APPENDIX G – SPECIS LISTS OF FLORA AND FAUNA

Table G-1 Plant Species Recorded in Forest

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Status	Growth form	Local Abundance	Remark
Abrus mollis	Restricted	C	O
Acacia concinna (A. sinuata)	Restricted	C	S
Acacia confusa	Common, introduced	T	O
Acronychia pedunculata	Very common	T	F
Adenanthera pavonina var. microsperma	Restricted	T	S
Adiantum flabellulatum	Very common	H	F
Adiantum malesianum	Common	H	O
Aidia pycnantha (Randia cochinchinensis)	Common	T	O
Ailanthus fordii	Rare	T	O	Protected in HK
Alangium chinense	Common	T	O
Alchornea trewioides	Common	S	O
Alpinia hainanensis (A. katsumadai)	Very common	H	O
Ampelopsis cantoniensis	Very common	C	O
Antidesma bunius	Common	T	O
Antidesma paniculatum	Common	S	O
Aporosa dioica	Very common	T	O
Aquilaria sinensis	Common	T	O	Class III National protection
Archidendron clypearia	Common	T	O
Archidendron lucidum (Pithecellobium lucidum, Abarema lucida)	Common	T	O
Ardisia crenata	Common, cultivated only	H	O
Bambusa sp.		T	O
Bischofia javanica	Common	T	O
Blechnum orientale	Very common	H	O
Bowringia callicarpa	Very common	C	O
Breynia fruticosa	Very common	S	O
Bridelia tomentosa	Very common	T	O
Brucea javanica	Common	S	O
Byttneria aspera	Very common	C	F
Caesalpinia crista (C. nuga)	Very common	C	O
Calamus tetradactylus	Common	C	O
Cansjera rheedii	Restricted	S	O
Canthium dicoccum	Common	T	O
Capparis cantoniensis	Common	C	S
Casuarina equisetifolia	Common, introduced	T	O
Cayratia corniculata (Columella corniculata)	Very common	C	O
Celastrus hindsii	Very common	C	F
Celtis biondii	Restricted	S	S
Celtis tetrandra ssp. sinensis (C. sinensis)	Common	T	O
Celtis timorensis (C. philippinensis)	Restricted	Sap	S
Centotheca lappacea	Common	H	F
Choerospondias axillaris	Common	T	O
Chrysopogon aciculatus	Very common	H	S
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon	Common	T	S
Cissus repens	Restricted	C	O
Cissus repens	Restricted	C	O
Claoxylon indicum	Common	T	O
Clausena lansium	Common, introduced	T	O
Cratoxylum cochinchinense	Very common	T	O
Cryptocarya concinna	Restricted	T	O
Cudrania cochinchinensis ( Maclura cochinchinensis)	Common	S	O
Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia	Common	T	O
Cyclosorus parasiticus (Christella parasitica)	Very common	H	O
Dalbergia balansae	Restricted*	T	O
Dalbergia benthamii	Common	C	O
Daphniphyllum calycinum	Common	S	O
Dendrotrophe frutescen	Very common	C	O
Derris alborubra	Common	C	O
Desmos chinensis (D. cochinchinensis)	Common	S	O
Dicranopteris pedata (D. dichotoma, D. linearis)	Very common	H	O
Dimocarpus longan	Common, introduced, naturalised	T	O
Dioscorea benthamii	Common	C	O
Dioscorea fordii (D. batatas)	Common	C	O
Diospyros eriantha	Very common	T	O
Elaeagnus loureiri	Restricted	S	O
Elephantopus scaber	Common	H	O
Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (Acanthopanax trifoliatus)	Restricted	C	O
Embelia ribes	Common	C	O
Erycibe obtusifolia	Restricted	C	S
Ficus hispida	Very common	T	O
Ficus nervosa	Restricted	T	O
Ficus variegata var. chlorocarpa	Common	T	O
Ficus variolosa	Very common	S	O
Fissistigma uonicum	Restricted	C	O
Fraxinus griffithii	Restricted	T	O
Garcinia oblongifolia	Very common	T	O
Glochidion eriocarpum	Very common	S	F
Glochidion hirsutum	Common	T	O
Gmelina chinensis	Common	T	O	Protected in Guangdong
Gnetum luofuense (G. montanum)	Very common	C	F
Gordonia axillaris	Very common	T	O
Gynura divaricata	Very common	H	O
Hedyotis hedyotidea	Very common	C	O
Helicteres angustifolia	Very common	H	O
Hibiscus tiliaceus	Very common	T	O
Ilex asprella	Very common	S	F
Lantana camara	Very common, exotics from America	S	O
Liriope spicata	Very common	H	F
Litchi chinensis	Common, introduced	T	O
Lithocarpus glaber	Common	T	O
Litsea glutinosa	Very common	T	F
Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia	Very common	S	F
Loeseneriella concinna (L. obtusifolia, Hippocratea obtusifolia)	Common	C	O
Lophatherum gracile	Very common	H	F
Lygodium flexuosum	Very common	C	F
Machilus chekiangensis	Very common	T	F
Machilus velutina	Common	T	O
Maesa perlarius	Common	S	O
Malaisia scandens	Rare	C	O
Mallotus paniculatus	Very common	T	F
Mallotus philippensis	Restricted	T	S
Melodinus suaveolens	Common	C	F
Memecylon ligustrifolium	Common	S	O
Merremia umbellata	Common	C	O
Microcos paniculata	Common	T	F
Microstegium ciliatum	Very common	H	O
Mikania micrantha	Very common, exotics from America	C	O
Millettia nitida	Very common	C	O
Millettia speciosa	Common	C	O
Miscanthus sinensis	Very common	H	S
Murraya exotica	Common, introduced	S	S
Musa balbisiana	Common	GH	O
Mussaenda pubescens	Very common	C	O
Oroxylum indicum	Restricted	T	O
Osmunda vachellii	Common	H	O
Ottochloa nodosa var. micrantha (O. malabarica)	Very common	H	F
Oxalis corniculata	Very common	H	S
Oxyceros sinensis (Randia sinensis)	Common	S	O
Pandanus tectorius	Very common	T	O
Pericampylus glaucus	Restricted	C	O
Photinia benthamiana	Common	T	O
Phyllanthus cochinchinensis	Very common	S	F
Phyllanthus emblica	Very common	T	O
Phyllanthus reticulatus	Common	S	O
Phyllodium pulchellum	Very common	H	O
Piper hancei	Very common	C	O
Pothos chinensis	Very common	C	O
Pseudosasa cantori (Arundinaria cantorii)	Common	S	O
Psychotria rubra	Very common	S	O
Psychotria serpens	Very common	C	O
Pteris dispar (P. semipinnata var. dispar)	Common	H	O
Pteris ensiformis	Common	H	O
Pterospermum heterophyllum	Restricted	T	O
Pueraria lobata	Very common	C	O
Pyrrosia lanceolata	Common	E	O
Quisqualis indica	Restricted	C	S
Reevesia thyrsoidea	Common	T	O
Rhapis excelsa	Common	S	S
Rhus succedanea	Common	T	O
Rourea minor	Common	C	O
Sageretia thea	Very common	S	F
Sapium discolor	Very common	T	F
Sapium sebiferum	Common	T	O
Schefflera octophylla	Very common	T	O
Scolopia saeva	Common	T	O
Scutellaria indica	Common	H	O
Senecio scandens	Common	C	O
Severinia buxifolia (Atalantia buxifolia)	Common	S	O
Sida rhombifolia	Common	S	S
Solena amplexicaulis	Very common	C	O
Sterculia lanceolata	Very common	T	F
Strophanthus divaricatus	Common	S	F
Strychnos angustiflora	Common	C	O
Synedrella nodiflora	Very common, exotics from America	H	S
Syzygium jambos	Common	T	O
Syzygium levinei	Common	T	O
Tarenna attenuata	Common	S	O
Tectaria subtriphylla	Common	H	O
Tetracera asiatica	Very common	C	F
Tetradium glabrifolium (Evodia meliifolia)	Common	T	O
Thunbergia grandiflora	Common, introduced, naturalised	C	O
Tinospora sagittata	Restricted	C	S
Tristania conferta	Common, introduced	T	O
Tylophora ovata	Common	C	O
Uncaria hirsuta	Rare	C	O
Urceola micrantha (Parabarium micranthum, Ecdysanthera micrantha)	Rare	C	S
Urceola rosea (Ecdysanthera rosea)	Common	C	O
Urena lobata	Common	S	O
Uvaria calamistrata	Rare	C	S
Uvaria grandiflora	Restricted	C	O
Uvaria microcarpa	Common	C	O
Vitex quinata	Common	T	O
Vitis balanseana	Restricted	C	S
Xenostegia tridentata (Merremia hastata)	Very rare	C	S
Zanthoxylum avicennae	Common	T	O
Zanthoxylum nitidum	Very common	C	O

Table G-2 Plant Species Recorded in Tall Shrubland

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Status	Growth form	Local Abundance	Remark
Antirhea chinensis	Very common	S	F
Bauhinia glauca	Very common	C	F
Breynia fruticosa	Very common	S	F
Carex cruciata	Very common	H	F
Cassytha filiformis	Very common	C	F
Cheilosoria tenuifolia (Cheilanthes tenuifolia)	Common	H	F
Embelia laeta	Very common	S	F
Eurya nitida (E. japonica)	Very common	S	F
Gahnia tristis	Very common	H	F
Glochidion eriocarpum	Very common	S	F
Ilex asprella	Very common	S	F
Ischaemum barbatum	Very common	H	F
Ischaemum ciliare	Very common	H	F
Liriope spicata	Very common	H	F
Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia	Very common	S	F
Lygodium flexuosum	Very common	C	F
Melastoma sanguineum	Common	S	F
Millettia nitida	Very common	C	F
Miscanthus sinensis	Very common	H	F
Paederia foetida (P. scandens)	Very common	C	F
Phyllanthus cochinchinensis	Very common	S	F
Phyllanthus emblica	Very common	T	F
Pseudosasa cantori (Arundinaria cantorii)	Common	S	F
Psychotria serpens	Very common	C	F
Rhaphiolepis indica	Very common	S	F
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa	Very common	S	F
Scleria levis (S. hebecarpa, S. pubescens)	Common	H	F
Scleria lithosperma	Restricted	H	F
Smilax glabra	Very common	C	F
Stenoloma chusanum (Sphenomeris chinensis)	Very common	H	F
Strophanthus divaricatus	Common	S	F
Tetracera asiatica	Very common	C	F
Alyxia sinensis	Common	C	O
Ampelopsis cantoniensis	Very common	C	O
Antidesma japonicum	Common	S	O
Aporosa dioica	Very common	T	O
Aquilaria sinensis	Common	T	O
Ardisia lindleyana (A. punctata)	Common	S	O
Aster baccharoides	Very common	H	O
Blechnum orientale	Very common	H	O
Bothriochloa glabra	Common	H	O
Bridelia tomentosa	Very common	T	O
Brucea javanica	Common	S	O
Caesalpinia crista (C. nuga)	Very common	C	O
Cansjera rheedii	Restricted	S	O
Casuarina equisetifolia	Common, introduced	T	O
Celastrus hindsii	Very common	C	O
Clematis chinensis	Restricted	C	O
Cratoxylum cochinchinense	Very common	T	O
Cyclobalanopsis glauca	Rare	T	O
Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia	Common	T	O
Daphniphyllum calycinum	Common	S	O
Dendrotrophe frutescen	Very common	C	O
Dicranopteris pedata (D. dichotoma, D. linearis)	Very common	H	O
Dimeria ornithopoda	Common	H	O
Diospyros vaccinioides	Very common	S	O
Diploclisia glaucescens	Common	C	O
Diplospora dubia (Tricalysia dubia)	Common	S	O
Embelia ribes	Common	C	O
Emelia sonchifolia	Very common	H	O
Eriachne pallescens	Very common	H	O
Eriocaulon merrillii	Common	H	O
Eriocaulon sexangulare	Very common	H	O
Eulalia quadrinervis	Very common	H	O
Eupatorium catarium (Praxelis clematidea)	Very common	H	O
Eurya chinensis	Very common	S	O
Ficus hirta	Common	S	O
Ficus microcarpa	Common	T	O
Ficus variolosa	Very common	S	O
Fuirena ciliaris	Restricted	H	O
Fuirena umbellata	Common	H	O
Garcinia oblongifolia	Very common	T	O
Glochidion hirsutum	Common	T	O
Gmelina chinensis	Common	T	O	Protected in Guangdong
Gnetum luofuense (G. montanum)	Very common	C	O
Gordonia axillaris	Very common	T	O
Grewia biloba	Common	S	O
Gymnema sylvestre	Very common	C	O
Hedyotis acutangula	Very common	H	O
Helicteres angustifolia	Very common	S	O
Hypserpa nitida	Very common	C	O
Ilex memecylifolia	Common	S	O
Ilex pubescens	Very common	S	O
Itea chinensis	Very common	S	O
Jasminum lanceolaria	Very common	C	O
Lithocarpus glaber	Common	T	O
Litsea glutinosa	Very common	T	O
Lonicera macrantha	Common	C	O
Lophatherum gracile	Very common	H	O
Machilus velutina	Common	T	O
Mallotus paniculatus	Very common	T	O
Mallotus repandus	Common	S	O
Microcos paniculata	Common	T	O
Millettia speciosa	Common	C	O
Nepenthes mirabilis	Common	H	O	Protected in HK
Palhinhaea cernua (Lycopodium cernuum)	Very common	H	O
Pericampylus glaucus	Restricted	C	O
Pinus massoniana	Common	T	O
Psychotria rubra	Very common	S	O
Pteris ensiformis	Common	H	O
Pyrrosia lanceolata	Common	E	O
Rhus hypoleuca	Common	S	O
Rhus succedanea	Common	T	O
Rhynchospora rugosa	Restricted	H	O
Rhynchospora rugosa	Restricted	H	O
Rourea microphylla	Common	C	O
Schefflera octophylla	Very common	T	O
Scolopia saeva	Common	T	O
Sinosideroxylon wightianum (Sideroxylon wightianum)	Common	S	O
Sterculia lanceolata	Very common	T	O
Strychnos angustiflora	Common	C	O
Strychnos umbellata	Common	C	O
Styrax suberifolius	Common	T	O
Syzygium buxifolium	Common	S	O
Tarenna attenuata	Common	S	O
Trema tomentosa (T. orientalis)	Common	S	O
Uvaria microcarpa	Common	C	O
Vitex negundo	Common	S	O
Xyris indica	Restricted	H	O
Zanthoxylum avicennae	Common	T	O
Zanthoxylum nitidum	Very common	C	O
Artocarpus hypargyreus	Common	T	S	Class III National Protection
Berchemia racemosa	Common	S	S
Cleisostoma simondii (C. williamsonii, C. teres, Sarcanthus teretifolius)	Very common	E	S	Protected in HK
Mallotus apelta	Common	S	S
Ormosia semicastrata	Restricted	T	S
Youngia japonica (Crepis japonica )	Very common	H	S

Table G-3 Plant Species Recorded in Shrubland and Grassland Mixture

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Status	Growth form	Local Abundance
Dicranopteris pedata (D. dichotoma, D. linearis)	Very common	H	A
Eulalia quadrinervis	Very common	H	A
Ischaemum barbatum	Very common	H	A
Arundinella setosa	Very common	H	F
Aster baccharoides	Very common	H	F
Carex cruciata	Very common	H	F
Cymbopogon caesius	Very common	H	F
Cymbopogon hamatulus	Very common	H	F
Embelia laeta	Very common	S	F
Eriachne pallescens	Very common	H	F
Eurya nitida (E. japonica)	Very common	S	F
Helicteres angustifolia	Very common	S	F
Imperata cylindrica	Very common	H	F
Inula cappa	Common	H	F
Ischaemum ciliare	Very common	H	F
Palhinhaea cernua (Lycopodium cernuum)	Very common	H	F
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa	Very common	S	A
Scleria levis (S. hebecarpa, S. pubescens)	Common	H	F
Solidago virgo-aurea	Common	H	F
Alpinia galangas	Restricted	H	O
Alyxia sinensis	Common	C	O
Anisopappus chinensis	Common	H	O
Blechnum orientale	Very common	H	O
Bothriochloa glabra	Common	H	O
Cratoxylum cochinchinense	Very common	T	O
Dianella ensifolia	Very common	H	O
Diospyros vaccinioides	Very common	S	O
Eremochloa ciliaris	Very common	H	O
Eriocaulon sexangulare	Very common	H	O
Eurya chinensis	Very common	S	O
Ficus variolosa	Very common	S	O
Fimbristylis dichotoma	Very common	H	O
Fuirena ciliaris	Restricted	H	O
Fuirena umbellata	Common	H	O
Gahnia tristis	Very common	H	O
Hedyotis acutangula	Very common	H	O
Ilex asprella	Very common	S	O
Lepidosperma chinensis	Very common	H	O
Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia	Very common	S	F
Lygodium flexuosum	Very common	C	O
Lygodium scandens	Common	H	O
Millettia nitida	Very common	C	O
Morinda umbellata	Common	C	O
Paederia foetida (P. scandens)	Very common	C	O
Phoenix hanceana	Common	S	O
Phyllanthus cochinchinensis	Very common	S	O
Rhaphiolepis indica	Very common	S	O
Rhus hypoleuca	Common	S	O
Rhynchospora rugosa	Restricted	H	O
Rubus leucanthus	Common	C	O
Rubus reflexus	Very common	C	O
Scleria ciliaris (S. chinensis)	Very common	H	O
Scleria lithosperma	Restricted	H	O
Trema tomentosa (T. orientalis)	Common	S	O
Xyris indica	Restricted	H	O
Mallotus paniculatus	Very common	T	S

Table G-4 Plant Species Recorded in Wetland

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Conservation status	Growth form	Local abundance
Achyranthes aspera	Common	H	O
Alternanthera sessilis	Common	H	F
Azolla imbricata	Rare	GH	O
Bacopa monnieri	Common	H	A
Berchemia lineata	Restricted	S	S
Centella asiatica	Very common	H	O
Ceratopteris thalictroides	Rare	H	S
Chrysopogon aciculatus	Very common	H	A
Colocasia esculenta	Common, introduced	H	O
Commelina diffusa (C. nudiflora)	Common	H	O
Cynodon dactylon	Very common, exotics from Africa	H	A
Cyperus haspan	Common	H	F
Cyperus malaccensis var. brevifolius	Common	H	O
Cyperus rotundus	Very common	H	A
Eclipta prostrata	Common	H	O
Eichhornia crassipes	Common, exotics from S. America	GH	F
Eleocharis dulcis	Common, introduced & naturalised	H	O
Eleocharis retroflexa ssp. chaetaria (E. chaetaria)	Restricted	H	O
Fimbristylis acuminata	Restricted*	H	O
Fimbristylis miliacea (F. littoralis)	Common	H	F
Fimbristylis schoenoides	Restricted	H	O
Fuirena ciliaris	Restricted	H	F
Fuirena umbellata	Common	H	F
Glochidion hirsutum	Common	T	O
Hydrocotyle wilfordii	Common	H	F
Hygrophila salicifolia (H. lancea)	Common	H	O
Hypericum japonicum	Very common	H	F
Isachne globosa	Very common	H	A
Juncus prismatocarpus	Common	H	O
Kyllinga nemoralis ( K. monocephala)	Very common	H	F
Lemna perpusilla (L. minor)	Common	GH	O
Lindernia antipoda	Common	H	F
Lindernia ciliata	Common	H	O
Ludwigia octovalvis	Common	H	O
Marsilea quadrifolia	Very rare	H	F
Paspalum distichum	Common	H	O
Passiflora foetida	Very common	C	O
Philydrum lanuginosum	Common	H	O
Pistia stratiotes	Common	H	O
Pogostemon auricularius	Common	H	S
Polygonum glabrum	Common	H	O
Pycreus flavidus	Common	H	O
Pycreus polystachyos (Cyperus polystachyos)	Very common	H	F
Pycreus sanguinolentus	Rare	H	O
Rhus succedanea	Common	T	O
Rotala indica	Very common	H	F
Rumex maritimus	Common	H	O
Sacciolepis indica	Very common	H	A
Salvinia natans	Rare	GH	F
Sapium sebiferum	Common	T	O
Spilanthes paniculata (S. acmella)	Common	H	O
Urena lobata	Common	S	O

Table G-5 Plant Species Recorded in Abandoned Farmland

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Status	Growth form	Local abundance
Achyranthes aspera	Common	H	O
Agave vivipara	Rare, introduced & naturalized	H	S
Alternanthera sessilis	Common	H	F
Amaranthus viridis	Very common	H	O
Asclepias curassavica	Common, introduced & naturalised	H	O
Bacopa monnieri	Common	H	F
Boehmeria nivea	Restricted	S	O
Catharanthus roseus	Common, exotics from Africa	H	S
Centella asiatica	Very common	H	O
Chrysopogon aciculatus	Very common	H	A
Colocasia esculenta	Common, introduced	H	O
Cymbopogon caesius	Very common	H	O
Cynodon dactylon	Very common, exotics from Africa	H	A
Cyperus rotundus	Very common	H	A
Dactyloctenium aegyptium	Common, exotics from Africa	H	O
Desmodium heterocarpon	Very common	H	O
Desmodium triflorum	Very common	H	F
Eclipta prostrata	Common	H	O
Elephantopus scaber	Common	H	O
Eupatorium catarium (Praxelis clematidea)	Very common	H	O
Ficus pumila	Very common	C	O
Fimbristylis acuminata	Rare	H	S
Fimbristylis dichotoma	Very common	H	O
Fimbristylis schoenoides	Restricted	H	O
Hedyotis biflora	Restricted	H	O
Indigofera suffruticosa	Restricted	S	O
Kyllinga nemoralis ( K. monocephala)	Very common	H	O
Lantana camara	Very common, exotics from America	S	F
Lindernia antipoda	Common	H	O
Malvastrun coromendelinum	Common	S	O
Mikania micrantha	Very common, exotics from America	C	O
Mimosa pudica	Very common	H	O
Passiflora foetida	Very common	C	O
Ricinus communis	Restricted, exotics from Africa	S	O
Rotala indica	Very common	H	O
Sapium sebiferum	Common	T	O
Scoparia dulcis	Common, exotics from America	H	O
Senna occidentalis (Cassia occidentalis )	Very common, exotics from S. America	H	O
Senna tora (Cassia tora)	Common, exotic weed of uncertain origin	H	O
Sida cordifolia	Common	H	F
Sida rhombifolia	Common	S	O
Solanum erianthum (S. verbascifolium)	Common, exotics from America	S	O
Spilanthes paniculata (S. acmella)	Common	H	O
Triumfetta rhomboidea	Common	S	O
Urena lobata	Common	S	O
Xanthium strumarium	Common, exotics from America	H	F
Zanthoxylum nitidum	Very common	C	O

Table G-6 Plant Species Recorded in Farmland

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Status	Growth form	Local abundance
Ananas comosus	Common, introduced	H	F
Brassica chinensis	Common, introduced	H	F
Brassica parachinensis	Common, introduced	H	F
Clausena lansium	Common, introduced	T	F
Cocculus orbiculatus	Common	C	O
Daucus carota var. sativa	Common, introduced	H	F
Dimocarpus longan	Common, introduced, naturalised	T	F
Ipomoea batatas	Common, introduced	C	A
Lactuca sativa	Common, introduced	H	F
Lantana camara	Very common, exotics from America	S	F
Ludwigia adscendens	Common	GH	O
Mikania micrantha	Very common, exotics from America	C	F
Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum	Common, introduced	GH	O
Phyllanthus reticulatus	Common	S	O
Saccharum officinarum	Common, introduced	S	O
Sapium sebiferum	Common	T	O

Table G-7 Plant Species Recorded in Rocky Shore

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Conservation status	Growth form	Local abundance
Asparagus cochinchinensis	Common	C	O
Berchemia lineata	Restricted	S	O
Berchemia racemosa	Common	S	O
Brucea javanica	Common	S	O
Caesalpinia crista (C. nuga)	Very common	C	O
Canavalia rosea (C. maritima)	Common	C	F
Celastrus hindsii	Very common	C	O
Celtis biondii	Restricted	S	S
Cerbera manghas	Common	T	O
Cladium mariscus (C. jamaicense)	Common	H	O
Clerodendrum inerme	Common	S	F
Cryptolepis sinensis	Common	C	O
Cyperus javanicus (Mariscus albescens, M. javanicus)	Common	H	O
Desmodium heterocarpon	Very common	S	O
Diospyros vaccinioides	Very common	S	O
Eupatorium catarium (Praxelis clematidea)	Very common	H	O
Ficus virens	Common	T	O
Fimbristylis dichotoma	Very common	H	O
Fimbristylis subbispicata	Common	H	F
Glochidion hirsutum	Common	T	O
Grewia biloba	Common	S	O
Gymnema sylvestre	Very common	C	O
Gynura divaricata	Very common	H	O
Heteropogon contortus	Very common	H	F
Ilex asprella	Very common	S	O
Ischaemum barbatum	Very common	H	F
Lantana camara	Very common, exotics from America	S	O
Limonium sinense	Common	H	O
Liriope spicata	Very common	H	F
Litsea glutinosa	Very common	T	O
Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia	Very common	S	F
Mallotus repandus	Common	S	O
Melinis repens (Rhynchelytrum repens)	Very common	H	O
Morinda umbellata	Common	C	O
Opuntia dillenii	Common, exotics from America	S	S
Oxalis corniculata	Very common	H	O
Paliurus ramosissimus	Common	S	O
Pandanus tectorius	Very common	T	O
Pericampylus glaucus	Restricted	C	O
Premna serratifolia	Common	S	O
Pyrrosia lanceolata	Common	E	O
Rhamnus leptophylla	Rare	S	S
Rhaphiolepis indica	Very common	S	O
Sageretia thea	Very common	S	F
Scaevola taccada	Very common	S	O
Scleria ciliaris (S. chinensis)	Very common	H	O
Scleria lithosperma	Restricted	H	F
Setaria pumila (S. glauca)	Very common	H	O
Severinia buxifolia (Atalantia buxifolia)	Common	S	F
Sida cordifolia	Common	H	O
Smilax china	Very common	S	F
Strophanthus divaricatus	Common	S	O
Trachelospermum jasminoides	Restricted	C	S
Tylophora ovata	Common	C	O
Wikstroemia nutans	Common	S	O
Xyris indica	Restricted	H	O

Table G-8 Plant Species Recorded in Sandy Beach

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Status	Growth form	Local abundance
Abrus precatorius	Common	C	O
Alysicarpus vaginalis	Very common	H	F
Anisomeles indica	Common	H	O
Apluda mutica	Very common	H	O
Caesalpinia bonduc	Restricted	C	F
Canavalia rosea (C. maritima)	Common	C	F
Catharanthus roseus	Common, exotics from Africa	H	S
Clerodendrum inerme	Common	S	O
Crinum asiaticum var. sinicum (C. latifolium)	Restricted	H	O
Crotalaria pallida (C. mucronata)	Common	H	O
Crotalaria retusa	Restricted	H	O
Cuscuta japonica	Common	C	O
Cyperus stoloniferus	Common	H	F
Digitaria heterantha	Common	H	F
Indigofera hirsuta	Common	S	O
Ipomoea pes-caprae (I. brasiliensis)	Common	C	A
Ixeris japonica	Common	H	F
Launaea sarmentosa	Very common	H	F
Melinis repens (Rhynchelytrum repens)	Very common	H	O
Opuntia dillenii	Common, exotics from America	S	S
Panicum brevifolium	Very common	H	F
Paspalum vaginatum	Common	H	F
Ricinus communis	Restricted, exotics from Africa	S	O
Scaevola taccada	Very common	S	O
Senna occidentalis (Cassia occidentalis )	Very common, exotics from S. America	H	O
Sida cordifolia	Common	H	O
Spinifex littoreus	Common	H	O
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis	Common, exotics from America	H	F
Tridax procumbens	Very common, exotics from America	H	F
Urochloa mutica (Brachiaria mutica)	Common	H	O
Vitex rotundifolia	Common	S	A
Wedelia biflora	Common	H	F

Table G-9 Plant Species Recorded in Backshore Shrubland

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Conservation status	Growth form	Local abundance
Abrus precatorius	Common	C	O
Achyranthes aspera	Common	H	O
Agave vivipara	Rare, introduced & naturalized	H	O
Anisomeles indica	Common	H	O
Asparagus cochinchinensis	Common	C	O
Berchemia lineata	Rare	S	O
Bischofia javanica	Common	T	S
Bridelia tomentosa	Very common	T	O
Caesalpinia bonduc	Restricted	C	A
Canavalia rosea (C. maritima)	Common	C	F
Casuarina equisetifolia	Common, introduced	T	F
Catharanthus roseus	Common, exotics from Africa	H	S
Celtis tetrandra ssp. sinensis (C. sinensis)	Common	T	O
Cerbera manghas	Common	T	O
Clematis chinensis	Restricted	C	O
Clerodendrum inerme	Common	S	O
Cratoxylum cochinchinense	Very common	T	O
Crinum asiaticum L. var. sinicum (C. latifolium)	Restricted	H	O
Crotalaria pallida (C. mucronata)	Common	H	O
Cynodon dactylon	Very common, exotics from Africa	H	F
Eleusine indica	Very common, exotics from Africa	H	O
Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (Acanthopanax trifoliatus)	Restricted	C	O
Imperata cylindrica	Very common	H	O
Lantana camara	Very common, exotics from America	S	F
Macaranga tanarius	Common	T	O
Malvastrun coromendelinum	Common	S	O
Mikania micrantha	Very common, exotics from America	C	O
Pandanus tectorius	Very common	T	A
Phragmites australis (P. communis)	Very common	H	S
Premna serratifolia	Common	S	O
Pteris ensiformis	Common	H	O
Ricinus communis	Restricted, exotics from Africa	S	O
Sageretia thea	Very common	S	F
Sapium sebiferum	Common	T	O
Scolopia chinensis	Common	T	S
Senna occidentalis (Cassia occidentalis )	Very common, exotics from S. America	H	O
Senna tora (Cassia tora)	Common, exotic weed of uncertain origin	H	O
Severinia buxifolia (Atalantia buxifolia)	Common	S	O
Sida cordifolia	Common	H	F
Sida rhombifolia	Common	S	O
Stephenia longa	Common	C	O
Urena lobata	Common	S	O
Vitex negundo	Common	S	F
Xanthium strumarium	Common, exotics from America	H	F

Table G-10 Plant Species Recorded in Mangrove

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Status	Growth form	Local abundance
Abrus precatorius	Common	C	O
Acanthus ilicifolius	Common	S	O
Aegiceras corniculatum	Common	S	O
Bruguiera gymnorhiza	Restricted	T	O
Caesalpinia bonduc	Restricted	C	F
Cassytha filiformis	Very common	C	O
Celtis tetrandra ssp. sinensis (C. sinensis)	Common	T	O
Clerodendrum inerme	Common	S	O
Cocculus orbiculatus	Common	C	O
Crinum asiaticum var. sinicum (C. latifolium)	Restricted	H	O
Cryptolepis sinensis	Common	C	F
Cynodon dactylon	Very common, exotics from Africa	H	O
Cyperus malaccensis var. brevifolius	Common	H	O
Dalbergia candenatensis (D. torta)	Restricted	S	O
Eupatorium catarium (Praxelis clematidea)	Very common	H	O
Excoecaria agallocha	Common	T	A
Gymnema sylvestre	Very common	C	O
Hibiscus tiliaceus	Very common	T	O
Kandelia candel	Very common	T	O
Limonium sinense	Common	H	O
Litsea glutinosa	Very common	T	O
Paliurus ramosissimus	Common	S	O
Pandanus tectorius	Very common	T	F
Premna serratifolia	Common	S	O
Scaevola taccada	Very common	S	O
Scolopia chinensis	Common	T	O
Thespesia populnea	Restricted	T	F
Zoysia sinica	Common	H	F

Table G-11 Plant Species Recorded in Brackish Mudflat

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Status	Growth form	Local abundance
Aegiceras corniculatum	Common	S	O
Clerodendrum inerme	Common	S	O
Cyperus stoloniferus	Common	H	A
Excoecaria agallocha	Common	T	O
Paspalum vaginatum	Common	H	F
Sesuvium portulacastrum	Common	H	F
Thespesia populnea	Restricted	T	O
Zoysia sinica	Common	H	A

Table G-12 Plant Species Recorded in Plantation

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Status	Growth form	Local abundance
Acacia confusa	Common, introduced	T	F
Alocasia macrorrhiza	Very common	H	O
Ananas comosus	Common, introduced	H	F
Averrhoa carambola	Common, introduced	T	O
Bambusa sp.	Cultivated only	T	O
Bischofia javanica	Common	T	O
Celtis tetrandra ssp. sinensis (C. sinensis)	Common	T	F
Citrus grandis (C. maxima)	Common, introduced	T	O
Clausena lansium	Common, introduced	T	F
Desmodium heterocarpon	Very common	S	O
Dimocarpus longan	Common, introduced, naturalised	T	F
Eupatorium catarium (Praxelis clematidea)	Very common	H	F
Litchi chinensis	Common, introduced	T	F
Macaranga tanarius	Common	T	O
Mangifera indica	Common, introduced	T	O
Melaleuca leucadendron	Common, introduced	T	O
Melia azedarach	Common	T	F
Mimosa pudica	Very common	H	O
Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum	Common, introduced	GH	F
Ottochloa nodosa var. micrantha (O. malabarica)	Very common	H	O
Paederia foetida (P. scandens)	Very common	C	O
Passiflora foetida	Very common	C	O
Plumbago zeylanica	Restricted	H	O
Pothos chinensis	Very common	C	O
Pteris ensiformis	Common	H	O
Pteris multifida	Very common	H	O
Pueraria lobata	Very common	C	O
Sageretia thea	Very common	S	O
Sapium sebiferum	Common	T	O
Zanthoxylum nitidum	Very common	C	O

Table G-13 Plant Species Recorded in Wasteland

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Status	Growth form	Local abundance
Abrus precatorius	Common	C	O
Acacia confusa	Common, introduced	T	O
Achyranthes aspera	Common	H	O
Alternanthera sessilis	Common	H	O
Artemisia verlotiorum (A. vulgaris)	Restricted	H	O
Canavalia rosea (C. maritima)	Common	C	O
Cardiospermum halicacabum	Restricted, exotics from America	C	O
Cynodon dactylon	Very common, exotics from Africa	H	A
Desmodium triflorum	Very common	H	O
Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (Acanthopanax trifoliatus)	Restricted	C	O
Eragrostis amabilis (E. tenella)	Very common	H	F
Eupatorium catarium (Praxelis clematidea)	Very common	H	F
Ficus hispida	Very common	T	O
Indigofera suffruticosa	Restricted	S	O
Ipomoea cairica	Very common	C	F
Ipomoea mauritiana (I. digitata)	Restricted	C	S
Lantana camara	Very common, exotics from America	S	F
Litsea glutinosa	Very common	T	F
Macaranga tanarius	Common	T	O
Mallotus paniculatus	Very common	T	S
Malvastrun coromendelinum	Common	S	F
Mikania micrantha	Very common, exotics from America	C	F
Mimosa pudica	Very common	H	O
Mirabilis jalapa	Common, introduced	S	O
Miscanthus floridulus	Common	H	O
Neyraudia arundinacea (N. reynaudiana)	Very common	H	F
Paederia foetida (P. scandens)	Very common	C	O
Sageretia thea	Very common	S	F
Sida cordifolia	Common	H	F
Sida rhombifolia	Common	S	O
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis	Common, exotics from America	H	F
Triumfetta rhomboidea	Common	S	O

Table G-14 Plant Species Recorded in Buildup Area

(Code for Abundance: A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; S = Scarce; Code for Growth Form: E = Epiphyte; C = Climber; H = Herb; GH = Giant Herb; Sap = sapling; S = Shrub; T = Tree)

Plant species	Status	Growth form	Local abundance
Abutilon indicum	Restricted	S	O
Acacia confusa	Common, introduced	T	F
Achyranthes aspera	Common	H	O
Alocasia macrorrhiza	Very common	H	F
Amaranthus viridis	Very common	H	O
Anisomeles indica	Common	H	O
Annona squamosa	Common, introduced	S	O
Bauhinia purpurea	Common, introduced	T	O
Bidens pilosa	Very common, exotics from America	H	F
Bothriochloa glabra	Common	H	O
Bougainvillea glabra	Common, introduced	S	O
Bridelia tomentosa	Very common	T	O
Carica papaya	Common, introduced	T	O
Celtis tetrandra ssp. sinensis (C. sinensis)	Common	T	O
Cissus repens	Restricted	C	O
Citrus madurensis	Common, introduced	S	O
Clausena lansium	Common, introduced	T	O
Cocos nucifera	Restricted, introduced	T	S
Delonix regia	Common, introduced	T	O
Eupatorium catarium (Praxelis clematidea)	Very common	H	F
Ficus hispida	Very common	T	O
Ficus microcarpa	Common	T	O
Ficus virens	Common	T	S
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis	Common, introduced	S	O
Hylocereus undatus	Common, introduced	C	O
Ipomoea cairica	Very common	C	F
Kyllinga nemoralis ( K. monocephala)	Very common	H	F
Lantana camara	Very common, exotics from America	S	F
Macaranga tanarius	Common	T	O
Mallotus paniculatus	Very common	T	O
Melaleuca leucadendron	Common, introduced	T	O
Melia azedarach	Common, introduced & naturalised	T	O
Michelia alba	Common, introduced	T	O
Mikania micrantha	Very common, exotics from America	C	F
Mirabilis jalapa