Table of contents

 

8        Fisheries Impact Assessment.. 8-1

8.1         Introduction. 8-1

8.2         Relevant Legislations, Standards & Guidelines. 8-1

8.3         Study Area and Sensitive Receivers. 8-1

8.4         Study Methodology. 8-1

8.5         Description of the Environment & Baseline Fisheries Information. 8-2

8.6         Impact Identification and Assessment 8-5

8.7         Impact Evaluation. 8-9

8.8         Recommendations & Mitigation Measures. 8-10

8.9         Residual Impact 8-10

8.10       Environmental Monitoring and Audit Programme. 8-10

8.11       Conclusion. 8-10

8.12       References. 8-11

 

 

 

8               FISHERIES IMPACT ASSESSMENT

8.1               Introduction

8.1.1        This Chapter presents an assessment of potential fisheries impacts associated with the Project. This assessment comprises: 1.) establishment of a baseline condition, 2.) evaluation and assessment of fisheries impacts, and 3.) suggestion of appropriate mitigation measures to mitigate identified impacts where necessary.

8.2               Relevant Legislations, Standards & Guidelines

8.2.1        Reference has been made to the following Ordinances and Regulations which are relevant to this study:

·                The Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (Cap. 499) (EIAO) and the associated Technical Memorandum (TM) (i.e. EIAO-TM Annexes 9 & 17);

·                Fisheries Protection Ordinance (Cap. 171) and its subsidiary legislation, the Fisheries Protection Regulations;

·                Marine Fish Culture Ordinance (Cap. 353) and associated subsidiary legislation; and

·                Water Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 358) and its supporting regulations and statements.

8.3               Study Area and Sensitive Receivers

8.3.1        The Study Area for fisheries impact assessment shares the same Study Area as the water quality impact assessment, covering Po Toi O bay, Clearwater Bay and waters surrounding Steep Island (see Figure 5-3). Sensitive receivers identified within the Study Area were as follows:

·         Po Toi O Fish Culture Zone (PTOFCZ)

·         Fishing ground in the eastern waters of Hong Kong including Po Toi O

·         Spawning and nursey grounds for commercial fisheries resources in the eastern waters of Hong Kong

·         Artificial reefs in the outer Port Shelter.

8.4               Study Methodology

Literature Review

8.4.1        Relevant data on fisheries resources from both capture and mariculture fisheries were collected from:

·         AFCD Port Surveys

·         AFCD Annual Reports

·         Artificial Reef Project

·         Paper from Legislative Council

·         Past studies conducted in nearby waters

8.4.2        AFCD Port Survey 2006 involved interview of fishermen on fisheries production and fishing operations in Hong Kong waters, including those from Po Toi O (AFCD 2014a). The sea was divided into grids to visualize distribution, composition and commercial value of fisheries resources and types of fishing vessel. This provided comprehensive information on the degree of importance of different parts of Hong Kong waters.

8.4.3        AFCD Annual Reports presented data on the overall fisheries practices in Hong Kong, illustrating trend throughout the years.

8.4.4        Consultancy paper “Fisheries Resources and Fishing Operations in Hong Kong Waters” identified important spawning and nursery grounds of fisheries resources in Hong Kong waters (ERM 1998).

8.4.5        Legislative Council discussion paper “Marine Fish Culture in Hong Kong” (LC Paper No. CB(2)2520/11-12(01)) in 2012 listed out the latest licensing details of fish culture zones.

Identification of Data Gap

8.4.6        Relevant literatures were able to provide sufficient information required for fisheries impact assessment under the EIAO-TM. Therefore, no field survey was required.

8.5               Description of the Environment & Baseline Fisheries Information

Capture Fisheries

Fishing Vessels

8.5.1         The AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a) pointed out that Po Toi O is one of the homeports in Hong Kong.

8.5.2         According to the AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a), around 100 400 vessels were operated near Po Toi O. Most of them (100 – 400 vessels, which had a relatively medium – high abundance among Hong Kong waters) were not exceeding 15m in length, while only 10 – 50 vessels (i.e. having a relatively low – medium abundance among Hong Kong waters) were exceeding 15m in length. The productivity (adult fish) of vessels (not exceeding 15m in length) operating in the Study Area described in Section 8.3.1 was 100 – 200 kg/ha, which had a relatively medium productivity among Hong Kong waters. As for vessels exceeding 15m in length, the productivity (adult fish) in the Study Area was less than or equal to 50 kg/ha, which had a relatively low productivity among Hong Kong waters.

8.5.3         As for vessel type, according to the AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a), 8 vessel types were recorded being operated near Po Toi O. Vessel numbers and the relative abundance among Hong Kong waters of each vessel type are presented in Table 8-1. The productivity (adult fish) and the relative productivity (adult fish) among Hong Kong waters of each vessel type are also presented in Table 8-1.

Table 8-1: Vessel Number, Relative Abundance, Productivity (Adult Fish) and Relative Productivity (Adult Fish) among Hong Kong Waters of Each Vessel Type Operating near Po Toi O (AFCD 2014a)

Vessel type

Vessels number

Relative abundance among Hong Kong waters

Productivity (adult fish) (kg ha-1)

Relative productivity (adult fish) among Hong Kong waters

Stern Trawler *

> 0 & 10

Low

> 0 & 50

Low

Shrimp Trawler *

10 – 50

Low – Medium

> 0 & 50

Low

Gill Netter

10 – 50

Medium

> 0 & 50

Low

Long Liner

> 0 & 10

Low

> 0 & 50

N.A. **

Hand Liner

> 0 & 10

Low

> 0 & 50

N.A. **

Purse Seiner

> 0 & 10

Low

> 0 & 50

Low

Sampan

100 – 400

High

100 – 200

Medium - High

Miscellaneous Craft

10 – 50

High

> 0 & 50

Low

Overall

100 – 400

Medium – High

100 – 200

Low – Medium

*  Trawling operations in Hong Kong waters have been banned since 31 December 2012 (AFCD 2014b)

** There was only 2 productivity classes – either no productivity, or > 0 & ≤ 50 kg ha-1 – for this vessel type among Hong Kong waters (AFCD 2014a)

 

Adult Fish Production

8.5.4         The consultancy paper “Fisheries Resources and Fishing Operations in Hong Kong Waters” (ERM 1998) pointed out that the adult catch in the Study Area was in a range of 102 – 250 kg/ha, which had a relatively low – medium production among Hong Kong waters. Similarly, the AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a) also pointed out that the annual production of adult fish was 100 200 kg/ha, which had a relatively low – medium production among Hong Kong waters as well.

8.5.5         The fishery production (adult fish) in the Study Area was dominated by Rabbitfish (Siganidae) and Squid (AFCD 2014a). The production composition of the top 10 families is summarized in Table 8-2.

Table 8-2: Production Composition of the Top 10 Families from Capture Fisheries in the Study Area (AFCD 2014a)

Family

Productivity (adult fish)

(kg ha­-1)

Relative productivity (adult fish) among Hong Kong waters

Scad (Carangidae)

5

Low

Shrimp

5

Low

Rabbitfish (Siganidae)

20 – 40

Medium

Squid

20 – 40

Medium

Croaker (Sciaenidae)

10 – 20

Medium

Crab

5 – 10

Medium - Low

Mullet (Mugilidae)

5

Low

Sardine (Clupeidae)

5

Low

Seabream (Sparidae)

10 – 20

Medium - Low

Anchovy (Engraulidae)

10 – 20

Medium

8.5.6         Based on the data in the AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a), the overall fisheries production (i.e. including both adult fish and fish fry) in the Study Area was $2000 – $5000 ha-1, which had a relatively medium – high production value among Hong Kong waters.

Fish Spawning and Nursery Grounds

8.5.7         The consultancy paper “Fisheries Resources and Fishing Operations in Hong Kong Waters” (ERM 1998) pointed out that the Study Area is located in an important spawning area, the Eastern Waters, for commercial fisheries resources. Apogon quadrifasciatus, Parapristipoma trilineatum, Sebasticus marmoratus, Trichiurus haumela, Upeneus sulphureus and U. tragula were the major species found in the Eastern Waters.

8.5.8         According to the same consultancy paper (ERM 1998), the fry caught in the Study Area varied in different zones. It varied from > 4,000 tails/ha/year (the highest productivity class among Hong Kong waters) in the Clear Water Bay, to no caught in Po Toi O Bay and around Steep Island. There was 1,000 – 2,000 tails/ha/year fry caught (a relatively low productivity among Hong Kong waters) in the edge of the Study Area, adjacent to the outer Port Shelter (ERM 1998). Clear Water Bay was one of the major fish fry production grounds in addition to another locality near Kau Sai Chau.

8.5.9         Nevertheless, the AFCD Port Survey 2006 (AFCD 2014a) pointed out that, the whole Study Area (including Clear Water Bay) had a low production of fish fry (> 0 & ≤ 50 tails/ha) among Hong Kong waters.

Artificial Reefs

8.5.10     To protect and enhance fishery resources in the outer Port Shelter, AFCD deployed twelve artificial reef sites between Steep Island, Tiu Chung Chau and Basalt Island, as shown in Figure 8-1 (AFCD undated). The deployment was conducted from 2001 – 2009, covering 103,270 m3 of volume. PS10 to PS12 are located at the edge of the Study Area. Steel vessels of 29.2 x 8.6 x 8.9 m3 were deployed at these three stations.

Culture Fisheries

8.5.11     The PTOFCZ occupies 38,200 m2 within the semi-enclosed bay in Po Toi O. Location and photographic record of the fish culture zone are presented in Figure 8-2 and Figure 8-3 respectively. According to the Legislative Council discussion paper “Marine Fish Culture in Hong Kong” (LC Paper No. CB(2)2520/11-12(01)), the licensed area was 4,330 m2 as in May 2012.

8.5.12     According to the “List of rafts allowed to conducted recreational fishing” updated on 1 September 2014 (AFCD 2014c), the PTOFCZ had contained fish raft which allows for recreational fishing. Nevertheless, since 19 October 2014, its recreational fishing consent letter has expired and hasn’t been renewed (AFCD 2014c; AFCD 2014d). Therefore, no fish raft in the PTOFCZ is allowed to conduct recreational fishing.

8.6               Impact Identification and Assessment

Construction Phase

Direct Impact

8.6.1         Direct impact on fisheries has been minimized by limiting marine construction works for the establishment of the submarine outfall. The submarine outfall will be constructed below seabed by horizontal directional drill (HDD) without the need of open dredging. No loss of spawning and nursery grounds for fisheries resources is expected for the establishment of the submarine outfall.

8.6.2         Dredging is only required for the installation of diffuser, which will be carried out within a sheet pile cofferdam with an area of 10 m x 50 m (i.e. 500 m2). Seabed within the cofferdam will be dredged (about 500 m2) to ensure the seabed stability for installing the diffuser with 5 m2 in size (i.e. about 2.5 m in diameter). Important spawning ground and benthic habitat in the cofferdam and the associated fisheries resources (e.g. crustaceans and bivalves) will be lost during construction phase.

8.6.3         However, except the area occupied by the diffuser, all dredged seabed will be backfilled to the original seabed level with rockfill. The cofferdam will also be removed after the completion of backfilling. Therefore, the installation of diffuser will lose 5 m2 seabed permanently, and 495 m2 seabed temporarily.

8.6.4         In addition to the loss of fisheries resources in seabed, the construction works area will temporarily reduce the area of fishing ground. Since a cofferdam, a silt curtain and two marine barges (i.e. a construction barge and a moving barge) will stay temporarily around the mouth of Po Toi O bay for construction work, the navigable area in the mouth of the bay would be reduced. Hence, fishing vessels entering and departing the Po Toi O Homeport would be disturbed.

8.6.5         The cofferdam, silt curtain and marine barges would occupied around 1,920 m2 in total (i.e. 500 m2 by the cofferdam, approx. 400 m2 extra surrounded by the silt curtain, and 1,020 m2 by marine barges on sea surface). Nevertheless, the occupied area will be released once the construction work is finished. Therefore, the disruption of fishing activity would be temporary.

8.6.6         In summary, about 1,920 m2 of fishing ground (including 500 m2 important spawning ground and seabed) will be temporarily lost during construction phase. In which, 5 m2 of the important spawning ground will be permanently lost upon the completion of diffuser installation. As the direct impacts identified are expected to be localized, largely temporary and reversible, the overall direct impact on the capture fisheries will be insignificant.

8.6.7         Since all marine-based construction works will be 300 m away from the PTOFCZ and over 1 km away from artificial reefs, no direct encroachment on these sensitive receivers is expected.

Indirect Impact – Water Quality Deterioration

8.6.8         Both land based and marine based construction activities are expected to deteriorate the water quality via surface runoff, waste water generated, accidental leakage of chemicals, and release of suspended solids (SS) during installing and extracting the sheet pile cofferdam. Past studies verified that certain levels of SS would depress both health and survival rate of fish (Binnie 1994).

8.6.9         Nevertheless, according to the assessment in Chapter 5 – Water Quality Impact Assessment, the water quality impact due to land-based construction works would be minimized to acceptable level if mitigation measures were implemented properly.

8.6.10     Chapter 5 – Water Quality Impact Assessment also pointed out that the marine-based construction works (i.e. installation & extraction of sheeting pile cofferdam by vibratory action) would only cause minor displacement of marine sediment. With erection of silt curtain around the piling area, the displaced sediment will settle quickly and will not significantly increase the SS level in the water column. In addition, dredging and backfilling works will be confined within fully enclosed cofferdam. The dredger barge will be anchored outside the cofferdam for dredging and backfilling operation, as well as storage of marine sediment in a sealed compartment. No opening of cofferdam will be required and thus there will be no release of sediment into water bodies. Therefore, these works are not expected to impact on the water quality.

8.6.11     Therefore, indirect water quality impact on both capture and culture fisheries, and spawning and nursery grounds is expected to be insignificant.

Operational Phase

Direct Impact – Loss of Fishing Ground

8.6.12     While 5 m2 of the benthic habitat will be permanently lost for the installation of diffuser, this is an insignificant area when compared to the unaffected area in the nearby waters in Po Toi O and Clearwater Bay. The impact will be insignificant.

Indirect Impact – Effluent Discharge under Normal Operation

8.6.13     According to Section 9.1 of the “Technical Memorandum Standards for Effluents Discharged into Drainage and Sewerage Systems, Inland and Coastal Waters of the Water Pollution Control Ordinance” (WPCO TM), no new effluent will be allowed within 200 m of the seaward boundaries of a marine fish culture zone, and within   100 m of the landward boundaries. The diffuser of the Project will be installed over 330 m away from PTOFCZ and 175 m away from the shore. Therefore, the WPCO TM is complied with.

8.6.14     In addition to SS, change in concentrations of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), unionized ammonia (UIA) and dissolved oxygen (DO) can affect health and survival of fishery resources. TIN is a plant nutrient which could encourage algal bloom, UIA is toxic to fish and DO is essential for survival of fisheries resources. Also, E. coli (which can survive in fish intestine) could contaminate fish and lead to health implication if consumed. During normal operation, sewage collected will be treated before being discharged at the diffuser. With reference to Chapter 5 – Water Quality Impact Assessment, the water quality model predicted no substantial change in these water quality parameters in the Study Area (described in Section 8.3.1) is anticipated during normal operation. Therefore, no adverse impact on fishing ground and fish culture zone (hence both capture and culture fisheries), and spawning ground is expected. As the artificial reefs are located far from the Po Toi O bay, no adverse impact on artificial reefs is anticipated.

Indirect Impact – Emergency Plant Breakdown        

8.6.15     The Po Toi O Sewage Treatment Plant (PTO STP) cannot operate in case of power or equipment failure. The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system in the PTO STP will signal to the operation and maintenance personnel for emergency attendance. Standby pump and screen will be provided at the PTO STP. According to the performance pledge of CLP, electricity provision will be restored within 2 hours after fault outage. Also, emergency generator will be delivered to PTO STP within 4 hours by future term contractor in case of plant failure where necessary.

8.6.16     As the average dry weather flow (ADWF) of PTO STP would be small (about        139 m3/day), it would be possible to deploy tankers to transport away the sewage to Tseung Kwan O Preliminary Treatment Works (TKO PTW) (or other nearby sewage treatment works (STW)) for treatment in case the PTO STP cannot be recovered in a short period of time.

8.6.17     Emergency storage of 4-hour ADWF (23.19m3) will be provided in the PTO STP. In case of plant failure, three 12m3 sewage tankers will be called in to transport the sewage from PTO STP to TKO PTW. Tankers will take different travel routes to reduce the risk of delay due to traffic jam. The tanker arrangement is as follows:

Table 8-3:    Tanker Away Arrangement

Tanker

Source

Potential Route

Arrival Time

Duty

A

DSD’s tanker which stationed at Sai Kung Sewage Treatment Works

Sai Kung STW
à Hiram’s Highway
à Clearwater Bay Road à Tai Au Mun Road
à Po Toi O STP

 

1.5 hours from plant failure

Transport sewage from PTO STP to TKO PTW

B

DSD Sewage Treatment Division Term Contractor, required to arrive in 2 hours in contract

Shatin STW*
à Route 9
à Tate’s Cairn Tunnel
à Clearwater Bay Road à Tai Au Mun Road
à Po Toi O STP

 

2.5 hours from plant failure

Transport sewage from PTO STP to TKO PTW

C

DSD District Term Contractors (any 1 of the 3 districts), required to arrive in 1.5 hours in contract

Kwun Tong Preliminary Treatment Works*
à Tseung Kwan O Road
à Clearwater Bay Road
à Tai Au Mun Road
à Po Toi O STP

2.5 hours from plant failure

Standby at PTO STP, to be on duty if Tanker A/B breaks down or encounters traffic delay

* Typical location where term contractor’s tankers are stationed

 

8.6.18     The distance between PTO STP and TKO PTW is about 12.1km or 18-minute travel distance. Including sewage loading and unloading time, each tanker is assumed to take 2 hours round trip. Tankers A and B will work in shift to continuously remove sewage from PTO STP. If one of the tankers fails to arrive at PTO STP on time, Tanker C will come in to ensure that at least two tankers will be operating. An operation drill prior to future operation will be conducted to confirm the time estimates achievable at peak hours.

8.6.19     Appendix 5.5 shows the fluctuation of sewage volume in PTO STP in case plant failure occurs during peak sewage flow (6 pm). With continuous removal of sewage by tankers in rotation, the highest quantity stored in the plant will be 17.24 m3, which is well below the emergency storage capacity (23.19 m3). With about additional 6 m3 storage buffer, the chance of having sewage volume exceeding the storage capacity is very low. No overflow of sewage from the PTO STP is anticipated.

8.6.20     Each tanker will deliver 12 m3 sewage from PTO STP to TKO PTW. Based on DSD’s past experience, it takes 15 minutes to unload all sewage. The average flow rate will be 12 m3/15 minutes/60 seconds = 0.013 m3/s, which is far below the design capacity of TKO PTW (5.55 m3/s [1]). No overloading of TKO PTW is anticipated.

8.6.21     Considering the project scale, risk of emergency condition, construction difficulties and cost, the following provisions are the most appropriate and practical mitigation measures in case of plant/power failure:

·         Delivery of an emergency generator to the PTO STP within 4 hours from plant failure;

·         Provision of dual power by CLP;

·         Provision of a supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA), which signals to the operation and maintenance personnel for emergency attendance in case of plant failure;

·         Provision of a standby pump and screen at the PTO STP;

·         Provision of emergency storage of 4-hr ADWF sewage retention time;

·         Arrangement of tankers for continuous removal of incoming sewage to other sewage treatment plants for treatment to ensure a sufficient buffer for emergency storage.

8.6.22     Based on these provisions, no adverse impact on water quality or fisheries due to emergency plant breakdown is anticipated.

Cumulative Impact

8.6.23     Currently, there is one planned marine project, maintenance dredging of Po Toi O Fish Culture Zone, located within the Study Area. However, there is no solid plan on when the works will be carried out. Therefore, it is assumed that it will not be carried out concurrently with the construction work of the Project, and hence, no cumulative impact is expected.

8.7               Impact Evaluation

8.7.1        Impact on fisheries was evaluated in accordance with EIAO-TM Annex 9 “Guidelines for Fisheries Impact Assessment”. Details are presented in Table 8-4.

Table 8-4: Evaluation of the Significance of Impacts on Fisheries

Criteria

Evaluation

Nature of impact

A tiny area of benthic habitat loss due to dredging;
Temporary disturbance on marine traffic; &
Insignificant deterioration in water quality in construction phase as
dredging and backfilling will be conducted within cofferdam

Size of affected area

Temporary working area in construction phase:
about
1,920 m2, in which 5 m2 benthic habitat will be lost permanently

Loss of fisheries resources / production

Loss in fishing ground:
About 1,920 m2 temporary in construction phase, 5 m2 permanent

Not anticipated for aquaculture activity

Overall Insignificant

Destruction and disturbance of nursery and spawning grounds

Loss in important spawning ground: 495 m2 temporary in construction phase, 5 m2 permanent;
Water quality deterioration will be insignificant in construction phase. No adverse impact on water quality is expected in operational phase.

Overall Insignificant

Impact on fishing activity

Temporary loss of about 1,920 m2 of fishing ground of mainly vessels smaller than 15 m in length

Overall Insignificant

Impact on aquaculture activity

No direct loss of PTOFCZ;
Water quality deterioration will be localized around dredging area in construction phase. No adverse impact is expected in operational phase.

Overall Insignificant

8.8               Recommendations & Mitigation Measures

8.8.1        Since the direct impact on fisheries will be insignificant and the impact on fisheries will be depended on water quality, mitigation measures proposed in Chapter 5 – Water Quality Impact Assessment will be sufficient to mitigate the impact on fisheries. No specific mitigation measure on fisheries is proposed.

8.9               Residual Impact

8.9.1        With proper implementation of mitigation measures, the residual impact is anticipated to be acceptable during construction and operational phases.

8.10           Environmental Monitoring and Audit Programme

8.10.1    Since the impact on fisheries will be depended on water quality, water quality monitoring and audit programme proposed in the EM&A Manual will be sufficient. No specific monitoring and audit programme on fisheries is required.

8.11           Conclusion

8.11.1    Fisheries resources in the Study Area described in Section 8.3.1 included the Po Toi O Fish Culture Zone, Artificial Reefs, fishing ground in the eastern waters of Hong Kong including Po Toi O, and spawning and nursery grounds for commercial fisheries resources in the eastern waters of Hong Kong. In terms of capture fisheries, adult fish production (in weight) in the Study Area was “relatively low – medium”, while the overall fish (i.e. both adult fish and fish fry) production (in value) was “relatively medium – high” among Hong Kong waters.

8.11.2    Although no direct encroachment on the Po Toi O Fish Culture Zone and Artificial Reefs in the Study Area is anticipated, about 1,920 m2 of fishing ground and 500 m2 of benthic spawning ground will be affected. Except the 5 m2 benthic spawning ground will be lost permanently, other impacted area will only be temporarily affected in construction phase (reversible impact). Indirect impact on fisheries resources by the water quality deterioration will be insignificant. No cumulative fisheries impact is expected as no project will be carried out concurrently with this Project.

8.11.3    As sewage will be collected and treated before discharge, no substantial change in water quality is expected for normal operation of the Project. Considering the project scale, risk of emergency condition, construction difficulties and cost, the following provisions are the most appropriate and practical mitigation measures in case of emergency plant breakdown:

·         Delivery of an emergency generator to the PTO STP within 4 hours from plant failure;

·         Provision of dual power by CLP;

·         Provision of a supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA), which signals to the operation and maintenance personnel for emergency attendance in case of plant failure;

·         Provision of a standby pump and screen at the PTO STP;

·         Provision of emergency storage of 4-hr ADWF sewage retention time;

·         Arrangement of tankers for continuous removal of incoming sewage to other sewage treatment plants for treatment to ensure a sufficient buffer for emergency storage.

8.11.4    With these provisions, emergency discharge of untreated sewage will not be required, and thus no adverse impact on water quality and fisheries due to emergency plant breakdown is anticipated. In summary, no adverse impact on fisheries is expected in operational phase.

8.11.5    With proper implementation of mitigation measures on water quality, the residual impact on fisheries is expected to be acceptable. No specific monitoring and audit programme is required for fisheries.

8.11.6    The overall impact on fisheries is considered as acceptable.

8.12           References

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2014a). Port Survey 2006. [online] http://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/fisheries/fish_cap/fish_cap_latest/fish_cap_latest.html.  Accessed: 22 September 2014.

 

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2014b). Conservation of Fisheries Resources. [online] http://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/fisheries/fish_cap/fish_cap_con/fish_cap_con.html.  Accessed: 23 September 2014.

 

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2014c). List of Rafts Allowed to Conducted Recreational Fishing. [online] https://www.afcd.gov.hk/tc_chi/fisheries/fish_aqu/fish_aqu_mfco/files/RF_list_01092014.pdf.  Accessed: 24 September 2014.

 

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (2014d). List of Rafts Allowed to Conducted Recreational Fishing. [online] https://www.afcd.gov.hk/tc_chi/fisheries/fish_aqu/fish_aqu_mfco/files/RF_list_01012015.pdf.  Accessed: 5 January 2015.

 

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD). (undated). Hong Kong Artificial Reef Project. [online] http://www.artificial-reef.net/ Accessed: 9 January 2015.

 

Binnie Consultants Limited. (1994). Marine Ecology of the Ninepin Islands. For the Fill Management Department. Hong Kong SAR Government.

 

Environmental Resources Management (ERM). (1998): Fisheries Resources and Fishing Operations in Hong Kong Waters. Agriculture & Fisheries Department, Hong Kong SAR.

 

LC Paper No. CB(2)2520/11-12(01). Legislative Council Panel on Food Safety and Environmental Hygiene: Marine Fish Culture in Hong Kong. June 2012.



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