15
FISHERIES Impact
15.1.1
This section identifies and evaluates the
potential impacts on capture and culture fisheries in the assessment area
resulting from the Kai Tak Development Project. The majority of works are
terrestrial based and would have limited impacts on fisheries resources. However
part of the Project involves marine based activities including dredging works for
construction of cruise terminal and thus there is potential for adverse impacts
on fisheries resources. Other works within the project that may impact
fisheries resources are the construction of a public landing steps cum fireboat
berth, decommissioning of the disused fuel dolphin, opening of a 600m wide runway gap, reconstruction of a section of the Kwun Tong submarine outfall and construction of submerged tunnels of Road T2 and Central Kowloon Route (CKR) as
well as the localised maintenance dredging at Kai Tak Approach Channel (KTAC)
as part of the KTAC odour remediation works.
15.1.2
This assessment is based on desktop review of
the latest relevant literatures to describe the baseline condition, identify
and evaluate potential direct, indirect, residual and cumulative impacts on
fisheries resources during the Project. Mitigation measures and
monitoring programme would be recommended, if necessary.
15.2.1
This fisheries impact assessment is conducted
according to criteria and guidelines set out in the EIAO-TM Annex 9 and Annex 17 in order to provide complete and objective identification, prediction and evaluation of potential fisheries impacts arising from the Project.
15.2.2
Other local legislation that applies to
fisheries and is relevant to this fisheries impact assessment includes the
following:
l
Fisheries Protection Ordinance (Cap. 171) – aims
to promote the conservation fish and other forms of aquatic life within the Hong Kong waters by regulating fishing practises to prevent detrimental activities to the
fisheries industry. The Ordinance came into effect on 30 June 1997.
l
Marine Fish Culture Ordinance (Cap. 353) –
regulates and protects marine fish culture by designating areas of fish culture
zone, granting license, prohibiting unauthorized vessels and any deposition of
chemicals or other substance which are likely to cause injury to fish in a fish
culture zone. The list of designated fish culture zones was last revised
in January 2000.
l
The Water Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap.358)
– aims to control water pollution in the waters of Hong Kong. Water
control zones are designated with individual water quality objectives to
promote the conservation and best use of those waters in the public interest. The
most updated water quality objectives for the Victoria Harbour Water Control
Zone were revised in June 1997.
15.3.1
Baseline fisheries conditions are elucidated via
a review of relevant literatures including the latest fisheries data presented
in the AFCD Port Survey Report 2006-2007 and other relevant information
available in other reports and publications listed below. No necessary
field survey is identified and conducted in this assessment.
l
Agreement No. CE 42/2001, Environmental and
Engineering Feasibility Assessment Studies in Relation to the Way Forward of
the Harbour Area Treatment Scheme – Water Quality, Ecological and Fisheries
Impact Assessment (HATS EEFS Report).
l
Agreement No. CE 87/2001, Further Development of
Tseung Kwan O – Feasibility Study (TKOFS EIA).
15.3.2
Potential impacts on capture and culture
fisheries resources arising from the Project are identified and evaluated using
the EIAO-TM evaluation criteria listed in Annex 9 and guidelines presented in
Annex 17. Results of the water quality modelling were used to assess the
extent and severity of indirect impacts during the proposed dredging works, and
in the formulation of mitigation measures, if required.
15.4.1
The assessment area for the fisheries impact
assessment included all areas within 500 m from the boundary of the Project area, i.e. Kowloon Bay, eastern Victoria Harbour, Kwun Tong Typhoon Shelter
(KTTS), To Kwa Wan Typhoon Shelter (TKWTS) and Kai Tak Approach Channel
(KTAC). Based on the review on the available literature, no important
nursery or spawning area is identified within the assessment area. The
nearest mariculture areas identified are the Tung Lung Chau Fish Culture Zone
and Ma Wan Fish Culture Zone which are 8 km and over 10 km away from the Project area respectively.
Capture
Fisheries
15.4.2
In Hong Kong, the capture fishing industry
produced an estimated 155,000 tonnes of fisheries produce valued at $1,600
million in 2006 (AFCD, 2007). The industry consists of about 3,940
fishing vessels and 8,500 fishermen working abroad. Fishing activities
are mainly conducted in the waters of the adjacent continental shelf in the South China Sea. The majority of the fishing vessels are manned by family members
with the assistance of hired crew. Main fishing methods include trawling,
long-lining, gill-netting, and purse-seining with the majority of the total
catch obtained through trawling. Some recent data on local capture
fisheries industry are summarised in Table 15.1.
Table
15.1 Recent
Hong
Kong Capture
Fisheries Industry Figures
|
Parameter
|
2006
|
2005
|
2004
|
2003
|
2002
|
2001
|
2000
|
1999
|
|
Fishing fleet size
(No. of vessels)
|
3,940
|
4,150
|
4,300
|
4,600
|
4,470
|
5,100
|
5,250
|
5,170
|
|
Local fishers engaged in capture fisheries
|
8,500
|
9,170
|
9,700
|
10,100
|
10,860
|
11,560
|
11,900
|
12,900
|
|
Mainland deckhands employed
|
No data
|
No data
|
No data
|
3,908
|
4,100
|
4,560
|
5,200
|
6,300
|
|
Production (tonnes)
|
155,000
|
162,000
|
167,500
|
157,400
|
169,790
|
174,000
|
157,010
|
127,780
|
|
Value of production (HK$ million)
|
1,600
|
1,600
|
1,600
|
1,500
|
1,600
|
1,700
|
1,600
|
1,500
|
Note: no data = data were
unavailable at time of reporting
Source: AFCD Annual Reports,
1999 - 2006
15.4.3
The latest AFCD Port Survey 2006-2007 (AFCD,
2007) provides the most updated and detailed information on capture fisheries
in Hong Kong waters, including both fishing operation and fisheries production
(adult fish and fry). The fishing operation within the assessment area
was supported by vessels less than 15 m only. Sampans were the dominant fishing vessels but other vessels such as Gill Netters, Long Liners, Hand
Liners, Purse Seiners and miscellaneous crafts were also operated within the
assessment area. The capture fisheries data by vessels less than 15 m in the assessment area are summarised in Table 15.2.
Table
15.2 Summary
of Capture Fisheries Data in Assessment Area by Vessels < 15m
|
Parameter
|
Kowloon Bay
|
Eastern Victoria Harbour
|
KTTS
|
TKWTS
|
KTAC
|
|
No. of vessels
|
100-400
|
100-400
|
100-400
|
10-50
|
0
|
|
Adult fish production in terms of weight (kg/ha)
|
100-400
|
100-400
|
200-400
|
> 0 and < = 50
|
0
|
|
Fish fry production in terms of weight (kg/ha)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Fisheries production (adult and fry) in terms of value (HK$ /ha)
|
5,000-10,000
|
5,000-10,000
|
5,000-10,000
|
1,000-2,000
|
0
|
Source: AFCD, 2007
at (http://www.afcd.gov.hk)
15.4.4
The latest Port Survey did not record any
fishing operation or fisheries production in the KTAC, showing that this area
has no or very limited value in capture fisheries.
15.4.5
The scale of fishing activities in terms of
number of fishing vessels operating in the Kowloon Bay, eastern Victoria
Harbour and KTTS are considered to be moderate (100-400 vessels) as compared
with other fishing grounds in Hong Kong. In contrast, fisheries operation
in the TKWTS is very limited with only 10-50 vessels recorded.
15.4.6
In terms of weight, fisheries production for
adult fish in the Kowloon Bay, eastern Victoria Harbour and KTTS were moderate
with yield of 100-200, 100-400 and 200-400 kg/ha respectively while very low adult fish production with yield of less than 50 kg/ha were recorded at the TKWTS.
15.4.7
Important nursery grounds can be identified from
the main areas of fry collection for the mariculture industry. However fry
collection in Hong Kong has been much reduced in scale in recent years and the
latest interview studies (AFCD, 2007) report that fry collection only occurs in
a few areas. These areas are mostly eastern inshore waters, such as Crooked Harbour, Double Haven, Long Harbour and Port Shelter, all outside the assessment area. This
indicates that there are no important spawning or nursery grounds for fish
recruitment within the assessment area (ERM, 1998).
15.4.8
The most common capture fish in the assessment area
was Rabbitfish (Siganidae). Very high production of over 60 kg/ha of this species was recorded in the Kowloon Bay, eastern Victoria Harbour, KTTS and TKWTS. This species is fast-growing fish of
relatively low commercial value.
15.4.9
Other medium-valued species such as Seabream
(Sparidae) and crab produced moderate yield of about 20-40 kg/ha annually in Kowloon Bay, eastern Victoria Harbour, KTTS and TKWTS. Other species such as Croaker
(Sciaenidae), Squid and Shrimp were scarcely reported (less than 5 kg/ha) in Kowloon Bay, eastern Victoria Harbour and KTTS, except Sardine and Mullet which produce 5-10 kg/ha respectively in KTTS and part of eastern Victoria Harbour.
15.4.10
Overall, in terms of their capture fishery
production values, fishing areas in Kowloon Bay, eastern Victoria Harbour, KTTS and TKWTS are ranked moderate to high value with production value of
HK$5000-10000/ha annually.
Culture Fisheries
15.4.11
Culture fisheries include 26 fish culture zones
(FCZs) located in various sheltered coastal areas in Hong Kong marine waters
and occupied about 209 ha of marine area with about 1,080 licensed operators (AFCD, 2007a). The majority of the licensed farms are small,
family-based and consisting of one to two rafts with average total area of
around 260m2.
15.4.12
Mariculture areas including marine fish culture
and oyster culture were absent in the assessment area. The nearest fish
culture zones (FCZs) identified in the vicinity of the Project area are Tung
Lung Chau FCZ (8 km from the Project area) and Ma Wan FCZ (over 10 km away).
15.4.13
Although no figures are available on the
individual production of these FCZs, it was estimated that culture fisheries
production in 2006 was about 1,488 tonnes valued at $89 million which catered
about 7.9 per cent of local demand for live marine fish. (AFCD, 2007a).
Some recent figures on marine culture fisheries are presented in Table 15.3.
Table 15.3 Recent
Hong
Kong Culture
Fisheries Industry Figures
|
Parameter
|
2006
|
2005
|
2004
|
2003
|
2002
|
2001
|
2000
|
|
Licensed
operator
|
1,080
|
1,100
|
1,125
|
1,155
|
1,237
|
1,320
|
1,418
|
|
Production
(tonnes)
|
1,488
|
1,539
|
1,540
|
1,490
|
1,210
|
2,470
|
1,770
|
|
Value
(HK$ million)
|
89
|
76
|
79
|
76
|
57
|
136
|
102
|
Source: AFCD Annual Reports, 2000 – 2007 and
(AFCD, 2007a)
Construction
Phase
Direct
Impact
Loss of
fishing grounds
15.5.1
Potential direct impacts on fisheries resources
arising from the construction of cruise terminal would include loss of fishing
area in Kowloon Bay and eastern Victoria Harbour near the southern tip of the
former Kai Tak Airport runway. The proposed dredging activities for the cruise
terminal are considered to be of a relatively moderate scale and would result
in temporary loss of 57 ha of fishing ground.
15.5.2
Further temporary loss of approximately 17.4 ha of fishing ground due to dredging required for removal of built up sediment after opening of the runway gap (2 ha), seawall reconstruction associated with public landing steps cum fireboat berth (0.6 ha), construction of submersed CKR (1.4 ha) and Road T2 (4.1 ha), reconstruction of a section of the Kwun Tong submarine outfall (0.3 ha) and the localised maintenance dredging at Kai Tak Approach Channel (KTAC) as part of the KTAC odour remediation works (9 ha).
15.5.3
Although fisheries importance in the affected
areas in Kowloon Bay, eastern Victoria Harbour and KTTS are considered as
moderate to high in terms of adult fish production and commercial fishing
activities as compared with other fishing locations in Hong Kong, the affected
fisheries area only constitute a very small portion of the total fishing area
in Hong Kong. In addition, no fisheries production and fishing operation
were recorded in the KTAC and the TKWTS is considered to have relatively low
fisheries importance. The loss of fishery production would be temporary and insignificant
as compared with the total fishery production in Hong Kong.
15.5.4
Fishing activities in the affected area
constitutes only a small proportion of total fishing operations in Hong Kong in terms of vessel number, and most of the vessels operating there were
non-mechanised crafts such as Sampan.
15.5.5
The most common capture fish in the affected
area was confined to Rabbitfish which is of relatively low economic value (FMO
2007). No important nursery or spawning area was identified within the
assessment area (ERM, 1998).
15.5.6
In view of the small size of the affected area, temporary
and insignificant loss of fisheries production and low impact on fishing
activities, such fisheries impacts due to dredging activities are expected to
be minor and acceptable.
Indirect
Impact
Changes in
water quality
15.5.7
Indirect impacts on fisheries resources would mainly
be associated with changes of water quality due to dredging activities. Dredging
activity would be necessary for the following works packages associated with
the Kai Tak Development:
l Construction of cruise terminal (capital and maintenance dredging)
l Construction of public landing steps cum fireboat berth
l Opening of runway gap (dredging along the seawalls)
l Submerged tunnels of Road T2 and CKR
l Reconstruction of a section of the Kwun Tong submarine outfall
l Localised maintenance dredging at KTAC as part of KTAC odour
remediation works
15.5.8
Possible concurrent dredging activities that
would also affect the Project include:
l Submarine gas main relocation
l Wan Chai Reclamation Phase 2
l Western Cross Harbour Main
l Further Development of Tseung Kwan O
l Lei Yue Mun Waterfront Enhancement
15.5.9
Surface runoff from land based construction
activities could lead to a deterioration of marine water quality which could in
turn adversely affect fisheries resources. However the mitigation
measures proposed in the water quality impact assessment (see Section 8 of this
report) are considered sufficient to prevent sediment / pollution laden water
entering marine waters and thus no impact associated with surface runoff is
expected on fisheries resources.
Elevation of
suspended solids (SS)
15.5.10
Dredging activities would temporarily elevate
the suspended sediment level and create sediment plumes. Effects on
fisheries resources could be lethal or sublethal through reduction in
survivorship, growth rate and reproductive potential due to stress incurred by
the need to constantly flush out deposited material. High SS level may
clog gill structure of fish and cause physical damage and hinder transfer of
oxygen. Fish egg and larval fish (fry) are more susceptible to
deleterious impacts from sedimentation through smothering and clogging of their
respiratory systems. Adult fish are generally less sensitive to effects
from suspended sediments.
15.5.11
Suspended sediment plume occurs naturally in the
marine environment by wave action and vertical flux of water current.
Fish has evolved behavioural adaptations to sudden turbid water, including
clearing their gills by flushing water or simply moving to less turbid waters.
15.5.12
In order to assess the nature and extent of
potential impacts on marine ecological resources resulting from dredging activities
associated with the Kai Tak Development and other possible concurrent projects
as identified above, representative worst case scenarios were selected for
water quality modelling. The scenarios modelled covered all possible
concurrent dredging works and the assessment results were presented in Section
5 of the approved EIA Report on Dredging Works for Proposed Cruise Terminal at
Kai Tak (EIAO Register No. AEIAR-115/2007). The
results of sediment plume modelling discussed below therefore cover the potential
impacts of increased sediment loading for all the possible works packages
identified. Any exceedances of WQO’s for the area are discussed
individually.
15.5.13
Based on the prediction of the sediment plume
modelling for the unmitigated scenarios under the water quality impact
assessment as presented in the approved EIA Report on Dredging Works for
Proposed Cruise Terminal at Kai Tak (CT Dredging EIA), potential water quality
impact due to elevation of SS would occur at coastal waters of the Kowloon Bay. It is predicted that impacts to fisheries resources immediately outside
of the dredging areas would occur because the elevation of SS is predicted to significantly increase from ambient levels at several locations
(Appendices 5.4 to 5.9 of the CT Dredging EIA refer).
A number of mitigation measures such as the use of closed grab dredgers to
control water quality are therefore recommended to confine sediment plume
within the proposed dredging areas and to minimize the SS elevation during
dredging operations. These mitigation measures are discussed in detail in Water
Quality Section 8, Para. 8.8.6.
15.5.14
With the implementation of the proposed
mitigation measures as suggested in the water quality impact assessment of the CT
Dredging EIA, the water quality modelling results indicate that the SS
elevation arising from this Project could be effectively reduced. In view of the temporary nature of such impact, only minor impact on
capture fisheries is anticipated.
15.5.15
Impact is not expected to occur at the far field
fisheries sensitive receivers such as Tung Lung Chau FCZ and Ma Wan FCZ are
located outside the influence zone of the predicted sediment plumes (Appendices
5.4 to 5.9 of the CT Dredging EIA refer). Thus, it is expected that
unacceptable impacts to these areas, due to elevated SS levels arising from
dredging works, would not occur.
Contaminant
Release During Dredging Activities
15.5.16
Dredging activities can potentially cause the
release of contaminants from marine mud. Potential impacts on fisheries
resources include the accumulation of contaminants in the tissues of fish,
resulting in sublethal effects which may alter behaviour, reproduction and
increase susceptibility to disease. Eggs, larvae and juveniles are
particularly susceptible to the sublethal effects of contaminants, and elevated
levels may lead to increased mortality. Bioaccumulation in commercially
important fish species may ultimately impact human health.
15.5.17
In-vitro laboratory assessment of sediment
samples indicated that the concentrations of cadmium, copper, nickel, mercury,
unionised ammonia and total inorganic nitrogen contaminants exceeded the
assessment criteria. However the laboratory tests do not take into
account the dilution factor after the contaminants are released. Water
quality modelling results predict that levels of contaminants would be much
lower than the relevant standards at monitoring sites nearby the source. This
is because any contaminants released during dredging are immediately diluted by
the large volume of marine water within the dredging site. Thus, it is
considered that long-term off-site marine water quality impact is unlikely and
any local water quality impact will be transient (Sections 5.8.8 to 5.8.18 of
the CT Dredging EIA refer).
Decrease of
dissolved oxygen (DO)
15.5.18
The relationship between SS and DO are
complex. Increase in SS in water column combining with a number of other
physical or biotic factors would reduce DO in water column. Elevated SS
reduces light penetration, lower the photosynthetic rate of phytoplankton and so
lower the rate of oxygen production in water column. Also, the release of
inorganic substances from the dredged sediments may cause eutrophication and
algal bloom. Oxidation of dead algae may use up some of the oxygen in the
water. If oxygen levels are depleted to low levels, fish, especially
those in early life stages may be unable to tolerate such conditions and suffer
hypoxia-induced mortality and / or stress including reduced feeding and growth
rate.
15.5.19
The WQO standard for the Victoria Harbour that the average-depth and bottom water DO should remain above 4 mg/L and 2 mg/L
respectively for 90% of the time is adopted in this assessment. Based on
results of the water quality modelling of the CT Dredging EIA, the possible concurrent
dredging activities would cause a maximum DO depletion of less than 0.02 mg/l
in the Victoria Harbour (Tables 5.24 to 5.26 of the CT Dredging EIA refer). Therefore
no adverse impact on fisheries resources would be
expected from the Project.
Maintenance Dredging
15.5.20
With reference to the CT Dredging EIA, maintenance
dredging will be required during operation of the proposed cruise terminal at a
frequency of about once every 5 to 10 years. The approximate time to
complete maintenance would be <6 months for each berth. The maximum
dredging rate during maintenance dredging (2,000 m3 per day) would be lower than that during the capital dredging (total of 8,000 m3 per day during Stage 1 dredging and 4,000 m3 per day during Stage 2 dredging). As only minor adverse impacts are predicted during capital dredging (12 months), maintenance dredging (<6
months) is not expected to have any significant adverse effect on fisheries
resources with the implementation of the water quality mitigation measures
recommended for capital dredging (Section 5.9 of the CT Dredging EIA refers).
Sediment Treatment/Bioremediation of Kai Tak Approach Channel
15.5.21
In-situ bioremediation is being considered to
suppress odour generated from the contaminated sediment along the seabed of
KTAC. The major environmental concerns associated with in-situ
bioremediation are the potential release of nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia and heavy
metal contaminants from the sediments into the surrounding water bodies during
the bioremediation activities. Based on a pilot scale field test carried
out in the Kai Tak Approach Channel in 2006, no significant adverse impact on
water quality is expected. As no fisheries operations or production are
recorded in the KTAC no adverse impact on fisheries resources are expected as a
result of sediment treatment/bioremediation (see Section 8.7.21 – 8.7.22).
Operational
Phase
15.5.22
No operational phase impacts on fisheries
resources are expected to result from operation of the project as fishing
activity will not be restricted in the sea area (turning area) off the cruise
ship terminal and public landing steps cum fireboat berth. If cruise ships or
other vessels are manoeuvring in these areas, then they would not be accessible
to fishing vessels but this is no different from the other areas of the harbour
where other vessel traffic would impose similar restriction on fishing
activities. No permanent impact is expected. Additionally, all construction works would take place within the existing land
limits of the Kai Tak Development site and no structures would extend beyond
these land limits. Thus, no loss of fishing ground is
expected to result from operation of the project.
15.6.1
Following EIAO-TM Annex 17, mitigation measures
are discussed in this section to avoid, minimize, and compensate for identified
fisheries impacts.
15.6.2
The mitigation measures recommended in the water
quality impact assessment to control water quality would also serve to protect
fisheries resources from indirect impacts and ensure no adverse impact on
fisheries resources would result from the Project.
15.7
Evaluation of Residual Environmental Impacts
15.7.1
The only residual impact would be the temporary loss
of 74.4 hectares of fishing area. In view of the
small size of affected area, negligible loss of fisheries production and low
impact on fishing activities, direct loss of fishing area within the dredging
areas is considered as minor and acceptable.
15.8.1
There are a number of possible concurrent
construction projects involving dredging and marine works that would be
conducted in the vicinity of the Project area that may have cumulative effects
on the deterioration of water quality in the Victoria Harbour and other far
field sites. Water quality modelling predicted that the dredging and filling
works undertaken for these concurrent projects would result in elevation of SS
level of more than 30 % of ambient level at several locations under the worse
case scenario.
15.8.2
Cumulative potential impacts on fisheries
resources would be the same as the potential impacts predicted above. However
with the implementation of proper mitigation measures recommended in the water
quality impact assessment, cumulative impact on water quality parameters in the
Project area could be effectively minimized and the associated fisheries impacts
are thus expected to be acceptable in accordance with the findings of the CT
Dredging EIA.
15.9
Environmental Monitoring and Audit
15.9.1
No unacceptable fisheries impacts would be
expected from the Project. Thus, no fisheries specific monitoring
programme would be required.
15.10.1
Literature reviews of existing information
indicated that identified fishing area in Kowloon Bay, eastern Victoria Harbour and KTTS are of moderate to high fisheries values while that in TKWTS and
KTAC are of relatively low value. There are no fish culture zones and
important spawning or nursery grounds identified in and within the immediate
vicinity of the Project area. The nearest mariculture areas are FCZs at
Tung Lung Chau and Ma Wan which are 8 km and over 10 km away, respectively, of the Project area.
15.10.2
Direct and indirect impacts on fisheries
resources arising from the Project were identified and evaluated. The
Project will result in the temporary loss of approximately 74.4 hectares of
fishing area due to dredging associated with the Project. In view of the
small size of affected areas, temporary and insignificant loss of fisheries
production and low impact on fishing activities, fisheries impacts due to loss
of fishing area within the dredging areas is considered as minor and
acceptable.
15.10.3
Indirect impacts of change of water quality
arsing from the Project would be temporary and insignificant based on the predictions
from water quality modelling. Mitigation measures suggested in the water
quality impact assessment to control water quality (Section 8, Para.,
8.8.1-8.8.26) would also serve to protect fisheries resources from indirect
impacts. No significant adverse impact on fisheries resources would be
expected from the Project and therefore no necessary fisheries-specific
mitigation measures would be required. No cumulative impacts on fisheries
resources are expected.
Agriculture,
Fisheries and Conservation Department. (2007). Fisheries: Capture Fisheries. Port
Survey 2006/2007. http://www.afcd.gov.hk/
Agriculture, Fisheries
and Conservation Department. (2007a). Fisheries: Aquacullture. http://www.afcd.gov.hk/
CDM (2004).
Environmental and Engineering Feasibility Assessment Studies in Relation to the
Way Forward of the Harbour Area Treatment Scheme, Working Paper No.3 & 9.
Environmental Resources
Management, ERM (1998). Fisheries resources and fishing operations in Hong Kong waters. Final Report. Submitted to AFCD. 7 March 1998.
Fish Market
Organisation. (2007). Wholesale Price of Fresh Marine Fish / Live Marine
Product on 24/4/2007. http://www.fmo.org.hk/page4contenteng.asp
Maunsell (2005).
Agreement No. CE 87/2001 (CE) Further development on Tseung Kwan O feasibility
study EIA final report.