4 Among the 93 species recorded in the surveys, 67 of them were
regarded as commercial species and 39 of them were of low commercial values (Appendix 9.3 refers). Overall, the catches were mainly comprised of no and
low-valued species which accounted for 44.6% and 35.8% of total biomass and
50.2% and 40.3% of total abundance, respectively. Medium- and high-valued species only
contributed to about 14.8% and 4.8% of total biomass and 7.0% and 2.5% of total
abundance, respectively.
Species
Composition
9.4.2.5 The top five dominant species contributed to a total of about 67.6%
and 76.0% of all the species recorded in the surveys in terms of biomass and
abundance, respectively (Table 9.3 refers).
9.4.2.6 The most dominant species by both biomass and abundance was Charybdis
hellerii (crustacean). This species,
which is not commercially targeted, comprised more than one-third of the total
biomass and abundance (35.0% and 39.0%, respectively).
9.4.2.7 The fish species Siganus canaliculatus / Siganus
fuscescens which is of low commercial value ranked second, contributing to
about 15.5% of total biomass and 27.4% of total abundance (Table 9.3 refers). S. canaliculatus
and S. fuscescens are morphologically very similar and Hsu et al. (2011)
suggested that the two species are synonyms.
In Hong Kong, S. canaliculatus / S. fuscescens is commonly
found and widespread across the local waters (Sadovy and Cornish 2000; Mak
2017; 114E HK Reef Fish 2024), and is versatile that can thrive in polluted
waters, including typhoon shelters and sewage outfalls (Sadovy and Cornish
2000; 114E HK Reef Fish 2024).
9.4.2.8 The
fish species Gymnothorax reevesii, a medium-valued species, was the
third most dominant species in terms of biomass. However, there were only seven individuals
caught in the surveys. The remaining
dominant species, including Arius maculatus, Sepia spp., Johnius
macrorhynus, and Thalamita sima, comprised of less than 5% of the
total biomass and abundance, respectively (Table 9.3 refers).
Spatial and
Seasonal Variation
9.4.2.9 During both wet and dry seasons, the fisheries resources at FS-2 and
FS-3 (that located inside the project area) were generally lower than those of
FS-1 and FS-4 (that located outside the project area but within the assessment
area). Abundance, biomass, and
catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) at FS-1 and FS-4 were relatively higher in both
seasons. FS-2 and FS-3 which were within
the project area had relatively lower abundance, biomass and CPUE. Mean yield-per-unit-effort (YPUE) was also
the highest at FS-4 in the wet season and at FS-1 in the dry season. FS-3 had the lowest YPUE among the four
sampling locations in both seasons.
9.4.2.10 Similar pattern was observed in the species richness during the wet
season. Relatively higher species
richness (in terms of both total species richness recorded throughout the
surveys and mean species richness recorded per survey) were recorded at FS-1
and FS-4 when compared to that at FS-2 and FS-3. During the dry season, species richness at
FS-3 was the largest, followed by FS-1, FS-2, and FS-4. Mean species diversity for the four sampling
locations were considered to be low to moderate, with some unevenness in
species distribution. Across all the
sampling locations, species diversity and evenness at FS-3 were the highest in
both seasons. In the wet season, the
lowest species diversity and evenness were recorded at FS-2, while the lowest
species diversity and evenness in the dry season were recorded at FS-4 and
FS-1, respectively (Table 9.2 refers).
9.4.2.11
Across the four sampling
locations, the fisheries resources recorded during the wet season were
relatively higher than those recorded during the dry season. Abundance, biomass, CPUE and YPUE were
consistently higher during the wet season compared to the dry season across all
the sampling locations. The number of
species collected during the wet season was also higher than that of the dry
season, except at FS-2, where the total and mean species richness were the same
in both seasons. Species diversity and evenness were relatively higher in the
wet season at FS-1 and FS-4, whereas they were relatively larger during the dry
season at FS-2 and FS-3.
Table 9.2 Summary
of Fisheries Resources at each Sampling Location (Mean Values Expressed as per
Survey)
|
Sampling Location
|
FS-1
|
FS-2
|
FS-3
|
FS-4
|
|
Season
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Dry
|
|
Total Abundance (No. of
Individuals)
|
296
|
276
|
211
|
129
|
201
|
73
|
468
|
159
|
|
Mean Abundance (No. of
Individuals)
|
98.7
|
92.0
|
70.3
|
43.0
|
67.0
|
24.3
|
156.0
|
53.0
|
|
Total Biomass (kg)
|
19.52
|
13.73
|
18.55
|
6.54
|
17.74
|
5.64
|
27.85
|
8.43
|
|
Mean Biomass (kg)
|
6.51
|
4.58
|
6.18
|
2.18
|
5.91
|
1.88
|
9.28
|
2.81
|
|
Mean CPUE (No. of
individuals/hr)
|
30.3
|
28.8
|
22.8
|
12.9
|
20.6
|
7.6
|
46.8
|
16.4
|
|
Mean YPUE (kg/hr)
|
2.00
|
1.44
|
2.00
|
0.65
|
1.83
|
0.59
|
2.79
|
0.87
|
|
Total Species Richness
|
37
|
20
|
17
|
17
|
30
|
24
|
36
|
17
|
|
Mean Species Richness
|
16.0
|
10.3
|
8.0
|
8.0
|
14.3
|
11.7
|
17.7
|
7.7
|
|
Mean Species Diversity (H')
|
1.74
|
1.17
|
1.20
|
1.39
|
2.04
|
2.13
|
1.74
|
1.15
|
|
Mean Species Evenness (J')
|
0.64
|
0.51
|
0.58
|
0.67
|
0.80
|
0.88
|
0.60
|
0.57
|
Table
9.3 Top Five
Dominant Species Recorded from Fisheries Surveys
|
Type
|
Family
|
Species
|
Commer-cial
Value
|
Total Biomass
(kg)
|
% of Total
Biomass (Rank)
|
Total
Abundance (No. of Individuals)
|
% of Total
Abundance (Rank)
|
|
Crustacean
|
Portunidae
|
Charybdis hellerii
|
-
|
41.28
|
35.0% (1)
|
707
|
39.0% (1)
|
|
Fish
|
Siganidae
|
Siganus canaliculatus / Siganus fuscescens
|
L
|
18.25
|
15.5% (2)
|
497
|
27.4% (2)
|
|
Fish
|
Muraenidae
|
Gymnothorax reevesii
|
M
|
7.56
|
6.4% (3)
|
7
|
0.4% (-)
|
|
Fish
|
Ariidae
|
Arius maculatus
|
M
|
5.09
|
4.3% (4)
|
62
|
3.4% (3)
|
|
Cephalopod
|
Sepiidae
|
Sepia spp.
|
L
|
3.80
|
3.2% (5)
|
10
|
0.6% (-)
|
|
Fish
|
Sciaenidae
|
Johnius macrorhynus
|
L
|
3.80
|
3.2% (5)
|
51
|
2.8% (5)
|
|
Crustacean
|
Portunidae
|
Thalamita sima
|
-
|
1.69
|
1.4% (-)
|
61
|
3.4% (4)
|
Note: Commercial
value: “M” = Medium; “L” = Low;
and “- “= not commercially important species or commercial value not evaluated.
9.4.3
Results from Fishing Activities Survey
9.4.3.1 Between February 2023 and January 2024, a total of 151 vessels with fishing activities were recorded.
Locations of the fishing activities observed during the surveys are
shown in Figure 9.5. The level of fishing activities was considered to be relatively low,
with an average of 13 fishing vessels encountered per monthly
survey.
9.4.3.2 Fishing activities were observed around the assessment area, including
the coastline from Yi Chuen to Sam Chuen, along Kap Shui Mun Fairway, the
southern Ma Wan Pier, and the northwest tip of Tsing Yi. The fishing activities were more concentrated
at the northwest tip of Tsing Yi and along the Tsing Ma Bridge, with the
majority of these activities encountered outside the Project area. Both recreational and commercial fishing activities
were recorded around the assessment area.
Fishing rods and hand lining were mainly used for recreational purposes,
while gill nets and cage traps were utilised for commercial purposes. Majority of fishing (135 out of 151 vessels)
was undertaken by recreational fishing boats (sampans), while only a small
number of commercial fishing boats (sampans) equipped with gill nets and cage
traps were observed (16 out of 151 vessels) (Figure 9.5
and Table 9.4 refer).
9.4.3.3 Commercial fishing activities were active throughout all seasons with
the highest number recorded during the dry season (nine out of 16 vessels),
while recreational fishing activities peaked in the dry season (89 out of 135
vessels) (Table 9.4 refers). During the dry season, most of
the fishing activities were observed along the Tsing Ma Bridge and around the
northwest tip of Tsing Yi.
9.4.3.4
Land-based recreational
fishing activities were also observed at the southern Ma Wan Pier and along the
southern Ma Wan coastline to Tai Pai Tsui Pier, where can be easily accessed on
foot by the general public. Along the
coastlines of Yi Chuen to Sam Chuen, and Kap Shui Mun area between Lung Ha Wan
and Yi Chuen, occasional fishing activities were recorded with relatively less
people than that along Ma Wan coastline due to the increased inaccessibility of
the Ng Kwu Leng coastline.
Table 9.4 Summary of Fishing Activities in each
Season
|
Type of Fishing Activity
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Transitional
|
Overall
|
|
Recreational (Hand
Lining / Angling)
|
89
|
24
|
22
|
135
|
|
Commercial (Gill Netting
and Cage Trapping)
|
9
|
4
|
3
|
16
|
|
Total No. of Vessels
|
98
|
28
|
25
|
151
|
9.4.4.1 Results of AFCD Port Survey 2021 indicated that the assessment area
of the Project is of moderate usage by fishing vessels (>200-400 vessels;
mainly sampans) and provides moderate level of capture fisheries production
(>200-300 kg/ha). The fisheries
resources in the North Lantau waters were mainly comprised of species not
commercially targeted or of low commercial values according to the EIA studies
for Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System and
Route 11 (Section between Yuen Long and North Lantau). The nearest spawning ground of commercial
fisheries resources in the northeast Lantau and AR deployment site within the
BMP are located far away from the Project, i.e. about 4.5 km and 5 km away from
the assessment area, respectively. One
of the three subzones of Ma Wan FCZ at Kung Tsai Wan is situated inside the
assessment area and about 450 m from the project area.
9.4.4.2 Fisheries surveys conducted during the wet season (July to September
2023) and dry season (November 2023 to January 2024) using gill netting and
cage trapping showed that the catches within the assessment area were mostly
comprised of non-commercially targeted and low-valued species which accounted
for 80.4% of total biomass and 90.5% of total abundance. The fisheries resources at the two sampling
locations inside the project area were generally lower than those recorded at
other two sampling locations outside the project area but within the assessment
area, in terms of abundance, biomass, CPUE, YPUE and species richness. Overall, species diversity at the four
sampling locations were low to moderate, with some unevenness in species
distribution. The fishing activities
surveys conducted between February 2023 and January 2024 recorded an average of 13 fishing vessels per monthly survey within and in the vicinity of
the project area. The fishing activities
were mainly recreational undertaken by sampans, with higher frequency of
observations at the northwest tip of Tsing Yi and along the Tsing Ma Bridge
outside the project area.
9.4.5
Fisheries Sensitive Receiver
9.4.5.1 Based on the review of the available information on the capture and
culture fisheries of the waters in the vicinity of the proposed Project, and
the water quality model evaluation in the water quality impact assessment, the
potential fisheries sensitive receiver that may be affected by the Project
includes:
·
Ma Wan FCZ (about 450 m away from
the project area)
9.4.5.2 The water quality impact assessment indicates that, even under the
worst-case scenario, any water quality exceedances would be localised, short-lived,
and confined near the reclamation filling area during the wet season, with no
exceedances expected at any water sensitive receivers after the implementation
of silt curtains. Therefore, other
sensitive receivers, including the spawning ground of commercial fisheries
resources in the northeast Lantau and the AR deployment site in the BMP, which
are located far from the project area (i.e. about 4.5 km and 5 km away from the
assessment area), are outside the actual impact zone and are not considered
potential fisheries sensitive receivers that may be affected by the
Project. Their locations are shown in Figure 9.1.
9.5
Impact Identification and Evaluation
9.5.1.1 A review of baseline fisheries conditions from available literature
and field surveys was conducted to establish the fisheries importance of the
waters in the assessment area and its vicinity.
The potential fisheries impacts during the construction and operational
phases of the Project were then assessed (with reference to the guidelines in
EIAO-TM Annex 17) and the impacts evaluated (with reference to the criteria in
EIAO-TM Annex 9). The impact assessment
in the following sections is based on the current available information.
9.5.2
Potential Impacts
9.5.2.1 The Project will involve the construction of two cable-supported
bridges crossing over the Ma Wan Fairway and Kap Shui Mun Fairway from Tsing Yi West to North Lantau. This includes an earth-anchored twin-tower
suspension bridge across the Ma Wan Fairway and an earth-anchored single-tower
suspension bridge across the Kap Shui Mun Fairway. The proposed marine works associated with the
Project will include:
·
Four areas of reclamation works and seawall
construction with a total area of about 19.8 ha to accommodate and protect the proposed bridge towers and anchorage,
namely Tsing Yi Tower, Ma Wan South Tower, Ma Wan South Anchorage and Kap Shui
Mun Tower; and
·
Piling works for the construction of Vessel Impact
Protection System (VIPS) structure of about 0.1 ha to protect the deflection
pier at North Lantau.
9.5.2.2 Following the completion of the construction of
towers and anchorages, the construction process will proceed with the
installation of suspension cables.
Subsequently, the suspenders will be installed, followed by the erection
of the bridge deck. The bridge deck will
be pre-fabricated off-site in segments.
These segments will then be transported to the site by barge and lifted
into place for installation.
9.5.2.3 The potential fisheries impacts arising during the construction and
operation of the Project have been assessed and discussed in the following
sections:
Construction Phase
·
Permanent and temporary loss of fishing ground and
fisheries habitat due to reclamation and piling works and the works area for
construction;
·
Disruption of fish
culture activity;
·
Deterioration of water
quality due to marine and land-based construction works; and
·
Underwater sound generated from marine construction
activities.
Operational Phase
·
Permanent loss of fishing ground and fisheries habitat
due to reclamation and piling works;
·
Change of hydrodynamics induced by the footprint of
the superstructures; and
·
Deterioration of water
quality due to non-point source surface runoff.
Direct Impact
Loss of Fishing
Ground and Fisheries Habitat
9.5.3.1 Potential impacts on fisheries include permanent and temporary loss
of fishing ground and fisheries resources.
Along the marine waters of the proposed dual 3-lane carriageway between
North Lantau and Tsing Yi, there will be four reclamation areas for the
construction of Tsing
Yi Tower, Ma Wan South Tower, Ma Wan South Anchorage
and Kap Shui Mun Tower. The reclamation
works in these areas will lead to a permanent loss of around 19.8 ha
of fishing ground and fisheries habitat.
Additionally, a pile-supported VIPS at the deflection pier will be
constructed near Yi Chuen in Northeast Lantau, resulting in a loss of around
0.1 ha of fishing ground. Therefore, a
total of about 19.9 ha of fishing ground and fisheries habitat is expected to be
permanently lost due to the Project.
Temporary loss of fishing ground and fisheries habitat is also
anticipated due to restricted access in the works area for reclamation and
bridge construction, as well as the temporary barging points at the proposed
works area at Tai Chuen of North Lantau and Northwest Tsing Yi next to the
Tsing Ma Bridge for loading and unloading of the construction materials. Approximately 62 ha of fishing ground and
fisheries habitat are expected to be temporarily lost. When compared with the 1,640 km2
(approximately 164,000 ha) of total marine waters in Hong Kong (EPD, 2025)
which is mostly available for fishing, the loss of fishing ground and fisheries
habitat caused by the Project is considered to be of minor proportion. Moreover, the level of fisheries production
and fishing operation within the project area is moderate. Therefore, the potential impact of fishing ground and fisheries habitat loss during
construction phase is considered minor.
9.5.3.2 Fishing vessels originally using the area of marine waters in the
works area as part of their fishing ground might need to shift their operation
to other locations/areas. However, most existing fishing operations taking
place in surrounding waters are predominantly by sampans, which are small-sized
and highly flexible. Therefore, the potential impact to fishing operation is
considered minor.
Disruption of
Fish Culture Activity
9.5.3.3 A portion of the Ma Wan FCZ, i.e. one of its three subzones at Kung
Tsai Wan where no fishing rafts have been observed over the past two years, has
been identified within the assessment area (Figure
9.2 refers). Since the works
area of the Project will be about 450 m away from the gazetted boundary of Ma
Wan FCZ, no loss of fish culture area is anticipated. Moreover, a marine
traffic corridor will be maintained between the FCZ and the proposed works
area, which the Ma Wan Fairway and
Kap Shui Mun Fairway will be opened at all times.
Therefore, the potential impact on disruption of fish culture activity during
construction phase is expected to be insignificant.
Indirect Impact
Deterioration of
Water Quality
9.5.3.4 Potential indirect impacts to fisheries resources and fisheries
sensitive receivers including Ma Wan FCZ due to changes of water quality
associated with the construction works might occur. Construction activities including dredging,
backfilling, reclamation, seawall construction and piling works would result in
elevated level of suspended solids (SS), release of nutrients and/or
contaminants and reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the nearby marine
bodies. High level of SS might clog
gills of the fishes and smother other marine organisms that rely on filter
feeding, while high turbidity would affect the foraging of organisms relying on
eye sights. A lower DO level would
affect stationary species, whilst mobile species would tend to temporarily
avoid the area. The results could be a
temporary reduction in abundance of fisheries resources. Nutrients and/or contaminants in the seabed
sediment might be released into the marine waters when the sediment is
disturbed and might have negative effects on water quality such as increasing
the chances of algal bloom or accumulation of contaminants inside organisms.
9.5.3.5 Quantitative water quality modelling was conducted in Section 5 to
evaluate the water quality impacts resulting from the dredging and reclamation
works. The modelling results indicated
that the SS elevation at all the sensitive receivers during dredging would be
fully compliant with the relevant WQOs even without implementing mitigation
measures such as silt curtains (Section 5.7.2.18). The sediment plume and sedimentation rate
would be further reduced through the implementation of silt curtains during
dredging. As discussed in Section
5.7.2.24, the increase in SS levels due to dredging would result in minimal
DO depletion. The predicted DO
concentrations at most of the sensitive receivers during dredging would comply
with the relevant WQOs even without any mitigation measures such as silt
curtains, except at some locations during the wet season due to relatively low
baseline values at that time. During
reclamation filling activities, no exceedance of the respective WQOs is anticipated
at all the sensitive receivers with the implementation of silt curtains (Section
5.8.1.3). Results of elutriate and
pore water tests demonstrated that the concentrations of various contaminants,
including heavy metals and metalloid, organic micro-pollutants, and inorganic
non-metallic pollutants, all comply with environmental standards. Based on the assessment results, adverse impacts on water quality due to
contaminants released from disturbed sediments during construction activities
are not anticipated. Therefore, through the adoption of non-dredged reclamation, including deep cement mixing (DCM)
and jet grouting for ground treatment as far as practicable (although a
combination of DCM and dredging have to be utilised due to site constraints,
efforts have been made to minimise the extent of dredging within localised area
with thin marine deposits), alongside the provision of water quality mitigation
measures (such as installation of silt curtain) and implementation
of water quality monitoring programme, it is expected that the indirect impacts
of deterioration of water quality to the fisheries resources and fisheries
sensitive receivers would be temporary and insignificant.
9.5.3.6 Pollutants or chemical spillage from the land-based works might
occur, but the magnitude is not expected to be significant and should be
transient. The potential water quality
impacts arising from land-based works including construction site runoff,
sewage effluent from construction workforce, wastewater discharges from general
construction activities and accidental spillage of chemical can be controlled
through the adoption of precautionary measures and good site practices
mentioned in Section 5, such as provision of suitable site
facilities. Potential water quality
impacts due to spillage, sewage from works forces and wastewater from
land-based works is therefore considered insignificant.
Underwater Sound
9.5.3.7 Underwater sound generated from construction activities such as
construction vessel movement and marine piling works may cause potential
disturbance to fisheries resources. Some
impacts on fishes by underwater noise include possible mortality, physical
injury, auditory tissue damage, temporary threshold shift, behavioural changes
and reduction in egg viability and larval growth. Given that the Project is located around the
Kap Shui Mun Fairway and Ma Wan Fairway which experiences relatively high
levels of marine traffic, it is reasonable to assume that the fishes in these
waters are tolerant to a relatively high background level of underwater
sound. The peak number of trips by marine works vessels is estimated to be
about 30 per day, depending on the demand for marine construction
activities. These marine works vessels
are expected to operate in localised waters between the works area and the two
barging points at Tai Chuen of North Lantau and Northwest Tsing Yi next to the
Tsing Ma Bridge. Therefore, the limited increase in the marine traffic associated with the
construction activities is not expected to cause unacceptable impacts on the
fisheries resources and fisheries sensitive receivers, and the potential impact
of underwater noise is considered insignificant.
9.5.3.8 Underwater piling works will be conducted as part of the VIPS
construction at the deflection pier of about 0.1 ha in size at North Lantau,
which is tentatively expected to last 10 months. The piling works will utilise bored piles instead of driven piles, which
generate less noise and vibration and eliminate the need for spoil removal,
ensuring minimal disturbance. Given the
small scale and short-term nature of the piling works within the overall VIPS
construction programme, and the fact that the deflection pier is located more
than 650 m away from the nearest subzone of the Ma Wan Fish Culture Zone at
Kung Tsai Wan, the disturbance surrounding marine fish and fisheries-sensitive
receivers is expected to be minimal. Therefore, the impact is anticipated to be
insignificant.
9.5.4
Operational Phase
Direct Impact
Loss of Fishing
Ground and Fisheries Habitat
9.5.4.1 The presence of superstructures in the marine waters including Tsing
Yi Tower, Ma Wan South Tower, Ma Wan South Anchorage, Kap Shui Mun Tower and
VIPS at the deflection pier at North Lantau will result in loss of fishing
ground and fisheries habitat during operational phase. A permanent loss of about 19.9 ha
of fishing ground and fisheries habitat is anticipated, which constitutes an
insignificant portion of the 1,700 km2 (approximately 170,000 ha) of
total Hong Kong marine waters (EPD 2021).
Moreover, most existing fishing operations in surrounding waters are
predominantly by sampans that are small-sized and highly flexible, and the
fisheries production within the project area is mainly comprised of species not
commercially targeted or low-valued species.
Therefore, the potential impact on fisheries due to loss of fishing
ground and fisheries resources are anticipated to be minor.
Indirect Impact
Change in
Hydrodynamics
9.5.4.2 The proposed reclamation work of this Project may affect the
hydrodynamic regime of the adjacent waters and hence a quantitative
hydrodynamic modelling was conducted in Section 5 to assess the overall
hydrodynamic impacts. The modelling
results indicated that the reclamation works would not significantly alter the
hydrodynamic regime of the adjacent waters.
Insignificant differences were observed in water level, salinity, flow
velocities, flow rates, and flow fields between the pre-construction and
post-construction scenarios. Therefore,
the potential fisheries impact due to change in local hydrodynamic regime and
subsequent changes in water quality is expected to be insignificant. No maintenance dredging are deemed necessary
for this Project and hence there would be no additional hydrodynamic impacts.
Deterioration of
Water Quality
9.5.4.3 Surface runoff containing contaminants from the paved roads to the
adjacent marine waters is anticipated during rainfall events. Contaminants may include hydrocarbons,
chemicals, and sediments. With the
application of adequate water quality mitigation measures such as provision of
proper drainage system, screening facilities, silt traps and oil interceptors
mentioned in Section 5, no unacceptable water quality impacts from the
non-point source surface runoff are expected.
9.6.1.1 Concurrent projects in the vicinity of the Project site are
identified. The status of these concurrent projects is
based on the available information obtained during the course of the EIA
Study. It should be noted that the
implementation of individual project would be subject to further development
and subsequent actions of the respective project proponent. A list of the tentative concurrent projects identified
at the time of this EIA study that potentially
contribute to cumulative impacts in fisheries is provided below:
·
Route 11 (Section
between Yuen Long and North Lantau);
·
Reclamation for Kau Yi
Chau Artificial Islands (KYCAI);
·
Hong Kong Island West -
Northeast Lantau Link (HKIW-NEL Link);
·
Road P1 (Tai Ho – Sunny
Bay Section), Lantau; and
·
Sunny Bay Development
9.6.1.2 The extent of disturbance of the Project is expected to be
relatively small and confined to localised works at the reclamation areas,
including permanent loss of about 19.9 ha for the footprint of the reclamation
areas and pile-supported VIPS, as well as temporary loss of about 62 ha for the
marine works area. The Route 11 which
connects with the Project in Northeast Lantau is anticipated to result in 4.1
ha and 13 ha of permanent and temporary fishing ground loss between the waters
of Tsing Lung Tau and Northeast Lantau.
The Reclamation for KYCAI is expected to span about 1,000 ha to the east
of Lantau Island. The proposed HKIW-NEL
Link, connecting with the Project and Hong Kong Island, is still under planning
and expected to require reclamation (temporary and/or permanent) works more
than 5 ha in size at the landing points.
The Road P1, connecting with the Project and extending along North
Lantau to Tai Ho, is also under planning and expected to involve reclamation
works covering about 15 ha between Tai Ho Interchange and Sham Shui Kok. The Sunny Bay Development in Northeast Lantau
is currently in planning stage and expected to involve a reclamation area of
approximately 80 ha. Considering that
the reclamation and marine works of the Project would only be a minor
contributor to the loss of fishing ground and fisheries habitat among all
concurrent projects, and given that the potential impact of fishing ground and fisheries habitat loss due to the Project is considered minor, it is not expected to exert
an unacceptable cumulative impact.
9.6.1.3 While the marine works and marine traffic of this Project might
coincide with the concurrent projects, it is anticipated to involve a
relatively small number of marine work vessels operating simultaneously in the
works area, and the frequency/trip of work vessels would also be low. Moreover, the marine works vessels of this
Project are expected to operate in localised waters between the works area and
the two barging points at Tai Chuen of North Lantau and Northwest Tsing Yi next
to the Tsing Ma Bridge only. It is
estimated that the peak daily number of trips by marine works vessels for this
Project would be about 30 between the works area and barging points (depending
on the marine works demand). Considering
that the waters off Northeast Lantau are exposed to relatively high levels of
marine traffic, particularly around the Ma Wan Fairway, the cumulative impacts
of marine traffic disturbance on nearby fishing operations and fisheries
resources, if any, are anticipated to be insignificant.
9.7.1.1 In accordance with the guidelines in the EIAO-TM on fisheries impact
assessment, the approach adopted in this EIA for mitigating impacts to
fisheries includes:
·
Avoidance: Potential impacts
should be avoided to the maximum extent as practicable by adopting suitable
alternatives;
·
Minimisation: Unavoidable impacts
should be minimised by taking appropriate and practicable measures such as
confining works in specific area or season; and
·
Compensation: The loss of fisheries resources and
habitats and aquaculture sites, if assessed to be significant, shall be
compensated by measures such as enhancement of fisheries resources and habitats
and re-provisioning of aquaculture sites.
9.7.2.1 No FCZs will be directly impacted by the Project. Moreover, the Project is not located in
waters of high levels of fishing operation or high fisheries production or fish
fry collection. It is also away from
other sites of fisheries importance such as ARs and spawning ground of
commercial fisheries resources in Northeast Lantau.
9.7.3.1 The preferred alignment selected in the previous feasibility study
and presented in the Project Profile included land reclamation in North Lantau,
Ma Wan and Tsing Yi. Further to the
refinement on the preferred alignment, the extent of the proposed reclamation
works for the Project has been further reviewed to minimise the footprints of
the proposed reclaimed area with due consideration on the engineering,
environmental and port operation aspects.
To protect the deflection
pier at North Lantau, a pile-supported VIPS is proposed to be adopted in the
area of existing shoreline. The VIPS
structure will be supported by piles with a superstructure and hanger slab to
protect the pier from vessel impact, thus reclamation is no longer required at
North Lantau.
9.7.3.2 The extent of reclamation and
dredging at Ma Wan and Tsing Yi has also been minimised as far as practicable
to reduce the loss of
fishing ground and fisheries habitat. One land
anchorage is technically required for each of the two proposed suspension
bridges. During the course of design
consideration for the Project, marine anchorages
in Ma Wan are combined into a single common anchorage. This approach reduces the material required
for anchorage construction and minimises excavation works. As a result, both the environmental impact of
material excavation and disturbances to the fisheries habitat and fisheries resources
are reduced. Furthermore, the
combination of anchorages can reduce the overall reclamation area at Ma
Wan. This reduction of reclamation area would
reduce the total amount of dredged sediments, hence reducing the associated
water quality impacts during the construction phase. The extent of channel narrowing at both Ma Wan
Fairway and Kap Shui Mun Fairway are also reduced, hence reducing the change in
hydrodynamic regime under operational phase.
9.7.3.3 Some marine construction methods such as underwater blasting can
have significant impacts on fisheries resources, and hence will be avoided in
this Project. Although dredging is
considered less harmful as underwater blasting, it still has the potential to
cause destruction and disturbance to fisheries resources. Therefore, non-dredged reclamation methods, including DCM and jet grouting for ground treatment, will be adopted whenever practicable. Utilizing non-dredge methods instead of conventional seabed dredging will
significantly decrease the release of suspended solids and contaminants into
water bodies. However, it should be noted that the non-dredged
methods may not be practical from an engineering
perspective. In cases where dredging is unavoidable, efforts have been made to
minimise the extent of dredging. DCM is proposed to be adopted as the primary ground treatment works
supporting the proposed bridge tower and anchorage structures. Dredging
of soft clay is proposed in localised areas with thin layers of marine
deposits, where the DCM method is considered inefficient for ground treatment in
such conditions.
9.7.3.4
Water quality mitigation
measures should be implemented during the construction phase. The mitigation measures cover the potential
water quality impacts from marine based construction works including
reclamation works and piling works, and land-based construction works including
construction site runoff, wastewater discharges from general construction
activities, sewage from workforce and accidental spillage of chemicals. With the implementation of the water quality
mitigation measures stated in Section 5, no adverse fisheries impact is
anticipated and no fisheries-specific mitigation measure is required.
9.7.3.5 Besides the adoption of the water quality mitigation measures to
control the non-point source surface runoff, no fisheries-specific mitigation
measure is required during the operational phase of the Project.
9.7.4.1 Upon completion of the Project, the residual impacts would be the
permanent loss of approximately 19.9 ha of fishing ground and fisheries habitat,
constituting an insignificant portion of the marine waters in Hong Kong
available for fishing. The
implementation of the water quality mitigation measures during construction and
operational phases is expected to further minimise impacts on fisheries caused
by the deterioration of water quality.
Therefore, no adverse residual impact due to the proposed works is
expected.
9.8
Environmental Monitoring and Audit Requirements
9.8.1.1
With the implementation of
water quality mitigation measures during construction and operational phases,
no adverse impact on fisheries is anticipated, thus fisheries-specific
monitoring is considered not necessary.
Water quality monitoring should be undertaken between the project area
and Ma Wan FCZ to avoid any deterioration of water quality due to the
construction works. Details of the water
quality monitoring requirements are provided in the water quality section of
the EM&A Manual.
9.9.1.2 The proposed reclamation works and pile-supported VIPS for the
Project would result in permanent loss of about 19.9 ha
and temporary loss of about 62 ha of fishing ground and fisheries habitat. Since the loss only constitute a minor
proportion of the marine waters in Hong Kong available for fishing, impacts to
capture fisheries due to loss of fishing ground and disruption of fisheries
operation are expected to be minor. No
direct impact to Ma Wan FCZ is anticipated since the works area will be kept at
a distance from the FCZ. Potential
impacts of elevated levels of underwater sound are also not expected to be unacceptable. The Project would not significantly alter the
local hydrodynamics regime and hence the change in hydrodynamics is considered
to be insignificant. Furthermore, no unacceptable
water quality impacts to fisheries resources and fisheries sensitive receivers
(including Ma Wan FCZ) during the construction and operational phases are
expected with adoption of non-dredged reclamation such as DCM for most of the
reclamation works except in localised areas with thin marine deposits where dredging is
recommended), in additional to the provision of adequate
water quality mitigation measures such as installation of silt curtain
and good site practices during construction phase and provision of proper
drainage system during operational phase, and implementation
of water quality monitoring during construction phase, it is expected that no
adverse residual impacts associated with change of water quality would arise
and hence no fisheries-specific monitoring is necessary.
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