8.1.1 The following section presents the results of an
ecological assessment of potential impacts resulting from the Project. Reference was made to previous assessments of
the area. Field surveys were undertaken
to supplement and assess the validity of data from previous assessments. As stated in the EIAO-TM, the aim of
ecological impact assessment is to provide sufficient and accurate ecological
data to allow a complete and objective identification, prediction and
evaluation of the potential ecological impacts.
8.2.1 Guidelines, standards, documents and HKSAR Government
ordinances and regulations listed below were referred to during the course of
the ecological impact assessment.
·
The Country Parks Ordinance (Cap. 208)
provides for the designation and management of country parks and special areas.
Country parks are designated for the purpose of nature conservation,
countryside recreation and outdoor education. Special Areas are created mainly
for the purpose of nature conservation.
·
The Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap.
96) prohibits felling, cutting, burning or destroying of trees and growing
plants in forests and plantations on Government land. Related subsidiary Regulations prohibit the
selling or possession of listed restricted and protected plant species. The list of protected species in Hong Kong,
under the Forestry Regulations, was last amended on 11 June 1993 under the
Forestry (Amendment) Regulation 1993 made under Section 3 of the Forests
and Countryside Ordinance.
·
Under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap.
170), designated wild animals are protected from being hunted, whilst their
nests and eggs are protected from injury, destruction and removal. All birds and most mammals, including marine
cetaceans, are protected under this Ordinance.
·
The amended Town Planning Ordinance (Cap. 131)
provides for the designation of coastal protection areas, Sites of Special
Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Conservation Area, Country Park, Green Belt or
other specified uses that promote conservation or protection of the
environment. The authority responsible
for administering the Town Planning Ordinance is the Town Planning Board.
·
The Protection of Endangered Species of Animals
and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586) provides protection for certain plant and
animal species through controlling or prohibiting trade in the species.
·
Chapter 10
of the Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines (HKPSG) covers planning
considerations relevant to conservation.
This chapter details the principles of conservation, the conservation of
natural landscape and habitats, historic buildings, archaeological sites and
other antiquities. It also describes
enforcement issues. The appendices list
the legislation and administrative controls for conservation, other
conservation related measures in Hong Kong and government departments involved
in conservation.
·
Annex 16 of
the EIAO-TM sets out the general approach and methodology for assessment of
ecological impacts arising from a project or proposal, to allow a complete and
objective identification, prediction and evaluation of the potential ecological
impacts. Annex 8 recommends the criteria
that can be used for evaluating habitat and ecological impact.
·
Environmental
Impact Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) Guidance Note No. 3/2010 provides general
guidelines for assessing the recommended environmental mitigation measures in
Environmental Impact Assessment reports.
·
EIAO
Guidance Note No. 6/2010 clarifies the requirements of ecological assessments
under the EIAO.
·
EIAO
Guidance Note No. 7/2010 provides general guidelines for conducting ecological
baseline surveys in order to fulfil requirements stipulated in the EIAO-TM.
·
EIAO
Guidance Note No. 10/2010 introduces general methodologies for
conducting terrestrial and freshwater ecological baseline surveys.
·
ETWB TCW No.
3/2006 Tree Preservation sets out the policy on tree preservation, and the
procedures for control of tree felling, transplanting and pruning in Government
projects.
·
The IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species provides taxonomic, conservation status and
distribution information on taxa that have been evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This system is designed to determine the
relative risk of extinction, and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to
catalogue and highlight those taxa that are facing a higher risk of global
extinction. The IUCN Red List also
includes information on taxa that are either close to meeting the threatened
thresholds or that would be threatened were it not for an ongoing taxon-specific
conservation programme.
·
The Key Protected
Wildlife Species List details Category I and Category II protected animal
species under the PRC’s Wild Animal Protection Law.
8.3.1 In accordance with
Clause 3.4.9.2 of the EIA Study Brief, the study area
for the purpose of terrestrial ecological impact assessment, including freshwater habitats, included areas
within 500 m distance from the site boundary of the Project.
8.3.2 In accordance with Clause 3.4.9.4(i) of the EIA Study Brief,
relevant studies/surveys and information regarding the ecological character of
the study area were collated and reviewed. The information collected was evaluated to identify any
information gaps relating to the assessment of potential ecological impacts.
8.3.3 A literature review of ecological conditions and relevant
data on flora and fauna that lies within a 500 m distance from the site
boundary was taken from the following resources:
·
Agreement No. CE 42/96 Route 16 Investigation Assignment from West Kowloon
to Sha Tin – Alternative Alignment – EIA Study (HyD, 1999); and
·
Shatin to Central Link – Tai Wai to Hung Hom Section – Environmental
Impact Assessment Study (MTRC, 2011).
8.3.4 Other relevant reports from private sector or Government
included:
·
Avifauna of
Hong Kong (Carey et al., 2001);
·
Rare and
Precious Plants of Hong Kong (Hu et al., 2003);
·
Flora of
Hong Kong (Volumes 1 to 4) published by AFCD;
·
A Field
Guide to the Terrestrial Mammals of Hong Kong (Shek, 2006);
·
Hong Kong Biodiversity
– newsletter of AFCD;
·
Porcupine! –
newsletter of Department of Ecology & Biodiversity of University of Hong
Kong.
·
AFCD Hong
Kong Biodiversity Survey Database (2002-2011) (unpublished);
·
Annual
Report and other Publications of The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society; and
·
Memoirs of Hong
Kong Natural History Society.
8.3.5 Based on the findings of literature review, field surveys were carried out to fill
information gaps identified and verify the information collected, to fulfill
the objectives of this EIA according to Clause 3.4.9.4 (iii) of the EIA Study
Brief. The methodologies for ecological
surveys and impact assessment presented below were prepared in accordance with
the criteria and guidelines in Annexes 8 and 16 of the EIAO-TM, EIAO Guidance
Note No. 7/2010 and 10/2010.
Ecological Survey Programme
8.3.6 An eleven-month ecological survey was conducted from
October 2010 to August 2011 covering both dry and wet seasons. The details
of the survey programme are summarized in Table
8.1.
Table 8.1 Ecological Survey Programme
|
Ecological
Survey |
2010 |
2011 |
|||||||||
|
Wet Season |
Dry Season |
Wet Season |
|||||||||
|
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
|
|
Habitat Mapping and Vegetation |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
|
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
|
|
Avifauna (Day) |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
Avifauna (Night) |
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
Terrestrial Mammal (Day)1 |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
Terrestrial Mammal (Night)1 |
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
Herpetofauna (Day) |
√ |
|
√ |
|
|
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
Herpetofauna (Night) |
√ |
|
√ |
|
|
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
Butterfly, Dragonfly and Damselfly |
√ |
|
√ |
|
|
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
Freshwater Communities |
√ |
|
√ |
|
|
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
|
Note:
1. Infrared camera was deployed for terrestrial mammal
survey from June 2011 to August 2011.
8.3.7 A verification field visit was conducted in September
2014 to check the condition of the habitats within the study area. Findings of the ecological survey and
verification field visit were incorporated in the description of the
environment presented in Section 8.4.
Habitat Mapping and Vegetation Surveys
8.3.8 Habitats within the study area were identified, sized and
mapped. Ecological characteristics of
each habitat type including size, vegetation
type, species present, dominant species found, species diversity and
abundance, community structure, seasonal patterns and inter-dependence of the
habitats and species, and presence of any features of ecological importance
were defined and characterized.
Representative photographs of the habitat types and of important
ecological features identified were taken.
A desktop review of aerial photographs developed habitat maps of a
suitable scale (1:1000 to 1:5000) showing the types and locations of habitats in the study area. The habitat
maps were then verified during ground truthing.
8.3.9 Vegetation surveys were conducted throughout dry and wet
seasons, by direct
observation, to record diversity and dominance of plant species present in
different habitat types. Areas with
similar vegetation composition were categorized under the same habitat
type. The locations of any plant species
of conservation importance were recorded.
Identification of flora species and status in Hong Kong was made with
reference to Flora of Hong Kong (Volume 1 – 4) (2007, 2008, 2009, 2011
respectively), Hong Kong Herbarium (AFCD, 2014a), and Corlett et al.
(2000).
Avifauna Surveys
8.3.10 Avifauna species present and relative abundance of species in different habitats
were surveyed visually and aurally by transect counts (Figure 8.1 and Figure 8.2 refer). The location of any
avifauna species of conservation importance encountered was recorded, along
with notable behaviour (e.g. breeding behaviour such as nesting and presence of
recently fledged juveniles, roosting, and feeding activities). Night surveys were also conducted to record
nocturnal avifauna. Ornithological
nomenclature in this report follows Carey et
al. (2001).
Mammal Survey
8.3.11 Mammal surveys were conducted in areas which may potentially be utilized by
terrestrial mammals during day and night time.
The surveys focused on searching for field signs such as droppings, footprints, diggings or burrows left by larger
terrestrial mammals. Mammal
identification was made to the lowest possible taxon from the field signs. In
addition, any mammal directly observed was also identified. Locations of mammal species of conservation
importance were recorded. Nomenclature
of mammal follows Shek (2006).
8.3.12 Flying mammals were detected with the
use of a bat detector. Whilst a formal bat survey was not undertaken,
the survey aimed to identify the bat species utilizing the site for commuting
and foraging. A surveyor
walked a continuous pre-determined transect route around the site covering
linear and other features likely to be used by bats such as lines of trees,
tracks, woodland edge and waterbodies.
The surveyor was equipped with an ultrasonic bat detector. This enabled identification of most bat species
in the field, using the heterodyne output.
However, a digital MP3 recorder was also employed to record all bat
calls for later analysis using BatScan computer software.
8.3.13 Infrared camera trap was used
from June to August 2011 to record the presence of mammals with minimal
disturbance to wildlife. Motion of
wildlife was detected through the infrared outputs which then triggered the
camera. The camera was set in locations
where evidences of mammals such as burrows, animal tracks and possible
corridors were present. In an attempt to
maximize opportunities of observing different species, the camera was set at
various locations within the secondary woodland habitat. The camera was strapped securely to a tree or
a post about 30cm above ground and a test-run was conducted by the surveyor to
ensure the camera was working properly.
The camera was then left overnight to capture images of diurnal and
nocturnal species. After retrieving the
camera the following day, the memory card of the camera was analyzed and any
images of wildlife were identified.
Dragonfly, Damselfly and Butterfly Survey
8.3.14 Dragonflies, damselflies and butterflies within the study area were surveyed along the transect adopted for the avifauna survey (Figure 8.1 and Figure 8.2 refer). Relative abundance of dragonfly, damselfly
and butterfly encountered was recorded.
Nomenclature of dragonfly and damselfly follows Tam et al. (2011), and nomenclature of butterfly follows Lo (2005).
Herpetofauna Survey
8.3.15 Herpetofauna (amphibian and reptile) within the study area were surveyed
qualitatively during both daytime and night-time. Potential microhabitats (e.g., leaf litter, underneath of rotten logs) were actively
searched. All reptiles and amphibians
sighted or heard were recorded, supplemented by observation of eggs and
tadpoles of frogs and toads.
Nomenclature of amphibian follows Chan et al. (2005), and reptile follows Karsen et
al. (1998).
Freshwater Communities Survey
8.3.16 Freshwater fish and invertebrate communities were surveyed via active searching and
direct observation at watercourse sections within the study area during dry and
wet seasons. The sampling locations of
the freshwater communities surveys are shown in Figure 8.1 and Figure 8.2. Boulders within the watercourse were carefully turned over to locate any aquatic animals beneath. A hand net was used to collect organisms
along the watercourse. Organisms
encountered were recorded and identified to the lowest possible taxon level.
8.3.17 A verification field visit was conducted with an aim to check
and verify the condition of the habitats within the study area. The habitat map was updated based on desktop
review of updated aerial photographs and ground truthing along the transects as
shown in Figure 8.1 and Figure 8.2.
8.4.1 The only known area of conservation importance identified
within the study area is Lion Rock Country Park situated about 300 m south of
the Project site (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer). The park is known to support high avifauna
diversity (AFCD, 2013). Fauna of conservation
importance such as Black Kite (Milvus
migrans), Longtailed Macaque (Macaca
fascicularis) and Tokay Gecko (Gekko
gecko), can be found (AFCD, 2013; Chan et
al., 2006). Flora species such as
Chinese Red Pine (Pinus massoniana),
Chinese Hackberry (Celtis sinensis),
Incense Tree (Aquilaria sinensis), and Chinese New Year Flower (Enkianthus quinqueflorus) are also common in the park (AFCD, 2013).
Literature Review
8.4.2 The Route 16 Investigation
Assignment from West Kowloon to Sha Tin Alternative Alignment EIA and Shatin to
Central Link (SCL) – Tai Wai to Hung Hom Section EIA studies recorded four habitats
within the study area, namely: secondary woodland, natural watercourse/stream,
plantation and developed area (HyD, 1999; MTRC, 2011).
8.4.3 The SCL – Tai Wai to Hung Hom
Section EIA Study located three flora species of conservation importance within
the study area namely, Incense Tree (Aquilaria
sinensis), Lamb of Tartary (Cibotium
barometz) and Hong Kong Pavetta (Pavetta hongkongensis) (MTRC, 2011). Saplings of
Incense Trees were recorded in plantation habitat southwest of Hin Keng Estate.
Lamb of Tartary and anecdotal evidence of Hong Kong Pavetta were reported from
the secondary woodland near Hin Keng Estate and the secondary woodland of Tei
Lung Hau, respectively.
Recent Survey Results
8.4.4 Four terrestrial
habitat types were identified, namely secondary woodland, plantation,
watercourse and developed area during the recent ecological surveys under this Project. Table 8.2 summarizes the size of each habitat type within the study area.
8.4.5 A habitat map of the study area is illustrated in Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4. Representative photographs of
habitats are given in Appendix 8.1. Photographs of plant species of conservation
importance are presented in Appendix 8.2. Vegetation recorded within the study area is listed in Appendix 8.3.
8.4.6 The findings of the verification field visit showed that the habitat
condition remained largely unchanged. A
patch of plantation of about 0.44ha and secondary woodland of about 0.13ha was transformed
into developed area. The changes were mainly
attributed to the construction of Hin Keng Portal under the Shatin to Central
Link (SCL) project.
Table 8.2 Habitats
Recorded within the Study Area
|
Habitat Type |
Area (ha) |
Percentage of Total Area (%) |
|
Secondary Woodland |
97.58 |
54% |
|
Plantation |
23.41 |
13% |
|
Watercourse |
1.85 |
1% |
|
Developed Area |
56.77 |
32% |
|
Total: |
179.61 |
100% |
8.4.7 Secondary woodlands are confined to the hillsides
surrounding the Sha Tin WTW apart from the developed residential areas of Hin
Keng Estate and road network located on the
east. The southern end
of the secondary woodland is continuous with Lion Rock Country Park. Secondary woodland on the north
and west side of the Sha Tin WTW extends to the plantations on the edge of Tai
Po Road. This habitat is
largely undisturbed, but the periphery is subjected to disturbance from Sha Tin
WTW operation, road traffic and recreation uses. Evidences of hunting activities were also
noted at the proposed Water Treatment Works Logistics Centre.
8.4.8 The woodland near Keng Hau Road, inside the Lion Rock
Country Park and Tei Lung Hau was covered by the transect. Attempts made to survey the woodland
surrounding Shatin Water Treatment Works through Keng Hau Road, Tai Po Road,
and the walking trail within Lion Rock Country Park, were unsuccessful as the
accessibility was blocked by wire mesh or steep slopes.
8.4.9 Moderate floral diversity (197 flora species) was
recorded in this habitat (Appendix 8.3 refers).
The overstorey vegetation species consisted of a closed canopy with a
height between 4 to 15 meters. The proposed site for the Water Treatment
Works Logistics Centre would be located
at the margin of the woodland where was found more shrubby in nature. Dominant
native species included Alangium
chinensis, Caesalpinia crista, Litsea rotundifolia, Psychotria asiatica,
Schefflera heptaphylla, and Sterculia
lanceolata. Six flora species of conservation
importance were recorded in the woodland habitat within the study area
including Incense Tree (Aquilaria
sinensis), Ailanthus (Ailanthus fordii), Hong Kong Pavetta (Pavetta hongkongensis), Hairy-fruit
Ormosia (Ormosia pachycarpa), Lamb of
Tartary (Cibotium barometz), and Hong Kong Eagle’s Claw (Artabotrys hongkongensis). Photographic records of flora species of conservation importance are
provided in Appendix 8.2.
8.4.10 Incense Tree was recorded at the proposed site for the Water Treatment Works Logistics Centre, which is located
in the secondary woodland, west of the developed area of the Sha Tin WTW. Several individuals
of Incense Trees at the proposed works site were logged. In addition, some individuals were recorded
in scattered parts of the secondary woodland areas outside of the site boundary
but within the study area (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer).
This species is common in Hong
Kong and is usually found in lowland forest and fung shui woods (Xing et al., 2000). However, it is threatened due to destruction
of habitat, over-exploitation and damage to the tree during the harvesting of
its medicinal balm for ornamental and medicinal purposes (IUCN, 2014). It is classified as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (2014). In China, Incense Tree is also categorized as
vulnerable (AFCD, 2014a) and Class II protected plant (Near Threatened) in the
List of Wild Plants under State Protection (Hu et al., 2003). In Hong Kong,
it is protected under the Protection of
Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).
8.4.11 One individual of Ailanthus was found located in the
proposed Water Treatment Works Logistics Centre adjacent to the developed area
of the Sha Tin WTW (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer). This native species has a rare distribution
in Hong Kong and is listed under the Forests
and Countryside Ordinance (Cap.96) (AFCD, 2014a). Ailanthus occurs exclusively and
discontinuously in Hong Kong and southern Yunnan, and it is recognized as near threatened in China (Hu et al., 2003).
8.4.12 Several small populations of Lamb of Tartary were
recorded on the secondary woodland slopes of the proposed site for the Water
Treatment Works Logistics Centre within the site boundary. In addition, a small population was recorded near the vicinity of
the site boundary in the upstream of Watercourse 1. Further away, another
population was recorded in the Lion Rock Country Park approximately 400 m from
the site boundary (Figure 8.4
refers). Although this is a common
species in Hong Kong, the Chinese medicinal use of the plant has led to
over-exploitation (Hu et al.,
2004). Therefore, it is protected under
the Protection of Endangered Species of
Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586) (AFCD, 2014a).
8.4.13 Hong Kong Eagle’s Claw was recorded in secondary woodland
on the west side of the site boundary (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer).
Although this native species is not protected under legislation (AFCD,
2014a), due to the potential economic value of its flowers it is considered to
be a rare plant of Hong Kong (Hu et al., 2003).
8.4.14 Hong Kong Pavetta has been recorded in the southern
portion of the study area, approximately 350 m away from the site boundary, just north of Watercourse 4 (Figure 8.4 refers). This common and
native species is listed under the Forests
and Countryside Ordinance (Cap.96) (AFCD, 2014a).
8.4.15 Hairy-fruit Ormosia is listed as a rare or precious plant
in Hong Kong due to the durability of its wood (Hu et al., 2003). One
individual was recorded in the secondary woodland near Lion Rock Country Park,
north of Watercourse 4 approximately 320m from the site boundary (Figure 8.4 refers).
It has a restricted distribution in Hong Kong (Corlett et al., 2000) and it is recognized as
endangered in China (Hu et al.,
2003).
8.4.16 Most plantation
habitats within the study area create a buffer zone between the developed areas
and the secondary woodlands. A strip of
plantation lies within the site boundary between the developed area of the Sha Tin WTW and Watercourse 1. Plantation habitat is also found running
along both sides of Tai Po Road and the south side of Hin Keng Estate. North-east of Lion Rock Country Park, a patch
of plantation exists between
secondary woodland and developed area.
Plantation habitat is also present between the MTR (East Rail Line) and
Keng Hau Road and Hin Tin playground (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer). There is a high level of disturbance in this
habitat due to human activities such as leisure farming and recreational
uses.
8.4.17
Exotic planted species including Acacia
confusa, Casuarina equisetifolia,
Albizia lebbeck, Eucalyptus citriodora and Leucaena
leucocephala were recorded in the linear plantation strip within the site
boundary and the larger plantation patch north-east of Lion Rock Country
Park. Dominant understorey species
included commonly found species such as Lantana
camara, Microstegium ciliatum, Oxalis corymbosa, Pueraria spp. and Wedelia
trilobata.
8.4.18 Three modified watercourses and one catchwater are
present within the study area (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer).
One watercourse (Watercourse 1), located north-west of the Sha Tin WTW,
flows from west to east. Two
watercourses flowing from south to north, are located south-east of the Sha Tin WTW. One of which
lies along the southern and eastern boundaries of the Sha Tin WTW (Watercourse
2), while the other (Watercourse 3) passes through secondary woodland habitat
adjacent to Tei Lung Hau. Finally, a catchwater (Watercourse 4) lies along the boundary of Lion Rock
Country Park and secondary woodland. Dominant native vegetation species
established on the banks of the watercourses included Blechnum orientale, Cyclosorus parasiticus, Dicranopteris pedata,
Psychotria asiatica and Rhodomyrtus
tomentosa. Dominant exotic species
included Bidens alba, Lantana camara and
Syngonium podophyllum.
8.4.19 The upper and mid-reaches of Watercourse 1 have natural
banks and base with sand and small cobbles as substrate, and is highly shaded
by adjacent vegetation. The upstream
reach is shallow, 0.3 m in depth, and flows
rapidly; however, at the mid-stream reach it becomes slightly deeper at about 0.5 m and the flow rate decreases. The lower reach of this watercourse narrows
and becomes channelized with a concrete base.
The concrete base creates a variation in depth between approximately 0.3 to 0.6 m.
8.4.20 Watercourse 2 is a channelized watercourse with moderate flow rate. Its substrate is composed of sand and
pebbles. Towards the lower-reach of the watercourse polluted discharge flows
into the watercourse. As a result of
this, the ecological conditions upstream are much more viable for fauna species
than that of downstream. Flora species of the surrounding habitat include Microstegium ciliatum, Acacia confusa,
Cyclosorus parasiticus, Alocasia odora, Macaranga tanarius, Schefflera
heptaphylla, Litsea rotundifolia, Lophosteman confertus, Eucalyptus citriodora and
Neyraudia reynaudiana.
8.4.21 Watercourse 3 is located south-east of the Sha Tin WTW,
next to Tei Lung Hau. The upper reach is a channelized section with a concrete base and edges; the downstream
reach is a natural section, of which substrate is comprised of large boulders. Downstream is highly disturbed by
anthropogenic activities (e.g. washing of laundry in watercourse).
8.4.22 Watercourse 4 is a catchwater which runs along the edge
of the Lion Rock Country Park. It is
slow-flowing and supports minimal vegetation due to its modified nature. Dragonfly species and tadpoles have been
observed utilizing this catchwater.
8.4.23 Considering that Watercourse 3 and Watercourse 4 are far
from the Project site and direct impact is not anticipated, no detailed
freshwater survey at these two watercourses is deemed necessary.
8.4.24 The majority of developed
areas are occupied by the water treatment works facilities, residential
developments (Hin Keng Estate), roads (Tai Po Road and the Route 8 Toll Plaza),
construction sites, and railway (MTR East
Rail Line) and associated facilities. The majority of the developed
area aside from the Sha Tin WTW is Hin Keng Estate just east of the site
boundary. The
developed areas within the study area are subject to high disturbance from
regular human and vehicular activities.
This habitat is mostly void of vegetation. But common horticultural or landscape species such as Bauhinia spp. and Acacia
spp. are planted on the roadsides.
Literature Review
8.4.25
Survey results from the Route 16 from West Kowloon to Sha Tin –
EIA Study in 1999, recorded a total of 22 species of avifauna in the secondary
woodland habitats in the vicinity of the study area, of which two are species of conservation importance,
these species included Black Kite (Milvus
migrans) and Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis
cheela) (HyD, 1999).
8.4.26
In a more
recent study conducted for the Tai Wai to Hung Hom section (MTRC, 2011), survey
results identified a total of 36 species of birds in the area surrounding the
study site. Black Kite and Crested
Serpent Eagle were also observed from the
secondary woodland habitat. No breeding
activities were recorded. Refer to Table
8.3 for the protection status of these avifauna species.
Table 8.3 Avifauna of Conservation Importance
Previously Recorded within the Study Area.
|
Common Name1 |
Distribution in Hong Kong3 |
Level of Concern4 |
Protection Status in China |
IUCN Red
List 7 |
Habitat Recorded |
|
Black Kite2 |
Common |
(RC) |
Class II5 |
Least
Concern |
In Flight |
|
Crested Serpent Eagle2 |
Uncommon |
(LC) |
Class II5
Vulnerable6 |
Least
Concern |
In Flight |
Note:
1. All wild birds are protected under Wild Animal Protection
Ordinance (Cap. 170).
2. Protected under Protection of Endangered Species of
Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).
3. AFCD (2014b).
4. Fellowes et al.
(2002): LC=Local Concern; RC=Regional Concern.
Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of
restrictedness in breeding and/or roosting sites rather than in general
occurrence.
5. List of Wild Animals under State Protection (promulgated
by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January,
1989).
6. China Red Data Book (Zheng & Wang 1998).
7. IUCN (2014).
Recent Survey Results
8.4.27 In 2010 - 2011, 74 species of avifauna were recorded in
total within the study area, thirteen of which are species of conservation
importance (Table 8.4 and Appendix 8.4
refer). The avifauna community was
dominated by resident species such as Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), Japanese White-eye
(Zosterops japonica) and Eurasian
Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus), which are considered to be abundant in
Hong Kong. All avifauna species are
listed Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap.170)
(AFCD, 2014b). Species of conservation
importance comprised of mostly woodland species, followed by raptors and two
species of ardeids. Species
diversity was highest in the secondary woodland habitat. Photographic records of avifauna species of conservation
importance are provided in Appendix 8.2.
8.4.28 Within the developed area of the Sha Tin WTW, one individual of Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) has been recorded (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer).
A common and widely distributed resident in Hong Kong, this species is
mainly colonized around the wetlands in the northwest New Territories (AFCD, 2014b;
Carey et al., 2001). Chinese Pond
Heron is considered to be of potential regional concern (Fellowes et al., 2002). No evidence of breeding/nesting behaviour was
recorded during survey.
8.4.29 Most of the Black Kites recorded were seen flying alone,
in some cases pairs of Black Kite were seen soaring in the sky in circles. Additionally, there were several observations of individuals perched on man-made structures such as, electric wires
and pylons in secondary woodland and plantation habitats. None were recorded within the site boundary (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer). Due to its restrictedness in breeding
and roosting sites, Black Kites are listed as being of regional concern
(Fellowes et al., 2002). However, no evidence of nesting/breeding was
recorded during the surveys. Black Kite is a widely distributed common resident and winter visitor of Hong
Kong (AFCD, 2014b). It is protected
under the Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586)
(AFCD, 2014b), Class II Protected Animals of PRC and listed in Appendix II of
CITES (Zheng and Wang, 1998).
8.4.30 Eastern Buzzard (Buteo japonicus) is
widespread in the New Territories and has been reported from a wide variety of
habitats at all altitudes (Carey et al.,
2001). A perched individual was seen in
the developed area (75 m from the Project area) west of Hin Keng Estate (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer), another was spotted in flight within
the study area. This species is listed
under the Protection of Endangered
Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586) and in China is under
Class II protection (AFCD, 2014b).
8.4.31 Common Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps
indica) is a scarce but widespread resident in Hong Kong (AFCD, 2014b). The China Red Data Book recognizes this
species as vulnerable. Individuals were
reported from the secondary woodland areas just east of the Sha Tin WTW and
near the vicinity of Watercourse 3 (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer). It is probable that the multiple records
within the study area were of the same individual as occasionally the same
individuals are regularly recorded over a long period at one site (Carey et. al., 2001).
8.4.32 Collared Scops Owl (Otus
bakkamoena) is a nocturnal resident species which inhabits a variety of
wooded habitats including forests, Fung Shui woods, shrubland with scattered
trees, gardens and city parks (Carey et.
al., 2001). Collared Scops Owl is
listed under the Protection of Endangered
Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586) (AFCD, 2014b). Individuals were heard in the developed area within the Sha Tin WTW
and in the secondary woodland just outside of the western site boundary (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4
refer). No evidence of breeding/nesting
was recorded during survey.
8.4.33 Common in the winter and scarce in the summer of Hong
Kong, Grey-chinned Minivet (Pericrocotus
solaris) occurs almost exclusively in forested areas of central New
Territories (AFCD, 2014b; Carey et. al.,
2001). It is listed as of local concern
(Fellowes et al., 2002). All records of Grey-chinned Minivet were from
the secondary woodland and plantation areas outside the site boundary (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer).
8.4.34 Rufous-capped Babbler (Stachyridopsis ruficeps) is an
uncommon resident recognized to be of local concern (AFCD, 2014b; Fellowes et al., 2002). Within the site boundary, individuals were
recorded in the secondary woodland area of the proposed Water Treatment Works
Logistics Centre and in developed area within the Sha Tin WTW. Other individuals were recorded in secondary woodland habitats
near the vicinity of Lion Rock Country Park (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refers).
8.4.35 A flock of Chestnut-collared Yuhina (Yuhina castaniceps) was recorded in the secondary woodland area
just north of Lion Rock
Country Park approximately 450 m from the site boundary (Figure 8.4 refers). Chestnut-collared Yuhina occur in flocks of
two to around 40 individuals with the largest flock being of 55 birds (Carey et. al., 2001). This species is a rare winter visitor with a
wide distribution in Hong Kong (AFCD, 2014b).
Due to its restrictedness in
breeding and roosting sites, this species is regarded as of local concern
(Fellowes et al., 2002). However
no evidence of breeding/nesting behaviour was observed during survey.
8.4.36
Ashy Drongo (Dicrurus leucophaeus)
was recorded in the secondary woodland west of Keng Hau Road approximately 200 m
north of the site boundary (Figure 8.3 refers). This scarce winter visitor is listed as local
concern (AFCD, 2014b; Fellowes et al., 2002).
8.4.37 The call of an individual Pygmy Wren-babbler (Pnoepyga pusilla) was heard in the secondary
woodland adjacent to the south-west site boundary (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer). Pygmy
Wren-babbler is regarded as rare in Hong Kong and of local concern (Fellowes et. al., 2002).
8.4.38 One individual of Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) was recorded soaring over the study area. The nearest egretry in Penfold Park is
located more than 4 km away. Little
Egrets appear in low lying wet or coastal areas throughout Hong Kong and have
adapted well to the increased impact of anthropogenic areas such as Sha Tin and
Victoria Harbour (Carey et al.,
2001). This species is a common resident
in Hong Kong and is widely distributed in coastal areas (AFCD, 2014b). Most birds are probably resident but there is
evidence of seasonal migration (Viney et
al., 2005). Little Egret is
recognized to be of potential regional concern (Fellowes et al., 2002). No evidence
of breeding/nesting behaviour was observed during survey.
8.4.39 Individuals of Crested Serpent Eagles have been observed
soaring over the study area sporadically throughout wet and dry season. This uncommon resident species is widely
distributed in shrubland on hillsides throughout Hong Kong (AFCD, 2014b). Crested Serpent Eagle is listed under the Protection of Endangered Species of Animals
and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586).
China Red Data Book recognizes this species to be vulnerable (AFCD, 2014b). Due
to its restrictedness in breeding and roosting sites, this species is regarded
as of local concern (Fellowes et al., 2002). However, no evidence of breeding/nesting
behaviour was observed during survey.
8.4.40 Crested Goshawks (Accipiter
trivirgatus) are generally observed in forest and mature woodland (Carey et al., 2001). A few individuals were sighted flying over
the study area throughout the survey period.
Crested Goshawk is an uncommon resident with a wide distribution in the
woodlands and shrublands throughout Hong Kong (AFCD, 2014b). Listed under the Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586),
it is also recognized as rare in the China Red Data Book (AFCD, 2014b).
8.4.41
No evidence
of breeding or nesting birds was recorded within the study area.
Table 8.4 Avifauna of Conservation Importance
Recorded within the Study Area
|
Common Name1 |
Distribution in Hong
Kong3 |
Level of Concern4 |
Protection Status in
China |
IUCN Red
List 7 |
Habitat Recorded |
|
Little
Egret |
Common |
PRC (RC) |
- |
Least
Concern |
In flight |
|
Chinese
Pond Heron |
Common |
PRC (RC) |
- |
Least
Concern |
Developed area |
|
Black
Kite2 |
Common |
(RC) |
Class II5 |
Least
Concern |
Secondary woodland and plantation |
|
Crested
Serpent Eagle |
Uncommon |
(LC) |
Class II5 Vulnerable6 |
Least
Concern |
In flight |
|
Crested Goshawk |
Uncommon |
- |
Class II5 Rare6 |
Least
Concern |
In flight |
|
Eastern Buzzard |
Common |
- |
Class II5 |
Least
Concern |
Developed
Area |
|
Common Emerald Dove |
Scarce |
- |
Vulnerable6 |
Least
Concern |
Secondary
woodland and watercourse |
|
Collared Scops Owl |
Common |
- |
Class II5 |
Least
Concern |
Secondary
woodland and developed area |
|
Grey-chinned Minivet |
Common |
LC |
- |
Least
Concern |
Secondary
woodland and plantation |
|
Rufous-capped Babbler |
Uncommon |
LC |
- |
Least
Concern |
Secondary
woodland and developed area |
|
Chestnut-collared Yuhina |
Rare |
(LC) |
- |
Least
Concern |
Secondary
woodland |
|
Ashy Drongo |
Scarce |
LC |
- |
Least
Concern |
Secondary
woodland |
|
Pygmy Wren-babbler |
Rare |
LC |
- |
Least
Concern |
Secondary
woodland |
Note:
1. All wild birds are protected under Wild Animal Protection
Ordinance (Cap. 170).
2. Protected under Protection of Endangered Species of
Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).
3. AFCD (2014b)
4. Fellowes et al.
(2002): LC=Local Concern; RC=Regional Concern; PRC=Potential Regional
Concern. Letter in parentheses indicate
that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in breeding and/or
roosting sites rather than in general occurrence.
5. List of Wild Animals under State Protection (promulgated
by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January,
1989).
6. China Red Data Book (Zheng & Wang 1998).
7. IUCN (2014)
Literature Review
8.4.42 Evidence of
rooting (turned earth as part of foraging) by Eurasian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa) and a burrow believed to be
that of Chinese Pangolin (Manis
pentadactyla) were observed near the Route 8 Toll Plaza, west of the site
boundary during the Route 16 from West Kowloon to Sha Tin – EIA Study (HyD,
1999). Of these two species, only
Chinese Pangolin is of conservation importance.
8.4.43 In a more recent survey
carried out under the SCL – Tai Wai to Hung Hom Section EIA Study, five mammal
species were recorded and all of which are species of conservation importance
(MTRC, 2011). These include Rhesus
Macaque (Macaca mulatta), Pallas’s
Squirrel (Callosciurus
erythraeus), East Asian Porcupine (Hystrix
brachyura), Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus
abramus) and one unidentified bat species.
Refer to Table 8.5 for its protection status.
Table 8.5 Terrestrial Mammals Previously
Recorded within the Study Area
|
Common
Name |
Distribution in Hong Kong3 |
Level of Concern4 |
Protection Status |
IUCN Red
List 7 |
Habitat Recorded |
|
Chinese Pangolin1,2 |
Rare |
RC |
Class II5 Vulnerable
6 |
Critically Endangered |
Burrows recorded in woody vegetation |
|
Rhesus Macaque1 |
Common |
- |
Class II5 Vulnerable
6 |
Least
Concern |
Secondary Woodland |
|
Pallas’s Squirrel1 |
Fairly
widely distributed, |
- |
- |
Least
Concern |
Secondary Woodland |
|
East Asian Porcupine1 |
Abundant |
PGC |
- |
Least
Concern |
Discarded quills and dung heaps found in
secondary woodland |
|
Japanese Pipistrelle1 |
Abundant |
LC |
- |
Least
Concern |
In flight |
|
Unidentified Bat1 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Roosting in a disused tunnel |
Note:
1. Protected under Wild Animal Protection Ordinance (Cap.
170).
2. Protected under Protection of Endangered Species of
Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586).
3. AFCD (2014b)
4. Fellowes et al.
(2002): RC=Regional Concern; LC=Local Concern; PGC=Potential Global
Concern.
5. List of Wild Animals under State Protection (promulgated
by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January,
1989).
6. China Red Data Book (Zheng & Wang 1998).
7. IUCN (2014)
Recent
Survey Results
8.4.44 A total of six species of mammals were recorded within
the study area, five of which are species of conservation importance (Table 8.6 and Appendix 8.4
refer). The mammal species of conservation
importance recorded, Rhesus Macaque, Pallas’s Squirrel, Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopteris sphinx), Chinese Horseshoe
Bat (Rhinolophus sinicus) and Japanese Pipistrelle, are protected
under the Wild Animals Protection
Ordinance (Cap.170).
8.4.45 Rhesus Macaque was recorded in three habitats namely,
secondary woodland, plantation and developed area. The majority of the records occurred in
secondary woodland in or around Lion Rock Country Park. Individuals were usually sighted foraging in
groups along the sloped areas. Some individuals were recorded in
the developed area within the site boundary.
They have adapted to different types of habitats, such as woodlands,
grasslands, and near urban areas (Shek, 2006).
Rhesus Macaque is listed in the China Red Data Book as vulnerable (AFCD,
2014b) and is under
Class II protection in China (AFCD, 2014b). Photographic record of Rhesus
Macaque is provided in Appendix 8.2.
8.4.46 Pallas’s Squirrels were recorded in various habitats
within the study area, including secondary woodland, plantation and developed
area. This arboreal species was seen
climbing in trees. One individual was
recorded in developed area within the site boundary and another in secondary
woodland within the study area. Pallas’s
Squirrel has a fairly wide distribution in Hong Kong and has been recorded in
New Territories as well as Hong Kong Island (AFCD, 2014b). This is an
introduced species presumably from released or escaped pets (Shek, 2006).
8.4.47 Three species of flying mammals were recorded, two of
which are microbats (mainly insect-eating bats), Chinese Horseshoe Bat and
Japanese Pipistrelle. Microbats were recorded with the use of a
bat detector. Most observations of microbats
occurred near watercourses/bodies. One
species of megabat (fruit-eating bats), Short-nosed Fruit Bat, was also observed.
8.4.48 Short-nosed Fruit Bat is very common in Hong Kong (Shek,
2006) and roost under the palm fronds of Chinese Fan-palm (Chan & Shek,
2006). One individual was observed
commuting within the Sha Tin WTW near the front entrance. One active roost was recorded within the
developed area of the Sha Tin WTW south of the sludge pumping station near the
entrance and an inactive roost was recorded south of the filter beds (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer).
The active and inactive roosts (i.e. no bats present) were both made on
the fronds of Chinese Fan-palms (Livistona
chinensis). The inactive roost
identified is likely to be failed attempts by inexperienced males to build and
recruit females to their roosts.
Photograph of the active and inactive roosts are provided in Appendix 8.2. The concerned
Chinese Fan-palms were re-visited in the verification survey, but no
active/inactive bat roosts were found.
8.4.49 Chinese Horseshoe Bat is very common in Hong Kong (Shek,
2006) and was recorded foraging within the vegetation along Keng Hau Road. Whilst, individuals of this species were not
observed due to the vegetation cover, they were heard through the heterodyne output
and later confirmed during analysis using BatScan (Shek and Lau, 2006).
8.4.50 Japanese Pipistrelle is very common in Hong Kong (Shek,
2006) and was the most abundant bat species recorded during the survey. High numbers of individuals were recorded
foraging and commuting along Watercourse 4 (outside of the site boundary). A small number of individuals were recorded
foraging over the treatment pools within the Sha Tin WTW.
8.4.51 Whilst all three bat species recorded are common in Hong
Kong (Shek, 2006; AFCD, 2014b), they are protected under law, therefore
disturbance or harm to these species would be in breach of the Wild Animals
Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).
8.4.52 No mammal species was recorded by the infrared
camera.
Table 8.6 Terrestrial Mammals of Conservation Importance
Recorded within the Study Area
|
Common Name |
Distribution in Hong Kong2 |
Level of Concern3 |
Protection Status in China |
IUCN Red
List 6 |
Habitat
Recorded |
|
Short-nosed Fruit Bat1 |
Abundant |
LC |
Indeterminate5 |
Least
Concern |
Developed
area |
|
Chinese Horseshoe Bat1 |
Abundant |
- |
- |
Least
Concern |
Secondary
woodland |
|
Japanese Pipistrelle1 |
Abundant |
LC |
- |
Least
Concern |
Secondary
woodland. watercourse and developed area |
|
Rhesus Macaque1 |
Common |
- |
Class II4 Vulnerable5 |
Least
Concern |
Secondary
woodland, plantation and developed Area |
|
Pallas’s Squirrel1 |
Fairly widely distributed, common |
- |
- |
Least
Concern |
Secondary
woodland, plantation and developed Area |
Note:
1. Protected under Wild Animal Protection Ordinance (Cap.
170).
2. AFCD (2014b)
3. Fellowes et al.
(2002): LC=Local Concern.
4. List of Wild Animals under State Protection (promulgated
by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January,
1989).
5. China Red Data Book (Zheng & Wang 1998).
6. IUCN (2014)
Literature
Review
8.4.53 Twenty-eight species of butterflies were recorded within
the study area between 2002 and 2011 in the AFCD Hong Kong Biodiversity Survey,
none of which were species of conservation importance (AFCD, unpublished). A total of 37 species of butterfly were recorded
during the SCL – Tai Wai to Hung Hom Section EIA Study, no species of
conservation interest were recorded. (MTRC, 2011)
Recent Survey Results
8.4.54 Sixty-seven species of butterflies were recorded within
the study area during the current study.
Amongst these, six are of conservation importance; White-banded Flat (Gerosis phisara), Lesser Band Dart (Potanthus trachala trachala), Golden
Birdwing (Troides aeacus aeacus),
Common Rose (Pachliopta aristolochiae
goniopeltis), Cornelian (Deudorix
epijarbas menesicles) and Orange Punch (Dodona
egeon egeon). All six species of conservation
importance were recorded in secondary woodland habitat. The highest abundance and diversity was
recorded in secondary woodland. The
majority of species are very common or commonly distributed within Hong
Kong. Nine species have an uncommon
distribution (Appendix
8.4 refers). Photographic records of butterfly species of conservation
importance are provided in Appendix 8.2.
8.4.55 White-banded Flat, Lesser Band
Dart, Common Rose and Cornelian are all rare species of Hong Kong (AFCD, 2014b). All of these species are widely distributed
in Hong Kong, with the exception of Cornelian which is distributed in Lam
Tsuen, Shan Liu, Wu Kau Tang, Pak Sha O and Fung Yuen (AFCD, 2014b). Records of these species from the recent
surveys were all obtained along Watercourse 4, just outside of the Lion Rock
Country Park with the minimum distance of 325 m away from the nearest boundary
of the works area (Figure 8.4 refers).
8.4.56 Most records of Golden Birdwings were made in secondary
woodlands and plantations approximately 125 m to 300 m south-east of the site
boundary (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer). Additionally, individuals have also been
recorded in the secondary woodland adjacent to Watercourse 2 within the site
boundary. Although it is distributed
widely throughout Hong Kong, it is rare (AFCD, 2014b) and considered to be of
local concern (Fellowes et al.,
2002).
8.4.57 A single individual of Orange Punch was recorded in the
secondary woodland approximately 350 m south of the site boundary. This species is rare in Hong Kong (AFCD, 2014b)
and is considered to be of regional concern (Fellowes et al., 2002).
Table 8.7 Butterfly Species of Conservation Importance
Recorded within the Study Area
|
Common Name |
Distribution in Hong Kong1 |
Level of Concern2 |
IUCN Red List Status3 |
Habitat Recorded |
|
White-banded Flat |
Rare |
- |
- |
Secondary
woodland |
|
Lesser Band Dart |
Rare |
- |
- |
Secondary
woodland |
|
Golden Birdwing |
Rare |
LC |
- |
Secondary
woodland and plantation |
|
Common Rose |
Rare |
- |
- |
Secondary
woodland |
|
Cornelian |
Rare |
- |
- |
Secondary
woodland |
|
Orange Punch |
Rare |
RC |
- |
Secondary
woodland |
Note:
1. AFCD (2014b)
2. Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern; RC=Regional
Concern.
3. IUCN (2014).
Literature
Review
8.4.58 Survey results from the AFCD Biodiversity Survey between
2002 and 2011 recorded five species of dragonflies in the study area, none of
which were species of conservation importance (AFCD, unpublished).
8.4.59 In the SCL – Tai Wai to Hung Hom Section EIA Study, a total
of 15 species of dragonfly were recorded during the surveys. Three of them are of conservation importance
were recorded in the vicinity of the Tei Lung Hau stream (MTRC, 2011), including
Indochinese Copperwing (Mnais mneme),
White-banded Shadowdamsel (Protosticta
taipokauensis), and Emerald Cascader (Zygonyx
iris insignis). Refer to Table
8.8 for their protection status.
Table 8.8 Odonates Previously
Recorded within the Study Area
|
Common
Name |
Distribution in Hong Kong1 |
Level of Concern2 |
IUCN Red List Status3 |
Habitat Recorded |
|
Indochinese Copperwing |
Common |
LC |
Least
Concern |
Natural Watercourse |
|
White-banded Shadowdamsel |
Common |
GC |
Least
Concern |
Natural Watercourse |
|
Emerald Cascader |
Abundant |
PGC |
Least
Concern |
Natural Watercourse |
Note:
1.
AFCD (2014b)
2.
Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern;
GC=Global Concern; PGC=Potential Global Concern
3.
IUCN (2014)
Recent Survey Results
8.4.60
Five species of damselfly and fourteen species of dragonflies were
recorded under the current study. Two
species of dragonflies of conservation importance were recorded namely, Scarlet
Basker (Urothemis signata signata)
and Emerald Cascader (Zygonyx iris insignis). All other species recorded have an abundant
or common distribution in Hong Kong.
8.4.61
Watercourse habitat supported the highest diversity (number of species
and abundance) of odonata relative to other habitats of the study area. Abundant species found in the watercourse
habitat included Common Blue Jewel (Rhinocypha
perforata perforata), Black-banded Gossamerwing (Euphaea decorata), Common Blue Skimmer (Orthetrum glaucum), Common Red Skimmer (Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum), Lesser Blue Skimmer (Orthetrum triangulare triangulare) and
Indigo Dropwing (Trithemis festiva);
whereas Wandering Glider (Pantala
flavescens) was abundant in other habitats.
8.4.62
One individual of Scarlet Basker was seen near the sedimentation tank in
the developed area of the Sha Tin WTW.
Although this species is regarded as of local concern (Fellowes et al., 2002), it is locally common in
Hong Kong (AFCD, 2014b). Scarlet Baskers
are found mainly in the New Territories, especially in area near abandoned
fishponds (Tam et al., 2011).
8.4.63 Records of Emerald Cascader
are scattered throughout the study area.
A number of individuals were recorded in the developed area within the
site boundary and in Watercourse 1 and Watercourse 2 just outside of the site
boundary. Individuals were also recorded
in Watercourse 4 and the small plantation patch north of Watercourse 4, approximately
450 m and 300 m from the site boundary, respectively (Figure 8.4 Refers). This species is widespread in moderately
clean and fast-flowing woodland streams (Tam et al., 2011).
Emerald Cascader is seen in early
spring with its numbers reducing rapidly by autumn (Wilson, 1995). Although it is abundant throughout Hong Kong,
they are considered as of potential global concern (Fellowes et al., 2002).
Table 8.9 Odonate Species of Conservation Importance
Recorded within the Study Area
|
Common Name |
Distribution in Hong Kong1 |
Level of Concern2 |
IUCN Red List Status3 |
Habitat
Recorded |
|
Scarlet Basker |
Common |
LC |
Least
Concern |
Developed
area |
|
Emerald Cascader |
Abundant |
PGC |
Least
Concern |
Plantation,
Developed area; Watercourse |
Note:
1. AFCD (2014b)
2.
Fellowes et al. (2002): LC=Local Concern;
PGC=Potential Global Concern.
3. IUCN (2014)
Literature
Review
8.4.64 Between 2002 and 2011, the AFCD Hong Kong Biodiversity
Survey recorded eight species of amphibians and ten species of reptiles from
the study area (AFCD, unpublished). Of
which, two species of amphibians and one species of reptile of conservation
importance were recorded namely, Lesser Spiny Frog (Quasipaa exilispinosa), Brown Wood Frog (Hylarana latouchii) and Chinese Mountain Snake (Sibynophis chinensis chinensis).
8.4.65 In addition, eggs and adults of Hong Kong Cascade Frog (Amolops hongkongensis) were recorded in
the survey undertaken in the SCL – Tai Wai to Hung Hom Section EIA Study (MTRC,
2011). Refer to Table 8.10 for their protection status.
Table 8.10 Herpetofauna Species of Conservation
Importance Previously Recorded within the Study Area
|
Common Name |
Distribution in Hong Kong2 |
Level of Concern3 |
IUCN Red list
Status4 |
Habitat
Recorded |
|
Lesser Spiny Frog |
Widely
distributed in mountain streams |
PGC |
Vulnerable |
Not
available5 Natural
Watercourse6 |
|
Brown Wood Frog |
Recorded
in several localities in the New Territories including Tai Shing Stream, Pak
Sha O and Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve |
LC |
Least
Concern |
Not
available |
|
Hong Kong Cascade Frog1 |
Widely
distributed in mountain streams in Hong Kong |
PGC |
Endangered |
Natural
Watercourse |
|
Chinese Mountain Snake |
Distributed
in eastern and central New Territories, on Hong Kong Island and Lantau Island |
LC |
- |
Not
available |
Note:
1.
Protected
under Wild Animal Protection Ordinance (Cap, 170)
2.
AFCD (2014b)
3.
Fellowes et al. (2002): PGC=Potential Global
Concern; LC=Local Concern
4.
IUCN (2014)
5.
Results from
AFCD Hong Kong Biodiversity Survey
6.
Results from
MTRC (2011)
Recent
Survey Results
8.4.66 The current study recorded 16 species of herpetofauna
within the study area, ten of which were reptiles and six were amphibians. Three reptiles species of conservation
importance recorded included Common Water Monitor (Varanus salvator),
Indo-Chinese Rat Snake (Ptyas korros), and Chinese
Mountain Snake (Sibynophis chinensis
chinensis). Only one amphibian
species of conservation importance, Lesser Spiny Frog was recorded, the
remaining amphibian species area regarded as abundant or widely distributed in
Hong Kong (AFCD, 2014b).
8.4.67 Bowring’s Gecko (Hermidactylus
bowringii) was relatively abundant compared to other reptile species. All Bowring’s geckos were recorded in
developed area,
8.4.68 Dominant species of amphibians included Asian Common Toad
(Bufo malanostictus) and Gunther’s
Frog (Hylarana guentheri). Asian Common Toad was recorded in all
habitats; with most records in the developed area. The majority of observations of Gunther’s
Frog were recorded in watercourses.
8.4.69 One individual of Common Water Monitor was seen in
Watercourse 1, near the vicinity of the western site boundary (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer). Not much is known about the habits of native
specimens (Karsen et. al., 1998). Most records of
individuals are believed to the released or escaped individuals (AFCD, 2014b). This species is protected under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap.170)
and Endangered Species of Animals and
Plants Ordinance (Cap.586) (AFCD, 2014b). It is listed as
regional concern (Fellowes et. al.,
2002) and critically endangered/extinct in wild by China Red Data Book (AFCD, 2014b). Photographic record of Common
Water Monitor is provided in Appendix 8.2.
8.4.70 An Indo-Chinese Rat Snake was recorded just outside of
the site boundary on the banks of Watercourse 2 (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer). It is a diurnal species and known to hunt
Gunther’s Frogs in tall grass around reservoirs (Karen et. al, 1998). This species
is found in many open habitats such as grassy banks of streams and reservoirs,
edges of cultivated fields and ponds, dry shrubland and woodland (Karsen et. al., 1998). This species is widely distributed throughout
Hong Kong (AFCD, 2014b). It is an
endangered species according to the China Red Data Book (AFCD, 2014b) and is of
potential regional concern (Fellowes et.
al, 2002).
8.4.71 Chinese Mountain Snake occurs in moist vegetated area at
high elevations (Karsen et al., 1998),
and is distributed in the eastern and central New Territories, on Hong Kong
Island and Lantau Island (AFCD, 2014b). An individual was recorded in the developed
area within the Sha Tin WTW during the current survey. Chinese Mountain Snake is listed as local
concern (Fellowes et. al, 2002).
8.4.72 Lesser Spiny Frog was the only amphibian species of conservation
importance recorded. This species was
recorded in various watercourses within the study area (Watercourse 2,
Watercourse 3 and Watercourse 4). It is
widely distributed in mountain streams throughout Hong Kong (AFCD, 2014b).
Table 8.11 Herpetofauna of Conservation Importance
Recorded within the Study Area
|
Common Name |
Distribution in Hong Kong1 |
Level of Concern2 |
Protection
Status in China |
IUCN Red List3 |
Habitat Recorded |
|
Common Water Monitor |
Records from Sha Tau Kok, Fanling and Kowloon Reservoir but probably
released or escaped individuals |
RC |
Class I4 |
Least
Concern |
Watercourse |
|
Indo-Chinese Rat Snake |
Widely
distributed |
PRC |
|
- |
Watercourse |
|
Chinese Mountain Snake |
Distributed
in eastern and central New Territories, on Hong Kong Island and Lantau Island |
LC |
|
- |
Developed
area |
|
Lesser Spiny Frog |
Widely
distributed in mountain streams |
PGC |
|
Vulnerable |
Watercourse |
Note:
1. AFCD (2014b)
2. Fellowes et al.
(2002): LC=Local Concern; RC=Regional Concern; PRC=Potential Regional Concern;
PGC=Potential Global Concern.
3. IUCN (2014)
4. List of Wild Animals under State Protection (promulgated
by State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Agriculture on 14 January,
1989).
Freshwater Communities
Literature Review
8.4.73 Previous survey results from
SCL – Tai Wai to Hung Hom Section – EIA Study identified two freshwater fish
species of conservation importance in the natural watercourses near Tei Lung
Hau and Lion Rock Toll Plaza. These fish
species include Predaceous Chub (Parazacco
spilurus) and Vietnam Catfish (Pterocryptis anomala) (MTRC,
2011). Refer to Table 8.12 for their status.
Table 8.12 Freshwater Species of Conservation
Importance Previously Recorded within the Study Area
|
Common Name |
Distribution in Hong Kong1 |
Level of Concern2 |
Protection
Status in China3 |
IUCN Red List3 |
Habitat
Recorded |
|
Predaceous Chub |
Common |
LC |
Vulnerable |
- |
Natural
Watercourse |
|
Vietnam Catfish |
Common |
GC |
- |
- |
Natural
Watercourse |
Note:
1. AFCD (2014b)
2. Fellowes et al.
(2002): LC=Local Concern; GC= Global Concern.
3. China Red Data Book (Zheng & Wang 1998)
Recent
Survey Results
8.4.74
Freshwater community surveys conducted for this Project covered two
watercourses adjacent to the Sha Tin WTW, Watercourse 1 and Watercourse 2 (Figure 8.3 and Figure 8.4 refer). Watercourse 1 is located adjacent to the
north-western boundary of the Sha Tin WTW.
Watercourse 2 follows the eastern and southern boundaries of the Sha Tin
WTW where the southern section is included within the site boundary and the
upstream reach lies adjacent to the eastern site boundary.
8.4.75
An active search of Watercourse 1 recorded a total of 27 taxa (Appendix 8.4 refers), which was dominated by caddisflies and mayflies; no fish were recorded. The absence of fish species may possibly be
due to the shallow water and lack of pools in the watercourse. Aside from the increase of snails recorded
during wet season, there did not appear to be a significant difference between
the diversity of species between wet and dry season.
8.4.76
Survey records indicated a total of 28 taxa recorded in Watercourse
2. Shrimp (Caridina cantonensis) was the most abundant. Caddisflies and mayflies were common during
both seasons in up and mid-stream. The
diversity of freshwater species was significantly lower downstream. Aside from the presence of Mosquito Fish
during dry season and its absence during wet season, there is no significant
difference between the dry and wet season species composition.
8.5.1 The ecological importance of recorded habitats has been
evaluated in accordance with the EIAO-TM Annex 8 criteria, and is shown in Table 8.13 - Table 8.16 below.
Secondary
Woodland
8.5.2 Secondary woodland occupies about half of the study
area. This habitat comprised of mostly
native vegetation and experiences little disturbance; apart from the margin
where it is more shrubby in nature and subject to disturbance from road
traffic, Sha Tin WTW operation, recreation uses and hunting. This habitat provides complete linkage to
Lion Rock Country Park (area of ecological importance). The majority of species of conservation
importance was recorded in the woodland.
Based on the above observations and the criteria set in Annex 8 of
EIAO-TM, ecological value of these woodland areas are detailed in Table 8.13.
Table 8.13 Ecological
Evaluation of the Secondary Woodland Habitat within the Study Area
|
Criteria |
Secondary Woodland |
|
Naturalness |
Largely undisturbed and dominated with
native species; the woodland margin including the proposed site for the Water
Treatment Works Logistics Centre is subjected to moderate levels of human
disturbance. |
|
Size |
Large – 97.58 ha |
|
Diversity |
Flora diversity: Moderate (197 species recorded). Fauna diversity: Moderate (52 avifaunal
species, 5 mammal species, 9 dragonfly species, 50 butterfly species and 4
herpetofaunal species recorded) |
|
Rarity |
A common habitat in Hong Kong. Six flora species of conservation
importance recorded (Ailanthus, Incense Tree, Lamb of Tartary, Hairy-fruited
Ormosia, Hong Kong Pavetta and Hong Kong’s Eagle Claw). Eight species of avifauna (Black Kite, Common
Emerald Dove, Collared Scops Owl, Grey-chinned Minivet, Rufous-capped
Babbler, Chestnut-collared Yuhina, Ashy Drongo and Pygmy Wren-babbler), 4
species of mammals (Chinese Horseshoe Bat, Japanese Pipistrelle, Rhesus
Macaque and Pallas’s Squirrel) and 6 species of butterflies (White-banded
Flat, Lesser Band Dart, Golden Birdwing, Common Rose, Cornelian and Orange
Punch) of conservation importance recorded. |
|
Re-creatability |
Reforestation would take several decades. |
|
Fragmentation |
Almost the entire habitat is continuous. |
|
Ecological linkage |
Directly linked to Lion Rock Country Park. |
|
Potential value |
The habitat is mature. |
|
Nursery ground |
No breeding/nesting were recorded during
survey |
|
Age |
Unknown, but trees are relatively mature. |
|
Abundance/ Richness of Wildlife |
High |
|
Ecological Value |
Generally
high, but the directly affected area at the peripheral of the habitat, which
was more shrubby and disturbed, has reduced value |
Plantation
8.5.3 The plantation habitat comprised of a small portion of
the study area with exotic, planted species.
There is a high level of disturbance in these habitats due to human
activities such as leisure farming and recreational uses. Small, scattered patches of plantation
habitat are scattered throughout the study area and occur on the modified
slopes between developed areas and secondary woodland. Based on the above observations and the
criteria set in Annex 8 of EIAO-TM, ecological value of these plantation areas
are detailed in Table 8.14.
Table 8.14 Ecological
Evaluation of the Plantation Habitat within the Study Area
|
Criteria |
Plantation |
|
Naturalness |
Planted man-made
habitat with exotic species; subjected to high level of human disturbance. |
|
Size |