6.5 NLDFS: Identification of Environmental Impacts

Construction Phase

6.5.1 As detailed in Section 2, the construction of the reclamation and associated developments of the NLDFS will involve a wide range of construction activities which will lead to the generation of solid wastes. Major construction activities are listed below:

· dredging and disposal of the marine sediment at the Penny’s Bay reclamation, Yam O reclamation, Northshore reclamation, Siu Ho Wan reclamation, SDU reclamation, Road P1 reclamation, Theme Park (Phase III) Extension reclamation and TCT East (including Fa Peng, CKWLR Phases I and II) reclamation;

· construction of seawalls and reclamation;

· construction of road and drains; and

· construction of the infrastructure

6.5.2 As described in Section 1, an existing shipyard (Cheoy Lee Shipyard) will need to be demolished to provide land for the roads construction. The potential environmental impacts associated with the decommissioning and demolition of the shipyard is addressed in Section 12, and will be evaluated under a separate Schedule 2 EIA to be commissioned by the CED.

6.5.3 The NLDFS developments reclamation and associated development construction activities will result in the generation of a variety of wastes which can be divided into distinct categories based on their composition, as follows:

· dredged marine sediment;

· excavated material;

· construction and demolition waste;

· chemical waste; and

· general refuse.

6.5.4 The nature and quantity of each of these waste types arising from the construction of the NLDFS developments are identified below.

Dredged Sediment

6.5.5 The construction within the NLDFS will involve reclamation of 548 ha of marine sea bed. The reclamation will be undertaken in several phases. The reclamation size, dredging and filling requirements of the reclamation, as well as their construction period are presented in Table 6.5a.

6.5.6 All the reclamations within the NLDFS will require some degrees of dredging of marine sediment. Various reclamation methods aiming to minimise the requirement of dredging works have been considered. Except Penny’s Bay Reclamation Stage I, it is recommended that for all the reclamations, dredging of marine sediment should be limited to the seawall area. The total volume of marine sediment to be dredged and disposed off-site is estimated to be approximately 54.55 M m³.

6.5.7 Full dredged option adopted at Penny’s Bay Reclamation Stage I due to limited time available for undertaking the ground improvement prior to the construction for the Theme Park infrastructure ^([3]). The volume of marine sediment to be dredged for the Penny’s Bay Reclamation Stage I is approximately 40 M m³.

Table 6.5a - Dredging and Filling Requirements for NLDFS Developments Reclamation

Activities	Area (ha)	Volume (M m^3)	Construction Period
Dredging for Penny’s Bay Reclamation Stage I	200	40	Q2 2000 to Q4 2000
Dredging for Penny’s Bay Reclamation Stage II	80	5	Q3 2001 to Q1 2005
Dredging for Yam O reclamation	10	0.3	Q4 2001 to Q4 2002
Dredging for Northshore reclamation	65	0.7	Q1 2012 to Q2 2017
Dredging for Siu Ho Wan reclamation	30	0.5	Q3 2014 to Q2 2015
Dredging for SDU reclamation	1	0.05	Q1 2002 to Q4 2004
Dredging for Road P1 reclamation	8	0.4	Q3 2013 to Q2 2014
Dredging for Theme Park (Phase III) Extension reclamation	80	1.6	Q2 2026 to Q3 2027
Dredging for TCT East reclamation	74	5.0	Q2 2022 to Q3 2025
Dredging of sediment for the construction of Water Recreation Centre		1.0	Q2 2001 to Q4 2002
Excavation for the construction of CKWLR section foundation (Yam O to Penny’s Bay Interchanges)		min	Q2 2001 to Q3 2003
Total Volume of Sediment to be Dredged	548	54.55
Filling/Surcharge of Penny’s Bay Reclamation Stage I: 1. Sand Fill/Sand Surcharge 2. Public Fill		65 2	Q4 2000 to Q1 2002
Filling/Surcharge of Penny’s Bay Reclamation Stage II: 1. Sand Fill 2. Public Fill/Public Fill Surcharge		7.4 8.5/2.5	Q2 2003 to Q4 2008
Filling/Surcharge of Yam O reclamation 1.Sand Fill 2.Public Fill		0.5 0.9/0.3	Q4 2002 to Q3 2003
Filling/Surcharge of Northshore reclamation 1.Sand Fill 2.Public Fill/Public Fill Surcharge		1.4 3.3/2.3	Q3 2012 to Q1 2018
Filling/Surcharge of Siu Ho Wan reclamation 1.Sand Fill 2.Public Fill/Public Fill Surcharge		1.2 2.1/1.6	Q1 2015 to Q1 2016
Filling/Surcharge of SDU reclamation 1.Sand Fill 2.Public Fill/Public Fill Surcharge		0.03 0.06	Q1 2002 to Q4 2004
Filling/Surcharge of Road P1 reclamation 1.Sand Fill 2.Public Fill/Public Fill Surcharge		0.2 0.5	Q1 2014 to Q1 2015
Filling/Surcharge of Theme Park (Phase III) Extension reclamation 1.Sand Fill 2.Public Fill/Public Fill Surcharge		2.4 11.8/4.8	Q4 2026 to Q2 2028
Filling/Surcharge of TCT East reclamation 1.Sand Fill 2.Public Fill/Public Fill Surcharge		2.2 8.6/4.4	Q4 2022 to Q2 2026
Total Fill Requirement 1.Sand Fill/Sand Surcharge 2.Public Fill/Public Fill Surcharge		133.5 80.1 53.4
Note: (a) TCT East reclamation include Fa Peng reclamation as well as CKWLR Phases I and II reclamations

6.5.8 The chemical characteristics of the sediment to be dredged have been determined under the site investigation of this EIA. Since all sediment dredging works for the Penny’s Bay and the Yam O PTI reclamations will commence before end of 2001, criteria stipulated in EPDTC 1-1-92 will be applied for the classification of the sediment. Vibrocores or grab samples were collected based on a 200 m grid system (see Figures 6.5a and 5b) and they were tested Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Ag, Zn and Hg in accordance with the requirements of the EPDTC 1-1-92. The analytical results ^([4]) revealed that most of the sediment to be dredged at Penny’s Bay and Yam O PTI reclamations shall be suitable for open sea disposal except four locations, namely TGS01 and TGS58 at Penny’s Bay reclamation, and SS6 and SS18 at Yam O PTI reclamation. The estimated volume of Class C sediment to be dredged from these four locations is approximately 0.11 M m³. Disposal at the East Sha Chau contaminated mud pit is required for all Class C sediment. Whereas the uncontaminated sediment will be disposed at East Nine Pin, East Tung Lung and north of Lantau.

6.5.9 The dredging works of Northshore reclamation, Siu Ho Wan reclamation, SDU reclamation, Road P1 reclamation and TCT East reclamation, according to Table 6.5a, will commence after 2001. Therefore, criteria stipulated in EPDTC 1-1-92 and the new dredged/excavated sediment guidelines will be applied to the sediment classification. Vibrocore samples (including SS2, SS3, SS4, SS7, SS8, SS9, SS10, SS11, SS21, SS22, and SS23) were collected at selected location sat the dredging area (as shown in Figure 6.5c) Sediment quality at Northshore reclamation, Siu Ho Wan reclamation, SDU reclamation, Road P1 reclamation and Fa Peng reclamation tested under the NLDFS. The analytical results from the site investigation are presented in Table 6.5b.

Table 6.5b - Sediment Quality Analysis Results for Northshore, Siu Ho Wan, SDU, Road P1 and TCT East Reclamations

Station	Sample Depth	Moisture	Ag	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Ni	Pb	Zn	Hg	LMW PAHs	HMW PAHs	Total PAHs	Total PCBs		Tri-butyltin	Classification according to
	(m)	(%)	(mg kg^-1)									(mg kg^-1)				(mg Sn kg^-1)		EPDTC 1-1-92	New TC
Northshore reclamation
SS7	0.1-0.7	61	1.1	26	<1	51	67	29	58	181	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class C	Category M
SS7	0.9-1.5	51.9	<0.4	33	<1	56	38	32	70	164	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class B	Category M
SS7	1.9-2.5	49.9	<0.4	27	<1	44	25	29	60	121	0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS7	2.9-3.5	42	<0.4	11	<1	37	10	23	27	94	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS7	5.2-5.8	51.9	<0.4	22	<1	43	15	29	35	119	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS8	0.4-0.9	60.2	1.2	18	<1	42	61	25	56	150	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		405	Class B	Category M
SS8	0.9-1.5	38.9	0.6	12	<1	21	32	14	35	79	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS8	1.9-2.5	49	<0.4	21	<1	36	23	25	61	133	0.6	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		145	Class A	Category M
SS8	2.9-3.5	48.1	<0.4	18	<1	51	50	28	67	159	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class B	Category M
SS8	5.2-5.8	41.6	<0.4	16	<1	23	11	15	37	65	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		<0.5	Class A	Category M
SS9	0.2-0.8	54	<0.4	25	<1	45	81	27	64	151	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class C	Category M
SS9	0.9-1.5	53	<0.4	26	<1	46	33	29	68	144	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class B	Category M
SS9	1.9-2.5	50.5	<0.4	21	<1	40	26	27	65	168	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class B	Category M
SS9	2.9-3.5	51.2	<0.4	16	<1	35	13	24	35	97	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS9	5.2-5.8	49.3	<0.4	19	<1	32	12	21	33	98	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS10	0.1-0.7	49.8	<0.4	17	<1	35	19	23	37	100	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		24	Class A	Category M
SS10	0.9-1.5	49.8	<0.4	15	<1	36	13	23	34	97	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS10	1.9-2.5	48.3	<0.4	16	<1	34	12	22	33	98	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		1	Class A	Category M
SS10	2.9-3.5	47.7	<0.4	11	<1	25	12	21	32	87	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS10	5.2-5.8	37.6	<0.4	17	<1	26	9	16	32	67	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS11A	0.1-0.7	42.8	<0.4	15	<1	24	25	18	39	90	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		4	Class A	Category M
SS11A	0.9-1.5	30.1	<0.4	10	<1	11	6	9	21	44	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS11A	1.9-2.5	36.2	<0.4	11	<1	16	7	13	21	62	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		<0.5	Class A	Category M
SS11A	2.9-3.5	35.8	<0.4	14	<1	18	8	15	25	64	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS11A	5.2-5.8	29.7	<0.4	25	<1	6	7	7	27	56	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		<0.5	Class A	Category M
Siu Ho Wan reclamation
SS2	0.9-1.5	31	<0.4	<4	<1	17	9	13	21	71	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		1	Class A	Category L/M(f)
SS2	1.9-2.5	18.3	<0.4	<4	<1	7	<4	7	14	32	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		<0.5	Class A	Category L/M(f)
SS2	2.9-3.5	19.1	<0.4	6	<1	7	<4	11	15	63	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category L
SS2	5.2-5.8	19.2	<0.4	<4	<1	<4	<4	<4	6	17	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		1	Class A	Category L/M(f)
SDU reclamation
SS4	0-0.6	54	0.9	9	<1	42	58	26	51	137	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		14	Class B	Category M
SS4	0.9-1.5	40.8	<0.4	6	<1	27	33	19	42	127	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category L
SS4	1.7-2.3	20	<0.4	<4	<1	4	6	5	13	60	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		10	Class A	Category L/M(f)
Road P1 reclamation
SS3	0-0.6	36.1	<0.4	5	<1	18	10	13	24	61	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		8	Class A	Category L/M(f)
SS3	0.9-1.5	36.4	<0.4	7	<1	27	14	20	30	84	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category L
SS3	1.9-2.5	38.2	<0.4	11	<1	34	18	25	37	97	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		7	Class A	Category M
SS3	2.9-3.5	41.1	<0.4	9	<1	42	20	30	37	110	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS3	5.2-5.8	17.1	<0.4	<4	<1	<4	<4	<4	10	18	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		<0.5	Class A	Category L/M(f)
Fa Peng reclamation
SS21	0.3-0.9	59.5	0.8	9	<1	45	61	28	49	143	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		294	Class B	Category M
SS21	0.9-1.5	50	<0.4	9	<1	37	28	27	50	125	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS21	1.9-2.5	55.2	<0.4	12	<1	43	26	30	59	123	0.6	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		<0.5	Class A	Category M
SS21	2.9-3.5	54	<0.4	9	<1	44	22	29	48	111	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS21	5.3-5.9	20.5	<0.4	<4	<1	6	<4	<4	14	24	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		<0.5	Class A	Category L/M(f)
SS22	0-0.6	54.1	<0.4	<4	<1	42	103	28	57	157	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		7	Class C	Category M
SS22	0.9-1.5	51.1	<0.4	<4	<1	32	21	26	48	118	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category L
SS22	1.9-2.5	40	<0.4	<4	<1	28	9	30	23	101	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		1	Class A	Category L/M(f)
SS22	2.9-3.5	46.9	<0.4	<4	<1	33	12	26	27	99	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category L
SS22	5.3-5.9	45.4	<0.4	<4	<1	32	30	29	28	103	<0.4	<3000	<5000	<8000	<100		<0.5	Class A	Category L/M(f)
SS23	0.4-0.9	56.9	0.4	8	<1	44	77	28	52	149	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class C	Category M
SS23	0.9-1.5	56.7	<0.4	8	<1	44	36	32	60	152	0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category L
SS23	1.9-2.5	53.5	<0.4	7	<1	42	25	31	61	144	0.6	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category M
SS23	2.9-3.5	51.7	<0.4	5	<1	41	20	32	38	109	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category L
SS23	5.3-5.9	41.9	<0.4	4	<1	29	12	21	30	87	<0.4	--	--	--	--		--	Class A	Category L
EPD	Class A				0.0-0.9	0-49	0-54	0-34	0-64	0-149	0.0-0.7
TC 1-1-92	Class B				1.0-1.4	50-79	55-64	35-39	65-74	150-199	0.8-0.9
	Class C				>=1.5	>=80	>=65	>=40	>=75	>=200	>=1.0
New	LCEL		1	8	1.5	80	65	40	75	200	0.5	550	1700	4000	23		0.15 (h)
TC	UCEL		2	42	4	160	110	40	110	270	1	3160	9600	44800	190		0.15 (h)
Note:
(a) Value underlined indicates Class B sediment under EPDTC 1-1-92 (b) Value double underlined indicates Class C sediment under EPDTC 1-1-92 (c) Value in Bold indicates exceedance of Lower Chemical Exceedance Level (LCEL) under the New TC (d) Category L includes sediment contaminant levels not exceeding the LCEL (e) Category M includes sediment contaminant levels exceeding the LCEL but not exceeding Upper Chemical Exceedance Level (UCEL) (f) Classification cannot be determined due to detection limits of PAHs (detection limits for LMW PAHs, HMW PAHs and Total PAHs are 3,000, 5,000 and 8,000 ug kg^-1 respectively) and PCBs (detection limit is 100 mg kg^-1) (g) -- denotes no test carried out (h) The unit should be mg TBT l^-1 in interstitial water

6.5.10 EPDTC 1-1-92 does not contain assessment criterion for Tributyl Tin (TBT) concentrations for marine sediment. TBT results obtained from the site investigation are therefore made by comparing with data previously gathered in a study on TBT contamination of the marine environment in Hong Kong  ^([5]) which presents a range of uncontaminated and contaminated sites throughout HK SAR. A 25th percentile value from the TBT contamination study, equivalent to approximately 5.8 mg Sn kg^-1 (range from <1.0 to 1,173 mg Sn kg^-1) was employed here as a reference value for the comparison purpose. Results of the comparison indicate that TBT levels of sediment at the Northshore reclamation (SS8 and SS10), SDU reclamation (SS4), Road P1 reclamation (SS3) and TCT East reclamation (SS21) are higher than the 25th percentile of TBT levels of sediment recorded from a range of uncontaminated and contaminated sites in Hong Kong, indicating the sediment to be dredged may be contaminated. However, the lack of formal criterion prevents any conclusive evaluation of whether the levels recorded in the these areas are of concern. The testing of TBT level in interstitial water as part of the sediment quality report (SQR) to be prepared in the future would provide data for comparison with the new sediment classification guidelines, which is applicable for all dredging works commence after 2002.

6.5.11 In addition, a list of organics - PAHs and PCBs (see Table 6.5b) has also been tested. The parameters tested and their limits of detection are listed in Table 6.5c. Although all the results shows that these organics are below the detection limits, which is lower than UCEL, the detection limits for lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs, high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs and PCBs are above LCEL. Further tests on the sediment using detection limit lower than LCEL is recommended as part of the sediment quality report to confirm the sediment classification.

Table 6.5c - PAHs and PCB Tested and Their Individual Detection Limits

Organic	Detection Limit (mg kg^-1 dry weight)
PAHs
Lower Molecular Weight (LMW) PAHs Naphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene	0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Higher Molecular Weight (HMW) PAHs Fluoranthene Pyrene Benz (a) anthracene Chrysene Benzo(b) & (k) fluoranthene Benzo (a) pyrene Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene Dibenz(a,h) anthracene Benzo(g,h,I) perylene	0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Total PAHs (= LMW PAHs + HMW PAHs)	8
Total PCBs	0.1

6.5.12 Northshore Reclamation: the sediment testing results at Northshore reclamation indicate that except for two samples (seabed level at SS7 and SS9, both in terms of Cu), the sediment of the other areas are either classified as Class A or Class B sediment. However, all sediment exceed the LCEL but are below UCEL (in terms of As, Cu or Hg). Therefore, except for seabed layers of SS7 and SS9, all other sediment requires biological screening prior to determining the disposal route. Once the sediment category is confirmed, further tests should be taken to determine the exact boundary of the contaminated sediment which require disposal at confined marine disposal site so that the volume can be minimised.

6.5.13 The copper content of the surface sediment samples taken from SS7 (at depth of 0.1 to 0.7 m below seabed) and SS9 (at depth of 0.2 to 0.8 m below seabed) comprise the Class C criterion. The sediment samples taken at SS7 and SS9 at 1 m below the seabed show less contamination which suggests that the contaminated sediment may be limited to the top 1 m. Since no Class C sediment is found at SS8 which is 200 m away from SS9. It is assumed that the contamination of SS7 and SS9 would limited in within 200 m of the sampling location. In addition, assuming the seawall width to be dredged is 150 m, it is estimated that the volume of potentially contaminated sediment to be dredged at SS9 and SS9 is about 60,000 m³. It is recommended that further sediment testing shall be undertaken at these areas to determine the boundaries of the contaminated sediment so that the volume of sediment to be disposed of at the contaminated mud pits could be minimised.

6.5.14 Siu Ho Wan Reclamation: sediment at Siu Ho Wan is classified as Class A under the EPDTC 1-1-92. Although it is not possible to check whether the PAHs and PCBs levels are below the LCEL due to the detection limits, the rest of the parameters are below LCEL showing the sediment is likely to be uncontaminated. Therefore it is expected that no special treatment/disposal is required. However, it is recommended that further sediment testing on PAHs, PCBs and TBT should carried out to confirm the classification.

6.5.15 SDU Reclamation: the analytical results show that the sediment to be dredged for the SDU reclamation is not seriously contaminated (all below UCEL and either in Class A or Class B). No special treatment/disposal is expected, however, the Cu level at depth 0.0 - 0.6 m exceed the LCEL and therefore biological screening is required to determine whether confined marine disposal is needed. In addition, PAHs, PCBs and TBT levels will require further testing to verify whether there is any exceedance in LCEL.

6.5.16 Road P1 Reclamation: sediment quality at Road P1 reclamation is identified as Class A under EPDTC 1-1-92. In addition, all sediment is found below UCEL and thus it is likely that no special disposal/treatment is required. However, a pocket of sediment at of depth between 1.9 m and 3.5 m in the vicinity of SS3 has As content exceeding LCEL, and biological screening should be carried out to determine whether confined marine disposal is required. In addition, further testing on PAHs, PCBs and TBT levels is required to see if there is any exceedance in LCEL.

6.5.17 TCT East Reclamation: Class C sediment is found at the seabed level (less than 1 m) of SS22 and SS23 in terms of Cu content. Using the same assumptions as described in Northshore reclamation, the estimated volume of Class C to be dredged is about 70,000 m³. Further testing with a finer sampling grid is recommended to determine the boundaries of contaminated sediment to minimise the volume to be disposed at the contaminated mud pits. At SS21, exceedance in LCEL in terms of As or Hg is found at the top 5 m, and at SS23 at depth of 1.9 -2.5 m for Hg, therefore biological screening shall be carried out to determine whether confined marine disposal is required. Further testing on PAHs, PCBs and TBT will also required to determine whether there is any exceedance in LCEL.

6.5.18 Currently there is no sediment quality results at Theme Park (Phase III) Extension reclamation. Sediment quality data at Penny’s Bay reclamation ^([6]) and TCT East reclamation suggests that the sediment quality at Theme Park (Phase III) Extension reclamation is probably below the UCEL and therefore special treatment is probably not required. However, biological screening may be required to determine whether confined marine disposal is needed.

6.5.19 Between Northshore reclamation, Siu Ho Wan reclamation, SDU reclamation, Road P1 Reclamation, Theme Park (Phase III) Extension reclamation and TCT East reclamation, the maximum quantity of uncontaminated sediment to be disposed of is estimated to be about 42,000 m³ week^-1 or 6,000 m³ d^-1. However, this dredging rate is much lower then those compared to Penny’s Bay Reclamation and Yam O Reclamation (maximum dredging rate is 634,000 m³ week^-1 or 90,600 m³ d^-1). The contaminated sediment will be dredged and disposed of at the beginning of the dredging works

6.5.20 Dredging of sediment have the potential to cause adverse water quality impacts if not properly managed. The potential water quality impacts associated with dredging of sediment are discussed in Section 5. The handling and disposal of the dredged sediment will also have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts if not properly managed, in particular the handling and disposal of the sediment requiring confined marine disposal.

Use of Public Fill for the Reclamation

6.5.21 Penny’s Bay Reclamation (Stages I and II) requires a total of about 85.4 M m³ (see Table 6.5a) of filling material including surcharge, of which 10.5M m³ of public fill will be included into the reclamation, which is the maximum uptake due to various constraints. And the Yam O Reclamation will use about 1.4 M m³ of filling material, of which 0.9 M m³ is public fill. Environmental impacts of the Penny's Bay Reclamation and Yam O Reclamation have been assessed in detail in the EIA for Construction of An International Theme Park in Penny's Bay of North Lantau and its Essential Associated Infrastructures.

6.5.22 The total amount of fill requirements for other reclamations within the Project Area is 43.8 M m³. It is estimated approximately 34.4 M m³ (about 78%) of public fill will be utilised at those reclamations. Also, an extra 17.5 M m³ of public fill will be used as surcharge. The use of public fill will not only alleviate the demand for virgin fill material but also reduce the pressure of disposing inert construction and demolition material at the strategic landfills.

6.5.23 The use of public fill as filling material may give rise as floating debris during reclamation. Part of the all the reclamations will be designated as a public filling area. Public fill comprising earth, building debris and broken concrete may contain a small amount of floatable materials such as timber, plastic and paper. If not properly controlled, it may give rise to floating refuse.

Excavated Material

6.5.24 Construction of infrastructures at NLDFS developments: The construction of various reclamations will require importation of a large quantity of fill materials. The construction of the building foundation for the infrastructures (including at Penny’s Bay Reclamation Stages I and II, Theme Park and NLDFS developments as well as other roads and drains) will generate some excavated materials. The quality of the excavated material will be the same as the fill materials used for the reclamation ( ie either marine sand fill or clean public fill). The exact amount of surplus excavated material to be generated from the foundation works cannot be determined until detailed design information is available. However, it is anticipated that the excavated material to be generated will be of a small percentage (less than 5%) to the fill requirements (117.6 M m³) for all the reclamations and can all be reused, either on-site or at adjacent reclamation, as fill materials. According to the filling programme, the excavation material generated at Penny’s Bay Reclamation (Stages I and II), Yam O reclamation and SDU reclamation can be re-used as fills at each other due to continuous filling period. Re-use of excavation material as fills can be carried out between Northshore reclamation, Road P1 reclamation and Siu Ho Wan reclamation. Similar arrangements can also carried out at Fa Peng reclamation and Theme Park (Phase III) Extension reclamation. Therefore, no surplus excavated material is expected to be generated.

6.5.25 The design of the infrastructures will ensure a cut and fill balance as far as practical. The small amount of excavated material to be generated from the foundation works will be used for landscaping works in order to minimise the need to dispose any surplus excavated material off-site.

6.5.26 Road P2 : About 7,800 m³ of excavated material will be generated from the excavation works. The excavated materials will be reused on-site for filling at Cheoy Lee Shipyard area and no surplus excavated material will be generated.

6.5.27 Penny’s Bay Rail Link: Approximately 68,500 m³ of excavated materials from cut and cover, drill and blast tunnel works will be generated between January 2003 and June 2004 (approximately 18 months) and will comprise mainly clean rock and soil. The Yam O station will be constructed on pad foundation, and hence no piling will be required. The Penny's Bay Rail Station will be seated on steel H-piles or pad foundation. No or minimal excavation will be required for the construction of H-piles or pad foundation. The quantity of excavated material arising from all the foundation works is envisaged to be minimal.

6.5.28 CKWLR: A total of approximately 3.0 M m³ of excavated is expected to be generated from the construction of the CKWLR, primary as a result of excavation at slopes of Pa Tau Kwu. Small amounts of excavated material will also expected from the foundation works carried out at CKWLR Phases I and II. The daily generation rate is 3,000 m³ d^-1. Excavated material generated at Yam O to Penny’s Bay Interchange could be reused on-site for filling at the Cheoy Lee Shipyard area. Whereas excavated material generated at Pa Tau Kwu and CKWLR Phases I and II could be re-used within other NLDFS reclamation such as Penny’s Bay Reclamation Stage II or Theme Park (Phase III) Extension reclamation. No surplus excavated material will be generated.

6.5.29 As all the reclamations require a large quantity of fill material and the Project will have an overall deficit of fill material. It is anticipated that all the excavated soil and rock generated from the Project will be re-used for the reclamation works. Since public filling areas only accept public fill with certain size (< 200 mm diameter). Some of the excavated material may require to be broken prior re-use on site. No surplus of excavated material will be generated.

Construction and Demolition Waste

6.5.30 Construction and demolition material (C&DM)  ^([7]) will be generated from new buildings construction. C&DM comprises unwanted materials generated during construction, including rejected structures and materials, materials which have been over ordered or are surplus to requirements and materials which have been used and discarded. C&DM will arise from a number of construction and maintenance activities and may include:

· wood from formwork and falsework;

· equipment and vehicle maintenance parts;

· materials and equipment wrappings;

· unusable/surplus concrete/grouting mixes; and

· damaged/contaminated construction materials.

6.5.31 Small amount of demolition waste will be generated at Cheoy Lee Shipyard and Ngong Shuen Au for the construction of CKWLR. However, the small is likely to be small. However, there are potential environmental impacts associated with the decommissioning and demolition of the shipyard is addressed in Section 12 and will be evaluated under a separate Schedule 2 EIA to be commissioned by the CED.

6.5.32 NLDFS Infrastructures: The majority of the C&DM will be generated from the construction of the infrastructure. The buildings will be constructed using concrete, steel or other appropriate materials. The exact quantities of C&DM arising from the construction process will depend on the exact types of the buildings and the construction methods, which are not available at this stage. The C&DM (including C&D waste and public fill) to be generated by the infrastructure has been estimated based on the Draft RODP according to the gross floor areas (GFA) provided in Table 6.5d.

Table 6.5d - Buildable GFA for the Infrastructures in Northshore Lantau

Development	Area No.	Construction Period	Total GFA (residential /office/hotel/special use) (m^2) (b)	Potential Arisings of C&DM (m^3)	Potential Arisings (m^3) of		Estimate Generation Rate of C&D Waste (m^3 d^-1)			Generation rate of Public Fill (m^3d^-1)
					C&D Waste	Public Fill	Average	Peak		Average	Peak
Theme Park Phase I - Opening Day (a)	1A	April 2002 to April 2005	520,600	52,060	10,412	41,648	14	22	59		88
Theme Park Phase I - Buildout (a)	1A	Q3 2008 to Q3 2011	205,100	20,510	4,102	16,408	2	3	8		11
Theme Park Phase II - Buildout (a)	1A	Q4 2003 to Q2 2005, Q2 2007 to Q1 2009, Q1 2014 to Q3 2015	809,800	80,980	16,196	64,784	12	19	49		74
GIC (including car park)	1B	Q1 2002 to Q4 2003 and Q1to Q4 2004	107,000	10,700	2,140	8,560	3	4	12		18
Theme Park (Phase III) Extension Area or Other Tourism Uses	1C	Q1 2029 to Q2 2031	483,000	48,300	9,960	38,640	16	24	64		97
Water Recreation Centre	1D	Q2 2004 to Q4 2004	2,000	200	40	160	0.2	0.3	0.9		1.3
Theme Park Gateway	3A	Q4 2014 to Q1 2017	177,920	17,792	3,5584	14,234	6	9	24		36
Cross-boundary Ferry Terminal/PTI	3B	Q1 to Q3 2017 and Q2 2030 to Q2 2031	15,750	1,575	315	1,260	0.7	1.0	2.6		3.9
Tourist and Convention Village	3C	Q2 2018 to Q2 2020	157,780	15,778	3,156	12,622	6	9	23		35
Technodrome	3D	Q1 2029 to Q2 2031	65,800	6,580	1,316	5,264	2	3	9		13
Service Area	3F	Q1 2006 to Q2 2008	12,600	1,260	252	1,008	0.4	1.6	1.7		2.5
Bus Depot and Coach Parking	3G	Q1 2006 to Q2 2008	75,600	7,560	1,512	6,048	3	4	10		15
Residential development	4A & 4B	Q4 2017 to Q1 2020	357,000	35,700	7,140	38,560	12	18	48		71
Educational development	4C	Q3 2005 to Q2 2008	26,300	2,630	526	2,140	0.7	1.0	2.9		4.4
SDU Base	4E	Q1 2002 to Q4 2004	3,500	350	70	280	0.1	0.1	0.4		0.6
Recreational Tourism Use	5A	Q3 2024 to Q1 2029	300,000	30,000	6,000	24,000	5	8	21		32
Total			3,319,750	331,975	98,721	275,616
Note: (a) Source: Construction of An International Theme Park in Penny’s Bay of North Lantau and its Essential Associated Infrastructure EIA, for CED, prepared by ERM, February 2000. (b) All buildable GFA (domestic, office, hotel or special use and retail) are included. (c) No information on the buildable GFA at Eco Park (Area 2A) is available. (d) Based on a C&DM arisings rate of 0.1m^3 per 1m^2 of GFA constructed. (e) Peak factor of 1.5 is used. (f) the construction timing of bus depot and coach parking is assumed to be the same as service area (Area 3F)

6.5.33 Penny’s Bay Rail Link: The Penny’s Bay Rail Link will be constructed from Q2 2002 to Q2 2004. The quantity of C&DM generated from the construction of cut and cover tunnel, tunnel wall and tunnel lining, Yam O Station as well as Penny’s Bay Rail Station is 5,030 m³. And the average and peak daily C&D waste generation is 3 and 4 m³ d^-1 respectively, whereas the average and peak daily public fill generation is 10 and 16 m³ d^-1 respectively. If not properly managed, the storage, handling, and disposal of C&DM have the potential to create visual, waste, dust and traffic impacts.

6.5.34 During the infrastructure construction period, the highest cumulative daily C&D waste arisings is during 2004 and will be generated from Theme Park Phase I Opening Day, Theme Park Phase II Buildout, GIC at area 1B, Water Recreation Centre, SDU Base and PBRL during Q2 2004 (the average and peak C&D waste generation rate is 32 m³ d^-1 and 49 m³ d^-1, respectively, whereas for public fill generation rate is 131 m³ d^-1 and 198 m³ d^-1).

Chemical Waste

6.5.35 Chemical waste, as defined under the Waste Disposal (Chemical Waste) (General) Regulation, includes any substance being scrap material, or unwanted substances specified under Schedule 1 of the Regulation. A complete list of such substances is provided under the Regulation, however substances likely to be generated by construction activities for the NLDFS developments and the associated infrastructure will, for the most part, arise from the maintenance of equipment. These may include, but need not be limited to the following:

· scrap batteries or spent acid/alkali from their maintenance;

· used engine oils, hydraulic fluids and waste fuel;

· spent mineral oils/cleaning fluids from mechanical machinery; and

· spend solvents/solutions, some of which may be halogenated, from equipment cleaning activities.

6.5.36 Chemical wastes may pose serious environmental, health and safety hazards if not stored and disposed of in an appropriate manner as outlined in the Waste Disposal (Chemical Waste) (General) Regulation and the Code of Practice on the Packaging, Labelling and Storage of Chemical Wastes. These hazards include:

· toxic effects to workers;

· adverse effects on air, water and land from spills;

· fire hazards; and

· disruption to sewage treatment works due to damage to the sewage biological treatment systems if waste is allow to enter the sewage system.

6.5.37 It is difficult to quantify the amount of chemical waste which will arise from the NLDFS developments construction activities as it will be highly dependent on the Contractor's on-site maintenance intention and the number of plant and vehicles utilised. However, it is anticipated that the quality of chemical waste, such as lubricating oil and solvent produced from plant maintenance will be small and in the order to a few cubic metres per month.

General Refuse

6.5.38 The presence of a construction site with large numbers of workers and site offices and canteens will result in the generation of a variety of general refuse requiring disposal. General refuse will mainly consist of food wastes, aluminium cans and waste paper.

6.5.39 The storage of general refuse has the potential to give rise to adverse environmental impacts. These include odour if the waste is not collected frequently (for example, daily), windblown litter, water quality impacts if waste enters water bodies, and visual impact. The sites may also attract pests, vermin, and other disease vectors if the waste storage areas are not well maintained and cleaned regularly. In addition, disposal of wastes at sites other than approved landfills, can also lead to similar adverse impacts at those sites.

6.5.40 The peak construction period will occur during the construction of the Theme Park and the associated developments as well as other infrastructures at NLDFS developments. It is anticipated that there will be about 6,000 ^([8]) construction personnel to be working on-site during the this period. Based on a generation rate of 0.65 kg per worker per day, the maximum daily arisings of general refuse during the construction period will be approximately 3.9 tonnes.

6.5.41 If possible, waste separation facilities for paper, aluminium cans, plastic bottles, etc., should be given during construction phase to minimise the waste to be disposal at landfill.

Operational Phase

Municipal Solid Waste

6.5.42 The operation of the road links will generate negligible amount of waste which consists mainly of litter, trimmed vegetation and road maintenance waste. It has been estimated from experience that each of the PBRL stations may generate up to 5 m³ d^-1 of such waste although it is difficult to estimate at this stage the precise contribution from the commercial element until more details of their operations can be confirmed. The exact quantity of waste to be generated from the operation of the road links cannot be accurately estimated as it depends very much on the design and maintenance schedule of these roads. However, it is anticipated that it will be in the order of a few cubic metres per month.

6.5.43 The operation of the infrastructures in Northshore Lantau Development will generate a significant amount of MSW. The quantity of MSW to be generated is estimated and is presented in Table 6.5e.

Table 6.5e - Estimated Quantities of Waste to be generated from the Project Area in Full Operation

Category	Planning Area No.	Planned Capacity	Rate of Arisings	Estimated Waste Generation Rate (tpd)
Housing Developments
Theme Park Gateway	3A	1,098	1.16 kg person^-1 d^-1 (a)	1.27
R2 Residential	4A	5,631 residents	1.16 kg person^-1 d^-1 (a)	6.53
R2 Residential	4B	8,045 residents	1.16 kg person^-1 d^-1 (a)	9.33
Hotels
Resorts Hotel	1A	7,000 rooms	3,214.29 kg room^-1 yr^-1 ^(b)	61.64
Theme Park Gateway	3A	1,414 employees	3 small hotels ^(c)	15.00
Tourist & Convention Village	3C	2,680 employees	1 large hotel and 2 small hotels ^(c)	18.08
Tourist Facilities
Theme Park	1A	20,000,000 annual attendance	0.83 kg visitor^-1 yr^-1 (b)	45.48
Theme Park RD & E		17,100,000 annual attendance	1.4455 kg visitor^-1 yr^-1 (b)	67.72
Theme Park (Phase III) Extension Area or Other Tourism Uses	1C	21,000,000 annual attendance 8,550 employees	0.83 kg visitor^-1 yr^-1 (d) 1.61 kg employee^-1 d^-1 (a)	47.75 13.76
Water Recreation Centre	1D	7,200 visitor per day ^(k)	0.83 kg visitor^-1 yr^-1 (d)	5.98
Eco Park	2A	visitor rate not available 100 employees	1 tpd^(e)	1
Theme Park Gateway Retail and Office	3A	2,863 employees	1.61 kg employee^-1 d^-1 (a)	4.61
Tourist and Convention Village	3C	3,000,000 annual attendance	0.83 kg visitor^-1 yr^-1 (d)	6.82
Tourist and Convention Village Retail	3C	1,029 employees	1.61 kg employee^-1 d^-1 (a)	1.66
GIC (including car park)	1B	employee no. not available	0.5 tpd ^(f)	0.5
Cross Boundary Ferry Terminal	3B	715,000 passenger per year ^(l)	0.5 kg passenger^-1 d^-1 ^(g)	0.98
Technodrome	3D	3,000,000 annual attendance 1,000 employee	0.83 kg visitor^-1 yr^-1 (d) 1.61 kg employee^-1 d^-1 (a)	6.82 1.61
Water Front Promenade	3E	visitor rate not available	0.14 tpd ^(h)	0.14
Service Area	3F	employee no. not available	0.5 tpd^(i)	0.5
Bus Depot and Parking	3G	employee no. not available	0.5 tpd^(i)	0.5
Education Facilities	4C	105 employees	1.61 kg employee^-1 d^-1 (a)	0.17
Open Space	4D	visitor rate not available	1 tpd ^(j)	1
SDU Base	4E	100 employee ^(m)	1.61 kg employee^-1 d^-1 (a)	0.16
Recreational Tourism Use	5A	3,000,000 annual attendance 5,800 employees	0.83 kg visitor^-1 yr^-1 (d) 1.61 kg employee^-1 d^-1 (a)	6.82 9.3
Total				335.13
Notes: (a) According to the Monitoring of Solid Waste in Hong Kong 1997 by EPD, the domestic, commercial and industrial waste generation rates in the territory have linear correlation to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The latest linear regression expressions for the projection of future generation rates in 2016 for both waste types are as follows: per capita generation rate of domestic waste in 2016 = 0.006934 * 2016 - 12.820026 = 1.16 kg/person/day per capita generation rate of C&I waste in 2016 = 0.021464 * 2016 - 41.6624 = 1.61 kg/employee/day (b) The Theme Park Phase I Opening will be operated in 2005 and the Theme Park Phase I Build Out will be operate in 2014 whereas Theme Park Phase III Build Out will be operates in 2024. The cumulative rates within the Theme Park are as follows (Source, Construction of An International Theme Park in Penny’s Bay of North Lantau and its Essential Associated Infrastructure EIA, for CED, prepared by ERM, February 2000.) Hotel Rooms = 7,000 (Annual waste generation = 3,214.29 kg room^-1 yr^-1) Annual visitor rate for Theme Park = 20 million (Annual waste generation = 11,800 metric tons yr^-1) (Annual waste generation = 0.83 kg visitor^-1 yr^-1) Annual rate for Dining and Entertainment (RD&E) = 17.1 million (Annual waste generation = 1.4455 kg visitor^-1 yr^-1) (c) The daily waste generation (employee + occupants) of a large scale hotels (with 2,000 employees) and a small scale hotel (with 500 employees) are 8,080 and 5,000 kg d^-1,respectively (Source: Waste Reduction Study: TN3-Final Report on Survey Results, Part B, July 1994). (d) The waste generation rate at these tourism related uses is assumed to be similar to Theme Park (i.e. 0.83 kg visitor^-1 yr^-1). (e) A waste generation rate of 1 tpd is assumed. (f) Low-rise and low density facilities is planned within the site. A waste generation rate of 0.5 tpd is assumed. (g) A waste generation rate of 0.5 kg passenger^-1 d^-1 is assumed. (h) The promenade is 4 km long, assuming one refuse collection bin (capacity of 240 l with density of 200 kg m^-3) in every 100 m and to be emptied three time per day. (i) A waste generation rate of 0.5 tpd is assumed. (j) A waste generation rate of 1 tpd is assumed. (k) According to the RODP Explanatory Statement, the Water Recreation Centre will have maximum 60 parking space. Based on Table 14.3a in Section 14, the modal share of private vehicle (6%) and tour coach (21%) is 27%. Using ratio between private vehicle and coach parking it is calculated that in the Water Recreation Centre will have 13 private parking space and 47 coach parking space. Assuming each private car can contains 4 people and each coach contains 40 people, and their modal shares, the estimate daily visitor rate is 7,156 (i.e. approximately 7,200). (l) According to the RODP Explanatory Statement, the maximum daily passenger rate for the Cross Boundary Ferry Terminal is 4,250 during weekdays and 9,500 during weekends. Assuming there are 52 weeks per year, the annual passenger rate is 715,000. (m) 100 employee is assumed to work at the SDU Base.

6.5.44 The storage and handling of MSW have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts. These include odour if the waste is not collected frequently (for example, daily), windblown litter, water quality impacts if waste enters water bodies, and visual impact. The waste storage areas may also attract pests, vermin, and other disease vectors if they are not well maintained and cleaned regularly. In addition, disposal of wastes at sites other than approved transfer stations or landfills, can also lead to similar adverse impacts at those sites.

6.5.45 The waste generated from the infrastructure of NLDFS will increase the overall waste arisings in the HK SAR and hence increase the demand for valuable strategic landfill void space. Waste minimisation and material recovery/ recycling will minimise the need for final disposal. The opportunities of waste minimisation and material recovery/recycling for the will be discussed in Section 6.7.

6.5.46 During operation of the NLDFS developments, refuse collection bins will be installed both indoors and outdoors. If not collected properly, windblown debris and litter in the open area may enter into the artificial lake of the Water Recreation Centre or the shore area of the reclamation. This may include litter, paper, package material, plastic bags, plastic bottles or food stuffs and give rise to floating refuse.

Chemical Waste

6.5.47 The main source of chemical waste within the Project Area will be generated at the International Theme Park  ^([9]) (Table 6.5f) s it will use a variety of chemicals. Some of the used chemicals have to be disposed of. As discussed in Section 6.5.1, if not properly managed the storage, handling, collection, transportation and disposal of chemical waste have the potential to cause significant adverse environmental impacts.

Table 6.5f - Chemicals Which May be Used at the Theme Park at Penny’s Bay

Chemical Name		Common Name	Unit	Maximum Daily Amount	Average Daily Amount
1-Bromo-3-Chloro-5, 5-Dimethylhydantoin		Bromine Tablets	kg	23	11
Acetylene			m^3	255	255
Acrylic Paint			m^3	3	2
Aliphatic Polymeric Isocyanate		Polyurethane Paint	m^3	2	2
Argon			m^3	198
Argon			m^3	10	10
Barquat OJ-50			m^3	0	0
BP-300 Insecticide			kg	102	102
Carbon Dioxide CO2		Refrigerated Liquid	kg	12,387	12,387
Dichloroisocyanuric Acid - dry		Sodium Diclor - ChlorBrite	kg	23	23
Dichloroisocyanuric Acid - dry		Sodium Dichlorgranules	kg	23	23
Grease			m^3	1	1
Helium			m^3	680	680
Hydrochloric Acid HC1		Muriatic Acid	m^3	24	17
Hydrochloric Acid HC2		Muriatic Acid - 31%	m^3	6	6
Mathane		Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)	m^3	38	19
Mathane		Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)	kg	6,328	4,672
Motor Oil			m^3	7	7
Nitrogen			kg	3,479	3,452
Nitrogen - liquid		Refrigerated Liquid Nitrogen	m^3	28	28
Oxygen			m^3	234	234
Petroleum Distillate		Diesel Fuel	m^3	0	0
Petroleum Distillate		Diesel Fuel #2	m^3	76	76
Petroleum Distillate		Hydraulic Oil	m^3	15	9
Petroleum Distillate		Kerosene	m^3	1	0
Petroleum Hydrocarbons		Unleaded Gas	m^3	76	76
Potassium Permanganate			kg	91	91
Propane - Dimethyl Methane		Propane	m^3	53	26
Sodium Hypochlorite		Bleach, Pool Chlorine	m^3	7	7
Styrene		Unsaturated Polyester Resin	m^3	1	1
Waste Aerosol Cans		Aerosol Cans (used)	kg	91	23
Waste Flammable Liquid NOS		Waste Mixed Solvents	m^3	2	1
Waste Flammable Liquid NOS		Waste Solvent Contaminated Rags	kg	726	408
Waste Lithium Batteries		Lithium Batteries (used)	kg	363	91
Waste Nickel Cadmium Batteries		Ni-Cad Batteries (used)	kg	363	91
Waste Oil			m^3	4	1
Waste Oil and Water			m^3	2	1
Waste Oily Rags and Absorbent			kg	454	227
Waste Paint Related Material		Waste Paint	m^3	2	1
Note: (a)	The nature of chemicals used and volumes are provided for EIA reference and may change, subsequently.

Sewage Sludge

6.5.48 According to the Sludge Treatment and Disposal Strategy Study (STDS) ^([10]), the upgraded Siu Ho Wan Sewage Treatment Works will employ the chemical treatment plus disinfection process. The current projection indicates that in year 2016 the baseline flow plus the flow generated from the NLDFS developments (45,126 m³ d^-1) will be about 212,670 m³ d^-1. The suspended solids (SS) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loading will be about 45,260 kg d^-1 and 56,895 kg d^-1, respectively. Using the removal efficiency of 70% and 55%, for SS and BOD, respectively, the amount of sludge to be generated in 2016 will be approximately 18,702 tonnes dry solids per annum (tds a^-1) or about 52 tds d^-1. The amount of sludge contributed from the Northshore Lantau Developments will be 4,569 tds a^-1 or about 13 tds d^-1 (about 25% of the total sludge generated). The STDS recommends to treat the sludge generated from Siu Ho Wan STW at a dedicated Centralised Sludge and Difficult Waste Incineration Facility (SDIF), which is planned to be in operation in 2007. Prior to the operation of the SDIF, the sludge will be delivered to landfill for disposal.