Report

Figure 12.6 Fu Tei Ha Site of Archaeological Interest, Nai Wai Kiln Site of Archaeological Interest and Lower Slopes at Lam Tei and Previous Archaeological Investigations

Figure 12.7 So Kwun Wat Perowne Barracks Site of Archaeological Interest and So Kwun Wat Site of Archaeological Interest and Previous Archaeological Investigations in So Kwun Wat

Figure 12.8 Tai Lam Site of Archaeological Interest and Previous Archaeological Investigations in Tai Lam Area

Figure 12.9 Built Heritage Locations, GB-01 to GB-03, and HB-26 to HB-28 in So Kwun Wat (West End)

Figure 12.10 Built Heritage Locations, GB-04 to GB-06, and HB-5 to HB-25 and Fung Shui Woodland CL-02 in So Kwun Wat (East End)

Figure 12.11 Built Heritage Locations GB07 and HB-02 to HB-04 and Fung Shui Woodland CL-01 in Tai Lam Area

Figure 12.12 Built Heritage Locations HB-01 in Tsing Lung Tau New Village

Figure 12.13 Built Heritage Locations HB-29 and HB-30 in Lam Tei Tsuen

Figure 12.14 Location of the Former Stone Quarry Site (IL-01) along Castle Peak Road-Tsing Lung Tau

Figure 12.15 Area for Archaeological Field Survey after Land Resumption

Figure 12.16 Built heritage Locations HB-31 and GB-08 in Lam Tei Tsuen

Appendices

Appendix 12.1 Guidelines for Marine Archaeological Investigation

Appendix 12.2 Built Heritage Inventory

Appendix 12.3 Marine Department Chart of Known Wrecks

Appendix 12.4 Study Area and Diving Targets at Tsing Lung Tau under “Route 10 – North Lantau to Tsing Lung Tau Section”

Appendix 12.5 Tuen Mun Shown on A Late 16th Century Coastal Map by Kwok Fei

Appendix 12.6 1744 Map by Chan Lun Kwing

Appendix 12.7 Cranmer-Byng & Shepherd Chart 1794

Appendix 12.8 1810 Marine Chart Prepared for the East India Company by Daniel Ross and Philip Maughan, Lieutenants of the Bombay Marine

Appendix 12.9 British Admiralty Charts from 1853

Appendix 12.10 Royal Navy Chart from 1899

Appendix 12.11 Proposed Marine Dive Targets

12 Cultural Heritage

12.1 Legislation, Standards and Guidelines

12.1.1 General

12.1.1.1 Legislation, standards, guidelines and criteria relevant to the consideration of Archaeological and Built Heritage Impact Assessment Studies under this EIA Project include the following;

· Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap.53);

· Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) (Cap.499); including Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (TM-EIAO) and Guidelines on Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment;

· Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment;

· Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines (HKPSG);

· Proposed Graded and Graded Historic Buildings Classification; and

· Guidelines for Marine Archaeological Investigation

12.1.2 Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap.53)

12.1.2.1 The Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (the Ordinance) provides the statutory framework to provide for the preservation of objects of historical, archaeological and paleontological interest. The Ordinance contains the statutory procedures for the Declaration of Monuments. The proposed monument can be any place, building, site or structure, which is considered to be of public interest by reason of its historical, archaeological or paleontological significance.

12.1.2.2 Under Section 6 and subject to sub-section (4) of the Ordinance, the following acts are prohibited in relation to certain monuments, except under permit:

· To excavate, carry on building works, plant or fell trees or deposit earth or refuse on or in a proposed monument or monument; and

· To demolish, remove, obstruct, deface or interfere with a proposed monument or monument.

12.1.2.3 The discovery of an Antiquity, as defined in the Ordinance must be reported to the Antiquities Authority (the Authority), or a designated person. The Ordinance also provides that, the ownership of every relic discovered in Hong Kong after the commencement of this Ordinance shall vest in the Government from the moment of discovery. The Authority on behalf of the Government may disclaim ownership of the relic.

12.1.2.4 No archaeological excavation may be carried out by any person, other than the Authority and the designated person, without a licence issued by the Authority. A licence will only be issued if the Authority is satisfied that the applicant has sufficient scientific training or experience to enable him to carry out the excavation and search satisfactorily, is able to conduct, or arrange for, a proper scientific study of any antiquities discovered as a result of the excavation and search and has sufficient staff and financial support.

12.1.2.5 It should also be noted that the discovery of an antiquity under any circumstances must be reported to the Authority, i.e. the Secretary for Development or designated person. The Authority may require that the antiquity or suspected antiquity is identified to the Authority and that any person who has discovered an antiquity or suspected antiquity should take all reasonable measures to protect it.

12.1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (Cap.499)

12.1.3.1 The EIAO was implemented on 1 April 1998. Its purpose is to avoid, minimise and control the adverse impact on the environment of designated projects, through the application of the EIA process and the Environmental Permit (EP) system.

12.1.4 Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process

12.1.4.1 The general criteria and guidelines for evaluating and assessing impacts to Sites of Cultural Heritage are listed in Annexes 10 and 19 of the Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process TM-EIAO. It is stated in Annex 10 that all adverse impacts to Sites of Cultural Heritage should be kept to an absolute minimum and that the general presumption of impact assessment should be in favour of the protection and conservation of all Sites of Cultural Heritage. Annex 19 provides the details of scope and methodology for undertaking Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment, including baseline study, impact assessment and mitigation measures.

12.1.5 Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment

12.1.5.1 The Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment document outlines the specific technical requirement for conducting archaeological and built heritage impact assessments and is based upon the requirements of the TM-EIAO. It includes the parameters and scope for the Baseline Study, specifically desk-based research and field evaluation.

12.1.5.2 The identification of heritage sites is based on known sites included in List of the 1,444 historic buildings with assessment results and the List of new items for grading assessment with assessment results at the website of the Antiquities Advisory Board (http://www.aab.gov.hk) and potential heritage sites which fall under the criteria mentioned under Point 1.1 a. i-vii of the Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment for cultural heritage resources and historic buildings / structures with potential heritage value regardless of age.

12.1.5.3 The document also includes guidelines encompassing reporting requirements and archive preparation and submission in the form of Guidelines for Archaeological Reports and Guidelines for Handling of Archaeological Finds and Archives. The prerequisite conditions for conducting impact assessment and mitigation measures are presented in detail. The guidelines also state that preservation in totality must be taken as the first priority and if this is not feasible due to site constraints or other factors, full justification must be provided.

12.1.5.4 Mitigation measures will be proposed in cases with identified impacts, which shall have the aim of minimising the degree of adverse impact and providing enhancement to a heritage site where applicable, through means such as enhancement of the existing environment or improvement to accessibility of heritage sites. The responsibility for the implementation of any proposed mitigation measures must be clearly stated with details of who, when and where the measures will be implemented.

12.1.6 Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines

12.1.6.1 Chapter 10 of the HKPSG details the planning principles for the conservation of natural landscape and habitats, historic buildings and Sites of Archaeological Interest. The document states that the retention of significant heritage features should be adopted through the creation of conservation zones within which uses should be restricted to ensure the sustainability of the heritage features. The guidelines state that the concept of conservation of heritage features, should not be restricted to individual structures, but should endeavour to embrace the setting of the feature or features in both urban and rural settings.

12.1.6.2 The guidelines also address the issue of the preparation of plans for the conservation of historic buildings, Sites of Archaeological Interest and other antiquities. It is noted that the existing declared monuments and proposed monuments be listed in the explanatory notes of Statutory Town Plans and that it be stated that prior consultation with the AMO is necessary for any redevelopment or rezoning proposals affecting the monuments and their surrounding environments.

12.1.6.3 It is also noted that planning intention for non-statutory town plans at the sub-regional level should be include the protection of monuments, historical buildings, Sites of Archaeological Interest and other antiquities through the identification of such features on sub-regional layout plans. The appendices list the legislation and administrative controls for conservation, other conservation related measures in Hong Kong, and Government departments involved in conservation.

12.1.7 Proposed Graded and Graded Historic Buildings Classification

12.1.7.1 A grading system has been in place as a government administration mechanism for classifying historic buildings based on heritage significance since the 1980’s. There are three grades which are defined as follows;

· Grade 1. Grade-1 buildings are those of outstanding merits, of which every effort should be made for preservation if possible;

· Grade 2. Grade-2 buildings are those of special merits, of which efforts should be made for selective preservation; and

· Grade 3. Grade-3 buildings are those of some merits, of which preservation in some form would be desirable and alternative means could be considered if preservation is not practicable.

12.1.7.2 The system is not established under any legislation and graded buildings are not under any statutory protection unlike declared monuments.

12.1.7.3 As well as the assessment of the initial 1,444 historic buildings there is a mechanism for new heritage buildings, structures and sites to be nominated by the public for assessment (New Items and New Categories for Assessment). The AMO reviews all submissions and if it is determined that they have heritage value, the AAB panel will conduct further assessment for determination of grading.

12.1.8 Guidelines for Marine Archaeological Investigation (MAI)

12.1.8.1 The AMO has issued Guidelines for Marine Archaeological Investigation (MAI) which detail the standard practice, procedures and methodology which must be undertaken in determining the marine archaeological potential, presence of archaeological artefacts and defining suitable mitigation measures, if needed.

12.1.8.2 Moreover, the MAI shall be carried out by a marine archaeologist and if field investigation is required, he/she shall obtain a licence from the Antiquities Authority under the provision of the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap. 53).

12.1.8.3 A copy of the Guidelines for Marine Archaeological Investigation is included in Appendix 12.1.

12.2 Baseline Conditions - Terrestrial Archaeology and Built Heritage

12.2.1 Assessment Area

12.2.1.1 According to Clause 3.4.13.2 of EIA SB (ESB-352/2022), the assessment area for the cultural heritage impact assessment shall be defined by a distance of 300m from the boundary of the Project area (see Figure 12.1).

12.2.2 Geological and Topographical Background

Lam Tei Area (Figures 12.2)

Area A and Fu Tei Ha Site of Archaeological Interest (SAI)

12.2.2.1 The Fu Tei Ha SAI covers a low-lying agricultural area on Pleistocene debris flow and terraced alluvium deposit backed by granite and metasiltstone and phyllite with metasandstone hillock to the south- southeast. The site’s north and northeast sides are bounded by a water channel/nullah connected to the Lam Tei Irrigation Reservoir. The topography rises gently from +7 to +17mPD from the north towards the hillock within the SAI but connects to the lower slopes in the northeast where elevations are around +25mPD.

12.2.2.2 The proposed works however, are located on Pleistocene debris flow deposits to the east and northeast of the SAI at elevation around +20 to +45mPD and backed by granite hill with pockets of metasiltstone and phyllite with metasandstone. The descend of the granite slope is relatively steep in archaeological terms with exception of the base of the hill. The proposed works will directly transverse this area which is untested.

Areas B and C and Area of Qing Dynasty Housing Remains at Fuk Hang Tsuen

12.2.2.3 The area of Qing House remains, within Area C on Figure 12.2, is generally situated on Pleistocene debris flow and terraced alluvium with some Holocene alluvium along the east at elevation around +11mPD. The housing remains have been excavated.

12.2.2.4 Fuk Hang Tsuen and the investigated area in Agreement No. CE 109/98 Deep Bay Link Investigation and Preliminary Design (conducted in 2001) are generally located between +14 and +17mPD and are situated on mainly Pleistocene debris flow and terraced alluvium. The proposed works will directly affect this area.

Area D and Slopes behind Lam Tei Quarry

12.2.2.5 The quarry sits within a main geology of granite. An isolated axe was found in 2000 (HKIA 2002) on the slopes; it is unclear at what height the isolated find was retrieved or how it ended up high on a slope but it would likely have been below +125mPD. There are no proposed works near this finds area.

Nai Wai Kiln SAI

12.2.2.6 The kiln at the front of the village is situated on Pleistocene terraced alluvium at height of +12mPD. There are no proposed works near this SAI.

So Kwun Wat Area (Figures 12.3)

Area E, So Kwun Wat SAI (West part) and So Kwun Wat Perowne Barracks SAI

12.2.2.7 So Kwun Wat Perowne Barracks SAI is situated on granite at elevations between +10 to +21mPD. The proposed works are located at elevations between +20 and +70mPD on the granite slopes to the north and northeast of the SAI. There is a slight overlap of SAI and the alignment. Nevertheless, the slip road in the form of viaduct will run over the edge of So Kwun Wat Perowne Barracks SAI, there will be no ground works within the SAI.

12.2.2.8 Both parts of So Kwun Wat SAI are located within a Holocene alluvial valley bounded by granite hills. Generally, the site is situated on elevations between +8 and +25mPD with a hillock rising at the rear of the valley and within the SAI to +35mPD.

12.2.2.9 The western part of the So Kwun Wat SAI sits around +5 to +10mPD on the edge of the alluvial valley on granite and will not be affected by the proposed works which are located at the other side of Tuen Mun Road at minimum distance of 40m.

Area F and So Kwun Wat SAI (East part)

12.2.2.10 The proposed works are located to the far east of the eastern part of So Kwun Wat SAI. The proposed tunnel exits the granite hill at a level around +50mPD and continues across the rear of the valley on viaducts with impacts at ground elevations around +18 to +25mPD at a distance of no less than 150m; the proposed alignment then continues towards Tai Lam before disappearing into the hill at elevation around +75mPD.

Tai Lam Area (Figure 12.4)

Works Area in Tai Lam and Tai Lam SAI

12.2.2.11 Tai Lam SAI is located on the edge of granite hillslopes on debris flow and alluvial deposits at elevations around 5 to 12mPD. The proposed alignment and associated works areas, however, avoid the Tai Lam SAI (at distance of over 500m) and sit on the granite hill slopes and Holocene alluvial (disturbed) stream areas.

Tsing Lung Tau Area

12.2.2.12 The proposed works consist of the tunnel portal, proposed elevated and at grade roads, proposed ventilation buildings and other project elements and are located on steep slope granite bedrock areas without archaeological potential (Figure 12.4). The proposed and associated works areas at Tsing Lung Tau is located on heavily modified granite slopes above and just below Tuen Mun Road (Figure 12.14) with extensive hill side cutting and terracing.

North Lantau (Figure 12.5)

12.2.2.13 The proposed works are located on mainly granite and coarse ash crystal tuffs on steep slopes rising quickly from sea to +106mPD at the headland and +150mPD further south.

12.2.3 Archaeological Background

Lam Tei Area (Figure 12.6)

Fu Tei Ha SAI and the lower slopes north of the Lam Tei Quarry

12.2.3.1 Fu Tei Ha SAI is located away from the proposed works. In 1998, as part of the Second Territory-wide Archaeological Survey, two test pit excavations and seven auger holes were conducted within farming land in Fu Tei Ha Tsuen (Zhongshan University 1998) (Figure 12.6). Within Test pit T1, which was located near the hillside, five layers were recorded. The second layer (C2) produced a mixture of ancient and recent porcelain sherds, which suggests a disturbed deposit and was interpreted by the authors dated to Ming/Qing period. Very little was found below this layer in T1. In contrast, Test pit T2 revealed relatively rich findings in the third and the fourth layer, i.e. C3 and C4. The finds included Song dynasty porcelain sherds and grey, red and orange tile fragments with cloth imprint. Based on the findings of the two test pits, the site was determined to include two cultural layers dated to Ming/Qing period (T1: C1-C2) and Song dynasty (T2: C3-C4). The authors suggested the centre of the site was around T2 (Zhongshan University 1998).

12.2.3.2 In 2001, an archaeological survey conducted for the Deep Bay Link Project tested an area in and around the north-eastern of the SAI (within and near works area). Eighteen auger tests, five face cuts and a single test pit excavation were investigated (Figure 12.6) but did not yield any significant findings. It was suggested that the north-eastern part of the site had been previously destroyed (HKIA 2002).

12.2.3.3 From January 2012 to May 2013, an archaeological watching brief programme was conducted within the SAI during the works for the replacement and rehabilitation of water mains in Tuen Mun (ERM 2004). Results from two tested locations within the SAI suggested highly disturbed stratigraphy due to modern construction or utility works.

Area of Qing Dynasty Housing Remains and Pleistocene deposits at Fuk Hang Tsuen (Figure 12.6)

12.2.3.4 An initial archaeological investigation carried out for the Deep Bay Link project in 2001-2002 revealed a possible Qing Dynasty residential site covering approximately 80 by 40 metres in an abandoned storage yard at Lam Tei between Fuk Hang Tsuen Road and Tsoi Yuen Tsuen within Area C (Figure 12.2). Multiple layers of Qing dynasty deposits with large quantities of tiles and pottery sherds including Wun Yiu ware dated to Qing dynasty were recorded in the test pit excavations (HKIA 2002). Subsequently, a phased survey-cum-rescue excavation was conducted. The first investigation was restricted to the works areas for the six proposed pile caps. Evidence of Qing dynasty settlement was confirmed at Area B8-3 with the discovery of stone wall foundations, large amount of tiles and blue-and-white sherds.

12.2.3.5 Within the mitigation measures, the initial excavation was extended on three sides to further expose and rescue excavate the identified features. House remains with associated stone wall foundations, hard floor and drainage, as well as a stone pavement were recorded. Most of the finds excavated were daily utensils and personal items dated to Qing dynasty and they tied in with the structural remains identified as a Qing dynasty settlement (HKIA 2003).

12.2.3.6 Further excavations, a part of the Deep Bay Link project’s associated drainage construction and landscaping works, were conducted by AMO in 2005 and 2006. Eighteen test pits were excavated, and structural features and daily wares dated to Qing dynasty were unearthed during the two excavations. The features were found in two layers separated by a tile deposit (collapsed roof tiles). The lowest twenty-five structural features included twenty-one stone-laid wall foundations, a stone air-well (open courtyard), two stone paths and a brick and stone unknown structure (AMO 2006:7-8).

12.2.3.7 Another group of fourteen features were found stratigraphically above the tile deposit. The features included two brick stoves, two stone paths and an open courtyard, a brick drain, a stone wall foundation, a brick wall foundation, a brick platform, and four stone and / or brick unknown features. The small finds included stone objects, pottery wares and blue and white porcelain wares (many from Wun Yiu); they were found from within, below and above the tile deposit.

12.2.3.8 Judging from the blue and white porcelain ware found below the tile deposit, the lowest features were considered to date to after the Mid-Qing period. The finds from above the tile deposit, however, were disturbed and therefore hard to date (AMO 2006:17). The above-mentioned finds area was fully excavated and was generally located to the north of Fuk Hang Tsuen (Figure 12.6).

12.2.3.9 Surface investigation during the Deep Bay Link project within the Fuk Hang Tsuen area identified Qing dynasty and 20th century materials on the surface (Figure 12.6). Auger testing including area within the current works area did not find anything archaeological significant (HKIA 2002: para 9.4.2.52).

12.2.3.10 No further archaeological investigations were conducted within the current Study Area as part of Agreement No. CE 2/2011 (CE) Hung Shui Kiu New Development Area (HSK NDA), Planning and Engineering Study – Investigation (HKIA 2016).

Slopes behind Lam Tei Quarry (Figure 12.6)

12.2.3.11 A large, polished stone axe (isolated find) was discovered from the middle slope of Chung Shan at the back of the Lam Tei Quarry in 2000 during an archaeological investigation carried out for the Deep Bay Link Project (HKIA 2002); exact location is unknown. The presence of the axe on the slopes could not be explained and no other archaeological finds were noted.

Outside the Study Area (330m from the Alignment): Nai Wai Kiln SAI (Figure 12.6)

12.2.3.12 Nai Wai Kiln SAI is associated with a pit and cultural layer which included Ming to Qing dynasties materials, and a burnt soil recorded to the south of the open area of Nai Wai Kiln (ERM 2004).

So Kwun Wat Area (Figure 12.7)

12.2.3.13 The history of archaeology in Tuen Mun district can be traced back to the 1930s but mainly during the last decade of the 20^th century. A series of archaeological field works at the So Kwun Wat Perowne Barracks SAI and So Kwun Wat SAI were conducted which shed light on the rich history within the valley. The Project will encroach within So Kwun Wat Perowne Barracks SAI, but the viaduct will span over this SAI and therefore no ground works is required within this SIA. Thus, direct impact is not anticipated.

So Kwun Wat SAI (Figure 12.7)

12.2.3.14 So Kwun Wat SAI was first discovered by pioneer archaeologists such as C.M. Heanley and Walter Schofield in the late 1920s to 1930s. During the first territory-wide archaeological survey, a site visit determined significant existing impacts to the low hill areas due to terracing and erosion as a result, no archaeological remains and in situ deposits were noticed (Peacock and Nixon 1985-6:98-100). Currently the SAI consists of two areas, namely a small area (hereafter referred as west SAI) previously near the beach before reclamation and a larger area (hereafter referred as east SAI), mostly valley land with partial hill land, to the northeast side of So Kwun Wat Tsuen.

12.2.3.15 In 1997, the AMO conducted an archaeological survey and a rescue excavation prior to housing development (AMO 1997) within the western part of the SAI. Eighteen hand excavated test pits and five machine excavated trenches were largely undertaken in what is now outside the west SAI boundary. Two cultural layers of different periods were identified: a lower layer which produced Late Neolithic coarse pottery sherds with corded impression, basket and geometric patterns in T10L4, T14L4, T15L4 and T16L3, and an upper cultural layer classified to the geometric phase of Late Neolithic in T10L2, T16L2 and T17L2. The layer yielded stone tools including pick, pebble tool and adze, as well as coarse and geometric pottery. The location of the sand bar site was identified at the area around So Kwun Tan Fresh Water Pumping Station.

12.2.3.16 Furthermore, in 1997 and as part of the second territory-wide archaeological survey, the Zhongshan University Team undertook surface scan and four test pit excavations and a programme of twenty auger holes to three locations around and within the east SAI boundary near So Kwun Wat Tsuen (Zhongshan University 1998). In Zhou’s vegetable field west of the current east SAI boundary, Ming blue and white porcelain sherds were collected from the surface. Test pit (T1) excavation results revealed five cultural layers (C1 to C5). Each layer produces Ming/Qing and Ming period finds and two prehistoric sherds. The site was considered a Ming/Qing dynasty settlement with suspected prehistoric activities on nearby slopes.

12.2.3.17 In 1999, AMO commissioned Zhuhai Museum to carry out a large-scale archaeological investigation (AMO 1999a & b) to further investigate these findings. A programme of hundred and thirty auger holes, thirteen test pits and field scan were conducted on the low slopes along the valley and roadsides affected by the proposed road widening works for So Kwun Wat Road. The results included the identification of a Ming/Qing dynasty site to the northeast of Ching Uk Tsuen; Song to Ming/Qing dynasty finds in cultural layer at Lo Tsing Shan (T13), Chou’s vegetable field (T9 – T11), Lee Uk Tsuen (T1-T3), and Tsing Uk Tsuen (T4-T6, K32, K33). Furthermore, a green glazed potsherd dated to Tang period was found mixed in with modern finds in Chou’s vegetable field (T9) and Song dynasty celadon sherds were found at Lo Tsing Shan (T13C2) and Lee Uk Tsuen (T3C4). All above tested locations with finds lie outside of the east SAI boundary and were situated on low slope areas.

12.2.3.18 In 2000, prior to development works of Highways Department and the CLP Group, AMO carried out a rescue excavation along the So Kwun Wat Road to the southeast of the west SAI boundary (AMO 2000). Twenty-one trenches were excavated in three zones. Zone One covered in the north a headland/hill area where seven trenches were excavated. Surface findings included hard pottery sherds with impressed pattern and one stone core, however, trench excavation revealed disturbed and shallow strata due to terracing and only few prehistoric remains were found. Zone Two is located north of So Kwun Wat Road in low-lying area. The three trenches excavated indicated the area was once lagoon behind the sand bar. Finds were mostly Ming/Qing dynasties ceramics and a single sherd of net pattern hard pottery was found. The remaining eleven trenches were located in Zone Three, south of So Kwun Wat Road. Results show that this area was also part of the ancient lagoon. Finds from disturbed lagoon deposits date from Late Bronze Age to Ming/Qing. TM1 produced pure Ming/Qing remains whereas quartz ring roughouts and coarse and hard geometric pottery were unearthed in TL15 and TM15.

12.2.3.19 In July 2001, auger testing was conducted in carpark area south of Lee Uk Tsuen’s ancestral hall prior to construction of a CLP Substation (AMO 2001a). Three auger drills produced five sherds of Ming/Qing dynasties pottery. However, the tested area was considered located within a wider ancient lagoon behind sand bar, and the findings were interpreted as from secondary deposits. Again in 2001, AMO commissioned a rescue archaeological excavation prior to a road improvement work for So Kwun Wat Road (AMO 2001b). Five test pits were undertaken along the road south of the current west SAI boundary. Results showed that the area was disturbed down to 2 meters below the ground. A few finds from disturbed contexts included three coins dated to Han period, hard geometric pottery and prehistoric coarse pottery.

12.2.3.20 In early 2003, AMO commissioned an archaeological investigation along Tuen Mun Road (AAL 2003). Five areas were tested along the road from Chai Wan Kok to Sam Shing Hui. Among them Areas 2 and 3 were located to the south outside of the west SAI boundary. Three test pits and 16 auger holes were applied in total. Test Pit 1 excavated on valley floor produced prehistoric coarse sherds with Tang finds in the lowest context. A Song dynasty period bowl sherd from Fujian and Wun Yiu wares were found in the middle and upper contexts respectively. Auger tests conducted to low lying area and uphill area both yielded no finds, but tests near roadside shows reworking of natural deposits. Also in 2003, an archaeological survey was conducted prior to small house construction works in So Kwun Wat. A total of hundred and twenty-one auger holes and twenty-two test pits were conducted. More than two thirds of the tested locations lie within the east SAI boundary. Neither archaeological features nor rich cultural deposits were identified. The earliest cultural deposits dated to Late Ming and Early Qing were identified in lower contexts of T1, T2, T4, T11, T13, T16, T20 and T21. A stone adze and a small chipped stone tool were found mixed in Qing dynasty context. Other finds include tiles, blue and white porcelain sherds mainly from Wun Yiu, and dark glazed and fine pottery sherds.

12.2.3.21 Prior to the construction of Shun Tak Fraternal Association Ho Yat Tung Primary School (current day campus of S.T.F.A. Lee Kam Primary School and PLK Women's Welfare Club Western District Fung Lee Pui Yiu Primary School), AMO and the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences conducted an excavation at the site during November 2008 to July 2009. A large-scale excavation adopting grid system method was used. The excavated area was divided into three zones, namely Areas I to III. Major findings were excavated in Areas I and II while Area III did not yield meaningful findings.

12.2.3.22 Rich cultural deposits covering four major periods, i.e. Shang-Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Han, and Ming (to Qing) dynasties were discovered. The evidence for Shang-Zhou period, consisted of a large-scale slotted ring production (i.e. semi products, stone cores, debris, wastes, raw quartz, stone hammers, whetstones and working platform made of large rocks) along with two house features (postholes, occupation surface and hearth) as well as six burials (no skeleton remains) accompanied with pottery, jade and stone tools (AMO and IACASS 2012:177).

12.2.3.23 During the Eastern Zhou period the production of slotted rings continued but evidence shows rock crystal is now used as source for the rings. Other finds include stone tools, stone moulds for bronze objects, bronze objects, coarse and fine hard pottery as well as proto-porcelain (ibid:179). Furthermore, a burial (M6) with associated burial goods dated to the Han period was found (ibid:179-181).

12.2.3.24 Finally, the Ming-Qing dynasty cultural deposits included seventy burial some with burial goods including a combination of ceramic jars and bowls at foot position, coins, iron wares and/or paved with lime (ibid:181).

So Kwun Wat Perowne Barracks SAI (Figure 12.7)

12.2.3.25 The SAI was first identified in 1997 during the Second Territory-wide Archaeological Survey when four test pits were conducted in the south-eastern part of the former So Kwun Wat Perowne Barracks. The discovery within several of the test pits of a 6 to 10cm thick layer of iron slags suggested the possibility of iron smelting activity dated to as early as Ming dynasty in the area. Underneath the iron slag deposit a Ming blue-and-white porcelain sherd was found. Other findings included a possible prehistoric stone object from a disturbed layer and various black or grey coloured pottery sherds of unknown date (AMO 1998).

12.2.3.26 Field works conducted as part of archaeological impact assessment for Agreement No. CE 47/2006 (TP) Planning and Engineering Review of Potential Housing Sites in Tuen Mun East Area – Feasibility Study in Site 8 in 2008 (Scott Wilson 2009) covered an area alongside the current Study Area. It posited that the area of archaeological potential is located in the south-eastern portion of the SAI and away from the current Study Area. The results were based on three auger tests and two test pit excavations.

12.2.3.27 A subsequent investigation comprising a field scan, nine auger hole tests and three test pit excavations was undertaken in 2010 in the southern end of the SAI as part of the Tsuen Wan and Tuen Mun Cycle Track project. The investigation recorded an artificial fill deposit which had been deposited as part of site formation works ahead of the construction of the former So Kwun Wat Perowne Barracks in the 1960s, but no archaeological materials (Arup 2011).

Tai Lam Area (Figure 12.8)

Tai Lam SAI

12.2.3.28 Tai Lam SAI was identified during the Second Territory-wide Archaeological Survey in 1997, when a stone flake within modern or contemporary deposit was unearthed from test pit T4. Another grinding stone was excavated from test pit T2, but this too was isolated and not associated with any other artefacts (Second Territory-wide Survey 1998). Since two further archaeological surveys were conducted at the Tai Lam SAI, few artefacts but no archaeological deposits were recorded at Tai Lam (Mouchel Asia Ltd 2000 and AAL 2003). The SAI is located over 500m from the proposed alignment and associated works.

Tsing Lung Tau Area

12.2.3.29 There are no known sites of archaeological interest or potential within or near the proposed works in the Tsing Lung Tau Area.

North Lantau

12.2.3.30 There are no known sites of archaeological interest or potential within or near the proposed works on Lantau.

12.2.4 Historical Background

Lam Tei Area

12.2.4.1 By the end of Yuan or Early Ming, a To (陶) clan originated from Watlam of Guangxi moved into Tuen Mun after first settling in Ngau Tam Mei (Lau and Lau 2012:18; Sima 1990:231) (AAB 2021a). By Qianlong Reign of Qing, the clansmen spread to the five villages in nearby Lam Tei area, including Nai Wai, Tsing Chuen Wai, Tuen Tsz Wai, Lam Tei Tsuen, Tuen Mun San Tsuen (Sima 1990:232; AAB 2021a). The To clan accumulated substantial wealth and social status mainly through salt production and farming and some of their clansmen achieved ranks in the national keju exam (Sima 1990:231-232). The To grew so influential that they sponsored and managed a local temple, Tsing Wan Kwun (later expanded into Tsing Shan Monastery) (Lau 2007:82). The To clan has a common ancestral hall in Tuen Tsz Wai, while Sam Shing Temple in Tuen Tsz Wai also serves as a locale for the To to practice ceremonies and rituals (AAB 2021b). The To annual ancestral worship ceremony during the Spring and Autumn Equinoxes, the oral legends about their founding ancestors and geomancy, and the yearly lantern lighting ceremony are listed as intangible cultural heritage (LCSD 2021).

12.2.4.2 The Lam Tei area suffered from bandits and during the Qianlong Reign of Qing dynasty, nine villages formed a (self-defence) League called Chung Yee Tong, which still remains active today. The member villages included the five Tos’ settlements together with Tsz Tin Wai, Tsz Tin Tsuen, Po Tong Ha, and Siu Hang Tsuen. (Poon 2011:44-5). The Tong was initially responsible for organizing a villager team to patrol agricultural fields during the night. Over the 200 years alliance, member villages changed, such as Nai Wai quit the League in 1933 and San Hing Tsuen and To Yuen Wai later joined (Lau 2003:118). The Tong also holds Ta Chiu once every ten years; the ceremony cleanses the community and enhances the unity of members (Poon 2011:45). Besides, the members will also join Spring Ancestral Worship held by the Tong during the spring equinox every year and this practice has been listed as intangible cultural heritage (LCSD 2021).

12.2.4.3 Two of the To settlement villages Lam Tei Tsuen and Tuen Mun San Tsuen, are within the current Study Area. A brief history of the two villages is presented below.

Lam Tei Tsuen

12.2.4.4 Lam Tei Tsuen is a traditional village established before 1898 (HYK 1988). According to Colonial Government’s information dated 1960 the village was a Hakka village with a major surname of Kwan (Jenner 1960:162). It is, however, considered by local historians a multi-surnamed wall-less Punti village populated by the To and the Kwan clans (Siu et al. 1995: recording 14). The To villagers worship their ancestors with other To clan villages nearby (ibid). The area near the village was once a marketplace for the To clan and villagers from other walled villages nearby (Lau 2003:82).

12.2.4.5 The village consists of three East-West aligned house rows. A village shrine is set at the rear end of the main central axis facing the entrance gate. Tin Hau and other deities are worshipped inside the shrine (Siu et el. 1995: recording 14). The village used to have a crescent-shaped Fung Shui woodland surrounding the sides and the rear as seen on a 1924 aerial photo (NCAP 1924); however, by1948 the wooded area had been largely reduced to only present in the eastern side (NCAP 1948). The village partially falls within the Study Area.

Tuen Mun San Tsuen

12.2.4.6 Tuen Mun San Tsuen, alias Lam Tei San Tsuen and Tai Yuen Wai (Lau 2003:82) is also a To clan Punti village established before 1898 (HYK 1988; Lau 2003:82). The village is consisted of four to five northwest /southeast aligned house rows with an ancestral hall and village shrine situated at the end of the central axis. The main deity housed in the shrine is Yeung Hau (Chow 2021:197). A review of old aerial photos shows that the village used to have Fung Shui woodland/wood fence which almost encircle its surrounding but currently the feature is not prominent if not completely gone (NCAP 1924&1948; Lands Department 2019). The village partially falls within the Study Area.

12.2.4.7 In addition, Lam Tei Irrigation Reservoir (HB-31), is located within the study area (Figure 12.16). The Reservoir has been in use since 28 March 1958 and was designed to provide water to dozens of villages between Yuen Long and Tuen Mun (HKCI 2021:279).

12.2.4.8 Four confirmed No Grading Items (GB-08) are located inside Nam On Buddhist Monastery in Tei Ha Tsuen. They include the Nam On Buddhist Monastery main building, Sin Fat Hang Yuen, Fuk Tak Temple and Shing Wong Temple. The monastery allegedly had a Qing Daoguang origin and was once a matshed in the mid-1940s. In the 1960s, the monastery was expanded. Fuk Tak Temple and Shing Wong Temple were added in 1964. In the 1970s, all four buildings had been renovated. Nam On Buddhist Monastery is one of the few monasteries in Hong Kong which serves Monkey King as the main deity. Besides, Sin Fat Hang Yuen, Fuk Tak Temple and Shing Wong Temple respectively houses Buddha, Earth God, and Shing Wong. The no grading items are marked on Figure 12.16.

So Kwun Wat Area

12.2.4.9 So Kwun Wat consists of large inland valley land surrounded by hills and with a river along the bottom of the valley which flows into Castle Peak Bay. Old So Kwun Wat village (in pre-war period sometimes spelled as So Kun Wat) was the collective name of seven Hakka hamlets located inland (see village history below for further details).

12.2.4.10 The coastal area, also referred as So Kwun Tan, used to be farming lands. Since the 1980s, a large part of the coastal area has been gradually developed into prestige private estates and associated infrastructure (Mok 2020:5). In 1931, Tai Lam Military Camp, later was renamed to Perowne Barracks, was set at the entrance of So Kwun Wat valley near the coast (Mok 2020:72-73). From the 1950s to 1994, the Queen's Gurkha Engineers were stationed in the barracks (Mok 2020:73). Gurkhas, consisted of mostly Nepali soldiers, became a significant component of the British Army in Hong Kong from the 1950s onward. The oldest building in the Barracks is Kesarbahadur Hall, which was built before 1956 (AAB 2021d). There is also a Gurkha Temple within the compound built in the 1960s (Mok 2020:73). Both structures are listed as grade 3 historic buildings.

12.2.4.11 The presence of the barracks at the area provided employment opportunities for local villagers. The Barracks were closed in 1994 ahead of the Handover of Hong Kong to China. During the latter half of the 1990s, the barracks were used by Lingnan College as temporary student dormitory and the Custom and Excise Department as a training ground. Currently the offices of Crossroads Foundation are housed in the barracks.

12.2.4.12 Another grade 2 historic building – Watervale House at former Former Gordon Hard Camp is located within the Study Area. The house was built as a residence around 1933. Since then, it has been successively owned by several private owners until 1959 when the British War Department purchased the house and used it as a British officers’ mess in Gordon Camp (later renamed Gordon Hard Camp).

12.2.4.13 One of the private owners of the house is Feng Rui (1899-1936), who purchased the house in September 1935. Feng Rui became Director of the Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry in 1931. He advocated the application of scientific methods to improve and expand the cultivation and processing of sugar cane. Under his direction, China’s first up-to-date sugar mills were set up in Guangdong, and he is widely regarded as the forerunner of Lingnan’s sugar industry and the father of China’s modern sugar industry for his contributions (AAB 2022d). After 1997, the Camp site was used as the Customs and Excise Training School, the Immigration Service Training School, and the Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marin Park Management Centre (AAB 2022d).

12.2.4.14 The Study Area also covers a portion of hill land in Kau Keng Shan. Lo Tsing Shan at hill foot of was a settlement area formed in the post-war period. The villagers share multiple surnames, including Law, Lau, Pan, Chong, Chu, Chung, Yau and Fan (Mok 2020:27).

12.2.4.15 Apart from settlements, the area once had a stone quarry in Pak Shek Hang (behind So Kwun Wat Ching Uk), producing rock crystals. The Government once granted a mining license for a 5 acres area for five years starting on 1 January 1924 (Mok 2020:24; HKG 1923).

So Kwun Wat Tsuen

12.2.4.16 So Kwun Wat Tsuen, comprised of seven hamlets, is a multi-clan Hakka village with a history of over 300 years. It included from west to east, Ma Shim Pai, Sam Ka Tsuen, Shui Wu Tin, So Kwun Wat Lo Wai, Wo Tong Kong, A Ma Miu, and So Kwun Wat San Tsuen (Mok 2020:9; Jenner 1960:157). As the village’s primary settlers consist of the Lee, the Chan, and the Ching families (Mok 2020:11); the collective village was referred to by the division of families, including So Kwun Wat Lee Uk Tsuen, So Kwun Wat Chan Uk Tsuen and So Kwun Wat Ching Uk Tsuen. So Kwun Wat Ching Uk Tsuen also referred to as So Kwun Wat San Tsuen is located separately from the other two into the valley towards the east (Mok 2020:12). So Kwun Wat Lee Uk Tsuen and Chan Uk Tsuen lie closely together near the foot of the hill; a green-brick wall once and into the 1950s defined their boundary (Mok 2020:13).

12.2.4.17 The collective village of So Kwun Wat was more recently divided into So Kwun Wat Tsuen Areas 1 to 3 and So Kwun Wat San Tsuen.

12.2.4.18 The Chan were the first settlers of the village who arrived some 300 years ago. The ancestors of the Chans had a Jiangxi origin but later moved to Wuhua of Guangdong before settling here (Sima 1990:235). The Chan’s village founder was second generation of the Chan clan– Sheung Wai Kung as his father Wai Poon Kung the first generation of Chan clan went missing and he was brought to the village by his widowed mother surnamed Tang (Sima 1990:235; Mok 2020:14). His mother was later buried in Siu Lam (Mok 2020:14). The Chan family first lived upon fishing near the coast but converted to farming more inland due to piracy hazards (Mok 2020:15). In Jiaqing reign, the Chan built their ancestral hall – Chan Ancestral Hall (Kwai Fuk Tong)– in the village. It was used as a study hall for education of village children. Lantern Lightening Ritual for newborn boys were also held in it. The ancestral hall was graded as No Grading as it experienced rebuilt in 2004 (AAB 2022a). The late prominent Hong Kong politician and rural leader Chan Yat-san, MBE, JP (1919-2007) was a Chan descendant of So Kwun Wat.

12.2.4.19 The Lee are the majority in the village. Their founding ancestors – Ting-yuen and Ting-hon– from Danshui of Huizhou Guangdong arrived in the village during the Jiaqing Reign of Qing (AAB 2022b; Mok 2020:17). They first settled in the area now occupied by the Former Perowne Barracks, lived upon farming. Due to piracy hazards, they also sought better shelters in inland So Kwun Wat area. The founder brothers brought remains of their grandmother and buried in area south of today’s PLK Women's Welfare Club Western District Fung Lee Pui Yiu Primary School where outside the Study Area. Over generations of development, the Lee developed into a major clan in the village. They built two study halls – Jun Ying Study Hall and Hum Ying Study Hall – in the village around 1910s. The study halls provided – first traditional later modern – education for village children into the 1960s (AAB 2022b). They are both listed as grade 3 historic buildings.

12.2.4.20 The Ching originated from Wuhua of Guangdong (Mok 2020:20). The village founder Hoi Shing Kung and family left Xinan village of Baoan in the tenth year of Chongzhen Reign (1637) of Ming dynasty and settled in So Kwun Wat some 300 years ago. They were fishermen and farmers (Mok 2020:20). The Ching built their ancestral hall built in the middle of the front row of village.

12.2.4.21 The village includes a small Tin Hau Temple believed first constructed in the early Qing dynasty. So Kwun Wat, Tsing Lung Tau and other Tuen Mun villages donated towards its construction (Lou 1992: 107). During the Coastal Evacuation Edict, the Tin Hau Temple was used by the Qing soldiers as base camp. It is likely that for this reason, the village was not burnt down. The villagers believed Tin Hau protected their village and therefore rebuilt her temple (Lou 1992: 108) (HB-05).

12.2.4.22 In 2002, the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) initiated a territory-wide Fung Shui Woodland survey in Hong Kong, and results included a Fung Shui Woodland in So Kwun Wat. It measured approximately 3785 m² in size and include about 48 plant species. A review of old aerial photo dated 1949 suggests the Fung Shui Woodland is located on hillslopes behind each settlement clusters (Lands Department 1949a and b).

Siu Lam Area

12.2.4.23 Siu Lam is located between So Kwun Wat and Tai Lam; part of the area falls within the Study Area. The area name Siu Lam is derived from the small stream that flows in the area (Siu means small and Lam means stream or river) (Leung 2002:18). Archaeological findings include historical kilns in Siu Lam area (AMO GIS website). More recently the area is used for recreational purpose (Leung 2002:18).

Siu Lam Tsuen

12.2.4.24 Siu Lam Tsuen was first settled by Lee Kun Zung from So Kwun Wat Tsuen in the 1930s. Lee built his house in the Siu Lam Valley and practiced farming. The village population expanded during the late 1940s to 50s following the influx of immigrants from the mainland and residents from other parts of the New Territories (Leung 2002:18). Most villagers commute to work outside the village, but there is a shrimp source and paste factory inside the village (ibid:18-19).

Tai Lam Area

12.2.4.25 Tai Lam is also called Tai Lam Chung and only Tai Lam Chung falls within the Study Area. The area is located in the south-eastern of So Kwun Wat. Tai Lam’s name is derived from the stream in Tai Lam Valley (Tai means big or large). The area includes three older Hakka settlements, i.e. Tai Lam Chung, Wong Uk and Wu Uk. About a decade ago, the population was a mere 300 in the villages combined (Siu 2008:44). Luen On San Tsuen is a newer village developed from squatters post-1949 (Lau 2003:96; Lands Department 1949; Ordnance survey 1958).

Tai Lam Chung Tsuen

12.2.4.26 Tai Lam Chung Tsuen is a Hakka village settled by a single clan Wu. The Wu originated from Baimanghua of Xinan (today’s Baoan) County in Guangdong. During the Mid-Qing period, the Wu clan left their birthplace due to inter-clan quarrels (Siu 2008:44). They finally settled in Tai Lam Chung in late years of the Qianlong Reign in Qing dynasty after living in Ma On Kong (HKCD 2017). The first settlers of Baimanghua brought along the remains of their mother and reburied her in Tai Lam Chung. The villagers were farmers and fishermen (Siu 2008:45).

12.2.4.27 The village consisted of three rows of houses with a Wu Ancestral Hall, which houses the soul tablets generations of the Wu’s ancestors (Siu 2008:45). On Ding Study Hall in the village houses bore dule-role: it not only houses the soul tablet of the mother of the first settlers but also provided education for the villager children before the establishment of Wong Uk Tsuen Public School (AMO 2022c). The study hall was renovated in 1927, and the building was determined as no grading by the AMO (AMO 2022c). Another ancestral hall /temple in the village called Wu Fat Wong Kung Tsz houses the soul tablets of the Wu’s fifth-generation ancestor Wu Fat Wong and two wives surnamed Wong and Tsoi.

12.2.4.28 Wu Fat Wong, born in 1394 of the Ming Dynasty, was the founder of On School Maoshan Taoism in Wuhua of Guangdong and widely offered services like exorcising evil and curing diseases (HKCD 2017; Siu 2008:45). As Wu Fat Wong Kung was a famous clan ancestor of the Wu, a personal ancestral hall / temple has been dedicated to him and his spouses. Wu Fat Wong Kung was originally worshipped together with the mother of the first settlers inside the old On Ding Study Hall but in 1927 On Ding Study Hall was rebuilt in front row and Wu Fat Wong Kung Tsz was built separately (HKCD 2017). Wu Fat Wong Kung Tsz was renovated in mid-1990s and 2003 (HKCD 2017). Each year during Wu Fat Wong’s birthday in the 24^th day of the eighth lunar mouth, the whole village holds celebration (HKCD 2017). A continuous Fung Shui woodland sits at the rear of the village. The woodland can be seen on a 1949 aerial photo (Lands Department 1949c).

Tsing Lung Tau Area

12.2.4.29 Tsing Lung Tau is located between Tai Lam of Tuen Mun and Sham Tseng of Tsuen Wan. The Study Area covers part of Tsing Lung Tau. Two traditional Hakka villages, Tsing Lung Tau and Yuen Tun Tsuen, fall outside the Study Area.

12.2.4.30 Besides the settlements outside the Study Area, a former stone quarry is located within the Study Area. A 1958 topographical map shows a quarry (Ordnance Survey 1958c) with a building labeled as “Silica Powder Factory”. Silica was an important component in many industries, including the making of glass and enamel wares among others (Chu & Chan 2015:182; KSDN 1952). It is unclear when the quarry was first exploited. A review of old aerial photos suggests that the quarry was in operation before 1950 (Lands Department 1954; NCAP 1949).

North Lantau Area

12.2.4.31 The north of Lantau historically has been underused, no doubt due to the steep slopes and lack of easy coastal landing places. The northern tip of Lantau Island was investigated as part of Northshore Lantau Development Feasibility Study - Environmental Impact Assessment (ERM 2000). No sites of archaeological interest are known on North Lantau other than Fa Peng Teng SAI. Fa Peng Tseng SAI is located at a minimum distance of 900m and will not be affected.

12.2.5 Known and Recorded Built Heritage Sites

12.2.5.1 There are no declared monuments, proposed monuments and Government historic sites identified by the AMO within the Study Area. Five graded and three no grading historic buildings are within the 300m Study Area, details area listed in the Table 12.1 below:

Table 12.1 Known built heritage sites in the 300m Study Area

ID	Name & Address	District	Confirmed Grading
GB-01	Watervale House, Former Gordon Hard Camp, Castle Peak Road - Castle Peak Bay Section, Area 48, Tuen Mun, N.T.	Tuen Mun	grade 2
GB-02	Former Perowne Barracks, Kesarbahadur Hall, No. 2 Castle Peak Road - Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, N.T.	Tuen Mun	grade 3
GB-03	Former Perowne Barracks, Gurkha Temple, No. 2 Castle Peak Road - Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, N.T.	Tuen Mun	grade 3
GB-04	Jun Ying Study Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, Tuen Mun, N.T.	Tuen Mun	grade 3
GB-05	Hum Ying Study Hall, No. 90 So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, Tuen Mun, N.T.	Tuen Mun	grade 3
GB-06	On Ding Study Hall, Tai Lam Chung Tsuen, Tuen Mun, N.T.	Tuen Mun	no grading
GB-07	Chan Ancestral Hall (Kwai Fuk Tong), So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 3, Tuen Mun, N.T.	Tuen Mun	no grading
GB-08	Nam On Buddhist Monastery main building, Sin Fat Hang Yuen, Fuk Tak Temple and Shing Wong Temple of am On Buddhist Monastery in Tei Ha Tsuen, Lam Tei New Territories	Tuen Mun	no grading

12.2.5.2 There were a number of previous built heritage investigations and study which intersect with the Study Area. The previous project results are listed below with a brief summary of the results. The heritage sites within the current Study Area mentioned in previous investigations, were revised in Built Heritage Survey undertaken in December 2022 to appraise the condition of the previously recorded heritage buildings and structures. Some of the buildings and structures were found to have been demolished since.

12.2.5.3 The list of built heritage items, both graded, no grading and potential built heritage items are identified and presented in Table 12.1 and Table 12.2. Descriptions of the identified built heritage sites can be found in Appendix 12.2.

Investigation to Walled Villages in Hong Kong

12.2.5.4 In 1995, a research project to identify and record walled villages in Hong Kong was carried out. Eight old village houses were mentioned but not mapped in Lam Tei Tsuen (Siu et el. 1995: recording 14).

Route 10 North Lantau to Yuen Long Highway Investigation and Preliminary Design EIA

12.2.5.5 In 1999, a Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment conducted for the captioned project listed a number of historic buildings within the current Study Area (Highway Department 1999), including Chan Ancestral Hall at So Kwun Wat Tsuen (GB-06), Tin Hau Temple at So Kwun Wat Tsuen (HB-05), Old Study Hall at So Kwun Wat Tsuen Lee Uk Tsuen (HB-15), Jun Ying Study Hall at So Kwun Wat Tsuen Lee Uk Tsuen (GB-04), Hum Ying Study Hall at So Kwun Wat Tsuen Lee Uk Tsuen (GB-05), Wu Fa-wong Ancestral Hall (same as Wu Fat Wong Kung Tsz) in Tai Lam Chung Tsuen (HB-02), An Ting Study Hall (same as On Ding Study Hall) in Tai Lam Chung Tsuen (GB-07), Indian House at Tai Chuen on Lantau Island. Some of the then recorded resources have since been demolished. Those who remain have the current identification in brackets.

Northshore Lantau Development Feasibility Study

12.2.5.6 In the 2000 EIA Study conducted for the Northshore Lantau Development Feasibility Study, identified the Indian House at Tai Chuen (ERM 2000). The 1920s two-storey building once housed an Indian father and son. The house was abandoned after Japanese Occupation. The house, however, no longer exists as the area was developed into Kap Shui Mun Bridge in the 1990s.

Cycle Track between Tsuen Wan and Tuen Mun (Tuen Mun to So Kwun Wat)

12.2.5.7 In 2017, a built heritage survey was conducted for CEDD for Cycle Track between Tsuen Wan and Tuen Mun (Tuen Mun to So Kwun Wat) EIA. The Study recorded three items in So Kwun Tan area within the current Study Area (CEDD 2022):

· Tin Hau Temple, So Kwun Wat (HB-28)

· Guard House, Former Perowne Barracks, No. 2 Castle Peak Road – Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, New Territories (HB-26)

· School Building, Former Perowne Barracks, No. 2 Castle Peak Road – Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, New Territories (HB-27)

Tuen Mun Sewerage - Eastern Coastal Sewerage Extension

12.2.5.8 In 1999, a built heritage survey was conducted for Tuen Mun Sewerage - Eastern Coastal Sewerage Extension as part of Heritage Impact Assessment of the EIA. The study covered both So Kwun Wat and Tai Lam. It recorded thirty-five items of historic value in So Kwun Wat Tsuen (DSD 2000: figures 9.4 to 9.6), of which some were later graded by the AMO, and fifteen items in Tai Lam Chung Tsuen (CEDD 2000: figure 9.7).

12.2.5.9 The built heritage survey undertaken during December 2022 recorded the five graded and three no grading buildings and an additional thirty-four other built heritage items. Table 12.2 summarizes the recorded graded buildings and other built heritage items and refers to Appendix 12.2 where full details of buildings and structures can be found.

Table 12.2 Recorded graded buildings and other built heritage items

ID	Grading	Name and address	Figures
GB-01	2	Watervale House, Former Gordon Hard Camp, Castle Peak Road - Castle Peak Bay Section, Area 48, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.9
GB-02	3	Former Perowne Barracks, Kesarbahadur Hall, No. 2 Castle Peak Road - Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.9
GB-03	3	Former Perowne Barracks, Gurkha Temple, No. 2 Castle Peak Road - Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.9
GB-04	3	Jun Ying Study Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.10
GB-05	3	Hum Ying Study Hall, No. 90 So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.10
GB-06	no grading	Chan Ancestral Hall (Kwai Fuk Tong), So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 3, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.10
GB-07	no grading	On Ding Study Hall, Tai Lam Chung Tsuen, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.11
GB-08	No grading	Nam On Buddhist Monastery main building, Sin Fat Hang Yuen, Fuk Tak Temple and Shing Wong Temple of am On Buddhist Monastery in Tei Ha Tsuen, Lam Tei New Territories	12.16
HB-01	N/A	Post WWII Village House in Tsing Lung Tau New Village, New Territories	12.12
HB-02	N/A	Wu Fat Wong Kung Tsz, Tai Lam Chung Tsuen, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.11
HB-03	N/A	Wu Ancestral Hall, Tai Lam Chung Tsuen, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.11
HB-04	N/A	Village Shrine, Tai Lam Chung Tsuen, New Territories	12.11
HB-05	N/A	Tin Hau Temple, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 3, New Territories	12.10
HB-06	N/A	1960s Village Houses, Nos. 7 – 9, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 3, New Territories	12.10
HB-07	N/A	1960s Village House, No. 10, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 3, New Territories	12.10
HB-08	N/A	Village Shrine, So Kwun Wat San Tsuen, New Territories	12.10
HB-09	N/A	Ching Ancestral Hall, So Kwun Wat San Tsuen, New Territories	12.10
HB-10	N/A	Village Shrine, So Kwun Wat San Tsuen, New Territories	12.10
HB-11	N/A	A Row of late Qing dynasty Village Houses, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories	12.10
HB-12	N/A	Village Houses, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories. First half of 20^th c.	12.10
HB-13	N/A	Village Shrine, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories	12.10
HB-14	N/A	Chan Ancestral Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories	12.10
HB-15	N/A	Old Study Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories	12.10
HB-16	N/A	Village House, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories. Likely early 20^th c.	12.10
HB-17	N/A	Entrance Gate, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories	12.10
HB-18	N/A	Village House, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories. First half of 20^th c.	12.10
HB-19	N/A	Entrance Gate, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories	12.10
HB-20	N/A	Lee Ancestral Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories	12.10
HB-21	N/A	Lee Ancestral Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories	12.10
HB-22	N/A	Modified late Qing dynasty Village House, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories	12.10
HB-23	N/A	Modified late Qing dynasty Village House, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories	12.10
HB-24	N/A	Building attached to Hum Ying Study Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.10
HB-25	N/A	Village Shrine, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.10
HB-26	N/A	Guard House, Former Perowne Barracks, Castle Peak Road – Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.9
HB-27	N/A	School building of Former Perowne Barracks, Castle Peak Road – Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, New Territories	12.9
HB-28	N/A	Tin Hau Temple, So Kwun Wat, New Territories	12.9
HB-29	N/A	Village Shrine, Lam Tei, New Territories	12.13
HB-30	N/A	To Ancestral Hall, Tuen Mun San Tsuen, New Territories	12.13
HB-31	N/A	Lam Tei Irrigation Reservoir, Lam Tei, New Territories	12.16
CL-01	N/A	Fung Shui Woodland at Tai Lam Chung Tsuen, New Territories	12.11
CL-02	N/A	Fung Shui Woodland at So Kwun Wat, New Territories	12.10
IL-01	N/A	Former Stone Quarry Site, Castle Peak Road - Tsing Lung Tau, New Territories	12.14

12.2.5.10 There are no built heritage sites or archaeological potential areas at the proposed magazine site at the Tuen Mun Pillar Point area which is located at a reclaimed rocky shore.

12.3 Baseline Conditions - Marine Archaeology

12.3.1 Marine Archaeological Resources

12.3.1.1 The only contemporary source of information about the seabed is the Marine Department Electronic Navigation Chart. It shows a total of 58 shipwrecks have been charted in Hong Kong, most of which are located in the south-eastern coastal waters. The locations of the identified shipwrecks are shown in Appendix 12.3.

12.3.1.2 It can be seen from the chart that there are no shipwrecks identified in the Study Area. However, the chart only shows shipwrecks which may be a potential hazard to navigation. Once wrecks have broken up, they are removed from the chart but could remain buried in the mud. It is therefore very unlikely that a historic shipwreck would be shown on this chart, and it cannot be used as a reliable reference for the potential for underwater cultural heritage. It is therefore necessary to establish the maritime history of the Study Area.

12.3.2 Previous Marine Archaeological Investigation (MAI)

12.3.2.1 A MAI was conducted under “Route 10 – North Lantau to Tsing Lung Tau Section” project. The marine diver survey was conducted in 2000 within the respective study area which was near to the reclamation area in Tsing Lung Tau (Appendix 12.4). The study area at that time mostly covered the proposed reclamation area under the Project, and partially overlapped with the Study Area of the Project. The results indicated that all the dive targets in this area (i.e. Target 101 to Target 114) were not marine archaeological resources (e.g. metal box, metal bar, concrete block, rocks, etc.).

12.3.3 Historic Maps of the Study Area

12.3.3.1 The Study Area is shown on a late 16^th century coastal map of Kwang Tung by Kwok Fei and shown in Appendix 12.5 (Empson, 1992). Although it is drawn in panoramic style looking from land to sea, many of the names are still in use today. There are numerous ships on the sea which could be either junks or Portuguese carracks. The Study Area is also shown on a map by Chan Lun Kwing in his book Hoi Kwok Man Kin Luk (A record of the Countries of the Sea) printed in Ngai Hoi Chu Chan, 1744. This map is presented as Appendix 12.6 (Empson, 1992). These maps are particularly important as they indicate that the area was established as a known coastal settlement from the 16^th century. Perhaps the most interesting historic chart for the Study Area is that of William Parish surveyed in February 1794 in HMS Jackall as part of an investigation of Ma Wan (J. L. Cranmer-Byng and A. Shepherd 1964). The survey vessel surveyed and anchored close to the shore and within the current Study Area as shown in Appendix 12.7. The first map which clearly depicts Hong Kong harbour in detail is an 1810 marine chart (Appendix 12.8). This chart was prepared for the East India Company by Daniel Ross and Philip Maughan, Lieutenants of the Bombay Marine (Empson 1992). This chart is particularly relevant as it indicates a known Ladrone (pirate) lair in the nearby vicinity of northern Tsing Yi.

12.3.4 Archive Search

12.3.4.1 The UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO) holds a database of surveyed shipwrecks in Hong Kong, including those not shown on Admiralty Charts. The database contains no record of shipwrecks close to the Study Area. However, the Hydrographic Office only charts wrecks which are a potential hazard to navigation. It is therefore possible that there are other wrecks within the Study Area which are partially or totally buried and thus not recorded. The Hydrographic Office also holds unpublished historical charts of the Hong Kong SAR’s waters. A British Admiralty Chart from 1853 is presented as Appendix 12.9 and Appendix 12.10 is a British Admiralty Chart from 1899.

12.3.5 Baseline Review Marine Archaeology

Historical Background of the Study Area

12.3.5.1 The deep water passage dividing north Lantau from the southern coast of what is now the New Territories provides a sheltered approach to the Pearl River Delta and Guangzhou from the east and has been a strategically important shipping route since the Tang dynasty (618 to 907 AD). It is not clear when Tuen Mun first emerged as an important maritime hub but it seems to have become very active during the Tang dynasty (618-907) when the junk trade of the Maritime Silk Road was at its height.

12.3.5.2 The area between the Ma Wan channel to the east and the former garrison town of Tuen Mun to the west, remains one of the busiest waterways in Hong Kong. A garrison and guard station was established at Tuen Mun and a fort was constructed in 950 AD, only 7km west of the Study Area.

12.3.5.3 Tai Yu Shan (Tai Hai Shan or Lantau Island) was inhabited by settlers from the pre-historic period. The name Tai Hai Shan first appeared in the Sung dynasty (960-1279) book Yu Ti Ji Shing. Archaeological finds at Man Mok Tsui and Shek Pik give significance to primitive native dwellings on the island (Siu, 1989).

12.3.5.4 Large scale and extensive excavations started in 1990 at Chek Lap Kok, 12 km west of the Study Area, prior to the construction of a new airport, brought to light a large quantity of artefacts which cover a long historic period spanning from the Neolithic period to the Qing dynasty (Meacham 1994).

12.3.5.5 A major archaeological excavation at Tung Wan Tsai North in Ma Wan, less than 2km from the Study Area, was carried out between June and November 1997, and 20 burials were discovered together with the remains of habitation at the site. The findings included rich cultural relics from the Pearl River Delta dated from the Middle and Late Neolithic to the early Bronze Age. The site was announced as one of the Ten Most Significant New Archaeological Discoveries in China by the China Cultural Relics News Office (www.amo.gov.hk).

12.3.5.6 Archaeological evidence clearly indicates the coastal area from Ma Wan to Tuen Mun has been an area of significant coastal habitation and maritime activity since Neolithic times.

12.3.5.7 During the Sung dynasty (960-1279) Tai Yu Shan (Lantau Island) was famous for salt panning and salt smuggling (Siu 1989). The earliest records indicate that salt-working in Hong Kong probably began in the third century BC. Due to the high revenues that could be collected through taxation, the salt industry was controlled as an Imperial Monopoly. As a result, the early contacts between the Hong Kong area and the Chinese State were also, to a large extent, due to the workings of the salt-industry. One of the earliest salt fields in the area were probably in the Tuen Mun area (CEDD 2000). In 1197, salt smugglers were arrested in Tai Yu Shan (Lantau Island) by Sung authorities, provoking a local revolt which was suppressed by troops who razed homes to the ground (Siu 1989).

12.3.5.8 Political dissent, crime and rebellion were also closely associated with this historically significant coastal region of north Lantau. When the Mongol empire was established with the Yuan dynasty, founded in 1280, opposition and revolt continued in Tai Yu Shan (Lantau Island) until 1368 and the advent of the Ming dynasty.

12.3.5.9 During the later Ming period, (1500-1644) the maritime districts along the coasts of Kiangsu, Chekiang, Fukien and Kwantung were frequently attacked by Japanese pirates. Wars of extermination were vigorously waged against them and Yü Ta-yu and Ch’i Chi-kuang, two Ming commanders, after twenty years succeeded in breaking down their power. Yet such were the inroads made by the pirates that the maritime districts never recovered their former wealth and busy sea traffic (Lo, 1963).

12.3.5.10 Wang Ch’ung-his, who edited the Hsin-an Hsien-chih wrote an account of the geography of the coastal region stretching from present day Nan-t’ou to Tuen Mun and the important events that had taken place there since the Ming Dynasty. The book describes how the coast was the constant prey of Japanese pirates and outlaws (Lo, 1963).

12.3.5.11 During the turbulent transition from the Ming to Qing dynasty (1644-1662), this coastal area remained an area of lingering Ming loyalty. The breakdown in coastal law and order was such that in 1662 (Hayes, 1983) the Qing Government introduced the coastal evacuation or ‘scorched earth’ policy which was disastrous for the coastal areas of southern China. Ostensibly, it was imposed as a drastic countermeasure against piracy. The measure was in fact designed to oppress Ming loyalty and to sever the trading connections of the huge maritime black economy run mostly by the Ming pirate, Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) and his associates, until his unexpected death in 1668 (Antony, 2022).

12.3.5.12 The entire coastal population was evacuated behind a line of walls and watch towers 50 li (25km) from the coast. Those who did not comply were executed and villages were destroyed. The devastation lasted until 1669 but created a longer lasting legacy. Maritime trade and shipbuilding migrated to Vietnam, Thailand and other parts of East Asia while formerly legitimate maritime activities became re-designated as illegal piracy.

12.3.5.13 Western trading vessels frequented the Pearl River delta from the 16^th century seeking to secure preferential trading arrangements with merchants in Guangzhou. The Chinese Navy defeated a Portuguese fleet near Tuen Mun in 1522. As early as 1591 (Ming Dynasty), patrol boats frequented the waterways north of Lantau and half a century later, the Qing government erected a military post and customs house on Ma Wan Island with ten guards indicating its importance as a shipping route. During the late Qing period the area was largely controlled and policed by the mass pirate fleets led by Cheung Po Tsai (Zhang Bou). Cheung operated extensive extortion, kidnapping and illicit trading activities in the region on the periphery of the Pearl River Delta. He is thought to have financed the building of the Tin Hau temple on Ma Wan.

12.3.5.14 In the late 18^th century, British authorities carefully considered the Ma Wan area, adjacent to the Study Area, as their permanent Chinese trading base. Earl Macartney, who led the futile British trade mission to Beijing in the summer of 1793 noted in his journal dated 2-7 Jan 1794 the merits of overthrowing Macau but reflects : “Or with as little trouble and much more advantage we might make a settlement in Lantau or Cow-hee (Ma Wan) and then Macau would of itself crumble to nothing within a short time”. (J. L. Cranmer-Byng, A. Shepherd 1964).

12.3.5.15 During the Anglo-Chinese hostilities in 1840, Kap Shui Mun was used extensively by British merchant and naval vessels, as they were no longer welcome in the vicinity of Macao. On 24th of March 1840 H.M.S. Druid arrived at Toon Kwu, and six weeks later her commander Lord John Churchill died and was buried in Macao. With the change of the monsoon, the merchant fleet arrived at Kap Shui Mun, where in June 1840 it successfully survived an attack by ten fire-rafts. In the words of an eye-witness, Captain Bingham: “the boats of the men-of-war quickly hooking onto these formidable looking fire-ships towed them ashore on The Brothers”. (Sayer, 1991)

Archaeological potential within the designated Study Area

12.3.5.16 The designated Study Area is located within one of the most archeologically significant coastal zones in Hong Kong and spans a strategically important waterway. From the Tang dynasty, sailing junks conveying salt along the maritime silk road, Chinese naval vessels, Portuguese and British sailing vessels, fishing junks and pirate vessels would all have made this passage. It also offered a safe anchorage from north-easterly monsoon winds and to a lesser extent typhoons.

12.3.5.17 Kap Shui Mun Passage literally means ‘rapid water gate’, separating Ma Wan and Lantau Islands and is directly opposite to Sham Tseng. The name of the small strait is sometimes romanised as Cumsingmoon, Cap Sing Mun or Capssuimoon. It became the principal exit and entry point for Victoria Harbour for ships bound for Guanghzhou and other ports in the Pearl River Delta.

12.3.5.18 Its archaeological potential was increased by the influence of the British trading vessels operated by the British East India Company who favored Urmston Roads as an anchorage and their preferred sailing route to Guangzhou from the 18^th century onwards. The stretch of sea between Kap Shui Mun Passage, between the island of Ma Wan, Lantau and Lung Kwu Chau was a particularly popular anchorage. The British East India Company issued very detailed sailing directions for the Pearl River area including the Study Area: (Horsburg, 1852).

12.3.5.19 “The Cap-sing moon Passage is formed between the North Point of Lantoa and the main, and is separated into two branches by Mah-wan Island. That branch on the West side of Mah Wan Isle, being extremely narrow and very dangerous, ought never to be used by ships of any class: more particularly as the passage northward of that isle is wider, with good anchorage, a regular tide, and the advantage in the northeast monsoon of being to windward. Coming through Cap-sing-moon anchorage, keep close to the mainland to avoid the reef off the N.E. part of Mah-wan, then keep close to the western side and South end of it” (Cranmner-Byng. J.L. & Shepherd, 1964).

12.3.5.20 The towns of Ka Loon Tsuen and Tsing Lung Tau were once busy fishing villages. Tsing Lung Tau is located on the southwest coast of the New Territories in Hong Kong, between Sham Tseng and Tai Lam; west from Tsuen Wan and east of Tuen Mun. Tsing Lung Tau is west of the adjoining area of Sham Tseng, which is slightly larger. The coast of Tsing Lung Tau once was a stretch of long beaches with one named Dragon Beach (青龍灣) and some small farmlands, however, it was reclaimed by the HKSAR Government for the widening of the Castle Peak Road in 2006.

12.3.5.21 A Tin Hau Temple, at Tsing Lung Tau is located at Nos. 56-58 Castle Peak Road, was built before 1889. The bronze bell inside the temple dates back to 1743.

12.3.5.22 In February 1794, a Lieutenant Henry William Parish was dispatched from Macao in a small ten gun sailing brig called HMS Jackall, to explore the island of Ma Wan which the British called Cow-hee and report on its potential as a base for British ships trading with Guangzhou. During his survey he noted in his journal that the villages located along the coastal area of what is now the towns of Ka Loon Tsuen and Tsing Lung Tau looked as though the houses had been recently burned and the inhabitants climbed a high conical hill to seek refuge as the British vessel approached. This is almost certainly evidence of pirate raids in the Study Area. These were prolific at the time and a major disruptor to maritime trade in the Pearl River Delta. The bell in the Tin Hau temple in Ka Loon Tsuen is dated 1743 and further suggests the presence of pirates as there were few other sources of revenue sufficient to finance such temples prior during this period.

12.3.5.23 This was hardly surprising because this was pirate country. The Tin Hau temple at Ma Wan is thought to have been sponsored by the notorious pirate commander Cheung Po Tsai. In the 1790s he was approaching the height of his power operating a pirate fleet of some four thousand vessels along with his wife and adopted mother, Ching Yi Sao. If the men Parish encountered were not pirates, they were almost certainly collaborators or sympathizers and would have been more than startled to see a British army officer and naval shore party marching upon the beach towards them.

12.3.5.24 Cheung Po Tsai chose Ma Wan Island and the Kap Shui Mun area as one of his many favoured pirate lairs for the same reason the British wanted it as a trading base. It was located on the sheltered junction of the Ma Wan Channel where all ships heading for Guangzhou or Macao from the east had to pass.

12.4 Assessment Methodology

12.4.1 Cultural Heritage

12.4.1.1 The methodology for undertaking Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (CHIA) which includes terrestrial archaeology and built heritage in accordance with the EIAO, technical memorandum annex 10 and 19 and requirements given in Clause 3.4.13 and Appendix K of the EIA Study Brief (ESB-352/2022) includes baseline study, archaeological and/or built heritage survey field works, if necessary, followed by assessment and mitigation recommendations. Description of the steps are described in the sub-sections below.

12.4.1.2 The CHIA baseline study aims at revealing the general cultural heritage profile of the Study Area to facilitate the subsequent impact assessment. The Study Area shall cover an assessment area of 300 meters measured from the nearest point of the project boundary (inclusive of works areas).

Baseline Study

12.4.1.3 Desk-top research is conducted to analyse, collect and collate the best available information. It included (if applicable) but was not limited to:

a. List of declared and proposed monuments protected by the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Chapter 53).

b. Graded and proposed grading historic buildings/structures/ sites.

c. Government historic sites identified by AMO.

d. Lists and archives kept in the Reference Library of AMO including sites of archaeological interest, declared monuments, proposed monuments and recorded historic building/ structures / sites identified by the AMO.

e. Publications on local historical, architectural, anthropological, archaeological and other cultural studies, such as, Journals of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hong Kong Branch), Journals of the Hong Kong Archaeological society, AMO Monograph Series and so forth.

f. Other unpublished papers, records, archival and historical documents through public libraries, archives, and the tertiary institutions, such as the Hong Kong Collection and libraries of the Department of Architecture of the University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Public Records Office, photographic library of the Information Services Department and so forth.

g. Any other unpublished archaeological investigation and excavation reports kept by the AMO.

h. Relevant information from AMO’s website.

i. Historical documents in the Public Records Office, the Land Registry, District Lands Office, District Office and the Hong Kong Museum of History and so forth.

j. Cartographic and pictorial documents. Old and recent maps and aerial photos searched in the Maps and Aerial Photo Library of the Lands Department.

k. Existing geological and topographic information (for archaeological desk-top research).

l. Discussion with local informants.

12.4.1.4 The potential value of the project area with regard the cultural heritage can be established easily where the area is well-documented. Built heritage survey was conducted for the current CHIA to supplement information in areas with unknown built heritage and to confirm information in previous built heritage impact assessment studies. No archaeological field works could be conducted during the course of the EIA due to access issues. The archaeological field works will be conducted as a requirement under the EIA, prior to the construction phase and when access is available.

12.4.1.5 The built heritage survey included identification of heritage sites within the Study Area (Works area and additional 300m from its boundary). The heritage sites cover known sites of built heritage such as graded historic buildings, no grading buildings and structures which are not deemed of significance by AAB but may have local heritage interest and other built heritage buildings structures and items such as Fung Shui Woodlands and industrial landscapes.

Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures

12.4.1.6 The prediction and evaluation of both direct and indirect impacts is undertaken to identify any potential adverse effects to all identified heritage sites within the project EIA Study Area. The provided description of the works and all available plans (with their relationship to the identified resources clearly shown) are included, to illustrate the nature and degree of potential impacts. The impact assessment adheres to the requirements of Annexes 10 and 19 of the TM-EIAO.

12.4.1.7 The evaluation of heritage impact assessment may be classified into five levels of significance based on type and extent of the effects concluded in the CHIA study:

a. Beneficial impact: the impact is beneficial if the project will enhance the preservation of the heritage site(s) such as improving the flooding problem of the historic building after the sewerage project of the area;

b. Acceptable impact: if the assessment indicates that there will be no significant effects on the heritage site(s);

c. Acceptable impact with mitigation measures: if there will be some adverse effects, but these can be eliminated, reduced or offset to a large extent by specific measures, such as conduct a follow-up Conservation Proposal or Conservation Management Plan for the affected heritage site(s) before commencement of work in order to avoid any inappropriate and unnecessary interventions to the building;

d. Unacceptable impact: if the adverse effects are considered to be too excessive and are unable to mitigate practically;

e. Undetermined impact: if the significant adverse effects are likely, but the extent to which they may occur or may be mitigated cannot be determined from the study. Further detailed study will be required for the specific effects in question.

12.4.1.8 As stated in the Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment “Preservation in totality must be taken as the first priority”. If such preservation is not practicable, as in the case where the need for a particular development can be shown to have benefits that outweigh the significance of the heritage sites, a programme of mitigation measures must be designed and submitted to the AMO for approval. The mitigation measures must be clearly listed and the party responsible for implementation and timing of the measures must also be included.

12.4.2 Marine Archaeology

Desktop Review Methodology

12.4.2.1 The Baseline Review established the historical profile and potential for underwater cultural heritage sites and included:

· Publications on local historical, architectural, anthropological, archaeological, and other cultural studies; and

· Unpublished papers, records, archival and historical documents held in local libraries and other government departments

12.4.2.2 It is not appropriate to provide an exhaustive history of the location but sufficient contextual information was compiled to establish the probability of underwater cultural heritage being present within the Study Area.

Geophysical Survey Methodology

12.4.2.3 As discussed in Section 12.3.2, the previous MAI study in the vicinity of the Project has been reviewed. Based on the results of geophysical surveys conducted, there are no anomalies identified within the reclamation boundary. However, the study area of the previous MAI did not cover the entire 300m assessment area of the Project. Therefore, further MAI is required for the Project.

12.4.2.4 Hence, geophysical surveys, including multibeam echo sounding (MBES), side scan sonar (SSS), sub-bottom profiling (SBP) and marine magnetometer (MAG), were conducted for the 300m assessment area from the boundary of the Project area in December 2022. The post-processed data was examined in detail by the marine archaeologist and used to establish the marine archaeological potential. After reviewing the geophysical survey results, the marine archaeologist recommended ground-truthing (see Section 12.6.3).

12.5 Overview of Construction Works

12.5.1.1 As discussed in Section 2, the construction works for the Project are split into three locational areas:

· North section consisting of Lam Tei Quarry Interchange, Lam Tei Tunnel and administration area at Lam Tei;

· Central section consisting of So Kwun Wat Link Road and associated connection roads, So Kwun Wat Interchange, So Kwun Wat – Siu Lam Open Road Section, reprovision of affected access roads; and

· South section consisting of Tai Lam Chung Tunnel (North Section), Tai Lam Chung River Viaduct, Tai Lam Chung Tunnel (South Section), Tsing Lung Tau Interchange, realignment of Tuen Mun Road, reprovision of affected access road, Tsing Lung Bridge, reclamation work for Tsing Lung Bridge north tower, North Lantau Interchange, and administration area at North Lantau.

12.5.1.2 For all 3 locational areas, there will be ancillary works including site formation, slope, ventilation building, and landscaping and streetscaping work, etc.

12.5.1.3 In the North Section, the proposed Lam Tei Quarry Interchange consists of slip roads and approached roads connecting the proposed Lam Tei Tunnel and existing Kong Sham Western Highway and Yuen Long Highway. The alignments of the slip road have been designed to avoid the Fu Tei Ha SAI and Nai Wai Kiln SAI (Figure 12.2).

12.5.1.4 In Central Section, a portion of the slip road from So Kwun Wat Link Road to Tuen Mun Road westbound will overpass So Kwun Wat Perowne Barracks SAI in the form of a viaduct and the alignment avoids So Kwun Wat (west part) SAI and graded buildings Gurkha Temple and Kesarbahadur Hall at the south of Tuen Mun Road. No ground work is expected within the SAIs.

12.5.1.5 The proposed connection roads between Lam Tei Tunnel and Tai Lam Chung Tunnel in the Central Section would avoid So Kwun Wat (east part) SAI.

12.5.1.6 In the South Section, no SAI is identified near the proposed alignment of the Project or the associated works area. Regarding the site formation work at Ng Kwu Leng, construction of slip roads connecting to North Lantau Highway and the proposed works areas, no archaeological potential was identified as part of the Northshore Lantau Development Feasibility Study - Environmental Impact Assessment (ERM 2000).

12.5.1.7 One of the magazines for explosive is proposed near Pillar Point, Tuen Mun, no archaeological or built heritage sites are known. No mitigation will be necessary.

12.6 Construction Phase Impact Assessment

12.6.1 Terrestrial Archaeology

12.6.1.1 No SAI will be affected by the proposed works, however, an area of some archaeological potential was identified at Lam Tei within the works area. The proposed works include site formation and construction of elevated and at-grade road alignment which have the potential to adversely affect potential archaeological deposits and features. The east of Area A at the lower slopes to the north of Lam Tei Quarry has geological and topographical similarities with previous tested area immediately to the west and archaeological potential for Song and Ming/Qing dynasty occupation of the area are established (Fu Tei Ha SAI). Due to accessibility issue, the archaeological potential of these lower slopes east of Area A below the Lam Tei Quarry as marked on Figure 12.15 could not be tested at this stage. An archaeological field survey will be undertaken east of Area A at the lower slopes to the north of Lam Tei Quarry when access is available, and before the site formation and construction phase.

12.6.2 Built Heritage

12.6.2.1 Five graded historic building, three no grading and thirty-four other built heritage items were initially identified during evaluation of alignment options and some are within the 300m Study Area. The assessment reviews the potential for works and associated works as described in Section 12.4 to affect identified built heritage sites. Table 12.3 below provides a summary of the review and assessment. The works boundary is located within 300m of the built heritage, but the table provides distance to the closest works or associated works.

Table 12.3 Built heritage assessment

ID	Name and address Grading	Proposed works	Distance to works in metres	Assessment of potential impact during construction phase
GB-01	Watervale House, Former Gordon Hard Camp, Castle Peak Road - Castle Peak Bay Section, Area 48, Tuen Mun, New Territories grade 2 Figure 12.9	Road works on existing Castle Peak Road	>90m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
GB-02	Former Perowne Barracks, Kesarbahadur Hall, No. 2 Castle Peak Road - Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, New Territories grade 3 Figure 12.9	Earthworks and at-grade road works	>165m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
GB-03	Former Perowne Barracks, Gurkha Temple, No. 2 Castle Peak Road - Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, New Territories grade 3 Figure 12.9	Earthwork associated with road works	11m	The earthworks which will involve heavy machinery will be carried out in close proximity to the graded historic building (i.e. GB-03). No direct impact would be anticipated. Indirect impacts of ground-borne vibration, settlement and tilting would be anticipated during the construction phase. Adverse impacts are unlikely if mitigation measures are implemented. Acceptable impact with mitigation.
GB-04	Jun Ying Study Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, Tuen Mun, New Territories grade 3 Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works and earthworks	>520m	Outside the Study Area
GB-05	Hum Ying Study Hall, No. 90 So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, Tuen Mun, New Territories grade 3 Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works and earthworks	>680m	Outside the Study Area
GB-06	Chan Ancestral Hall (Kwai Fuk Tong), So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 3, Tuen Mun, New Territories no grading Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works and earthworks	>440m	Outside the Study Area
GB-07	On Ding Study Hall, Tai Lam Chung Tsuen, Tuen Mun, New Territories no grading Figure 12.11	Elevated and at-grade road works and earthworks	>164m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
GB-08	Nam On Buddhist Monastery main building, Sin Fat Hang Yuen, Fuk Tak Temple and Shing Wong Temple of am On Buddhist Monastery in Tei Ha Tsuen no grading Figure 12.16	Access roads	>125m	No impacts expected due to low heritage significance and sufficient distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-01	Post-WWII Village House in Tsing Lung Tau New Village, New Territories Figure 12.12	Earthworks associated with road works	>322m	Outside the Study Area
HB-02	Wu Fat Wong Kung Tsz, Tai Lam Chung Tsuen, Tuen Mun, New Territories Figure 12.11	Elevated and at-grade road works and earthworks	>157m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-03	Wu Ancestral Hall, Tai Lam Chung Tsuen, Tuen Mun, New Territories Figure 12.11	Elevated and at-grade road works and earthworks	>134m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-04	Village Shrine, Tai Lam Chung Tsuen, New Territories Figure 12.11	Elevated and at-grade road works and earthworks	>95m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-05	Tin Hau Temple, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 3, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>450m	Outside the Study Area
HB-06	1960s Village Houses, Nos. 7 – 9, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 3, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>115m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-07	1960s Village House, No. 10, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 3, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>110m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-08	Village Shrine, So Kwun Wat San Tsuen, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>230m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-09	Ching Ancestral Hall, So Kwun Wat San Tsuen, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>170m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-10	Village Shrine, So Kwun Wat San Tsuen, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>115m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-11	A Row of late Qing dynasty Village Houses, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>470m	Outside the Study Area
HB-12	Village Houses, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories. First half of 20^th c. Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>545m	Outside the Study Area
HB-13	Village Shrine, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>570m	Outside the Study Area
HB-14	Chan Ancestral Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>580m	Outside the Study Area
HB-15	Old Study Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>580m	Outside the Study Area
HB-16	Village House, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, New Territories. Likely early 20^th c. Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>590m	Outside the Study Area
HB-17	Entrance Gate, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>620m	Outside the Study Area
HB-18	Village House, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories. First half of 20^th c. Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>615m	Outside the Study Area
HB-19	Entrance Gate, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>620m	Outside the Study Area
HB-20	Lee Ancestral Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>640m	Outside the Study Area
HB-21	Lee Ancestral Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>640m	Outside the Study Area
HB-22	Modified late Qing dynasty Village House, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>670m	Outside the Study Area
HB-23	Modified late Qing dynasty Village House, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>665m	Outside the Study Area
HB-24	Building attached to Hum Ying Study Hall, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, Tuen Mun, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>675m	Outside the Study Area
HB-25	Village Shrine, So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 1, Tuen Mun, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works	>680m	Outside the Study Area
HB-26	Guard House, Former Perowne Barracks, Castle Peak Road – Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, New Territories Figure 12.9	Earthworks and at-grade road works	>150m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-27	School building of Former Perowne Barracks, Castle Peak Road – Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, New Territories Figure 12.9	Earthworks and at-grade road works	>155m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-28	Tin Hau Temple, So Kwun Wat, New Territories Figure 12.9	Earthworks and at-grade road works	>200m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-29	Village Shrine, Lam Tei, New Territories Figure 12.13	At-grade road works	>280m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-30	To Ancestral Hall, Tuen Mun San Tsuen, New Territories Figure 12.13	At-grade road works	>280m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
HB-31	Lam Tei Irrigation Reservoir, Lam Tei, New Territories Figure 12.16	Tunnel works	>200m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
CL-01	Fung Shui Woodland at Tai Lam Chung Tsuen, New Territories Figure 12.11	Elevated and at-grade road works and earthworks	40m	There is sufficient distance between the Fung Shui woods and the proposed works and no impact is expected. Acceptable impact.
CL-02	Fung Shui Woodland at So Kwun Wat, New Territories Figure 12.10	Elevated and at-grade road works and earthworks	>125m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.
IL-01	Former Stone Quarry Site, Castle Peak Road - Tsing Lung Tau, New Territories Figure 12.14	Construction of ventilation building and Elevated and at-grade road works	>95m	No impacts expected due to the large distance between the proposed works and the heritage site. Acceptable impact.

12.6.3 Marine Archaeology

12.6.3.1 Geophysical surveys were conducted in 2022 to investigate ferromagnetic objects and to reveal the nature of both seabed materials and sub-surface geology. The data provided in the geophysical survey report has been assessed for marine archaeological potential. The data provided in the geophysical survey report has been assessed by the marine archaeologist for marine archaeological potential.

12.6.3.2 The survey area is relatively small, and characterised by rock outcrops and boulders, seabed scarring and localised sandy silt/ clay. It is, however, located in an area of historic strategic maritime importance, with well documented maritime activity from the Tang Dynasty through to the present.

12.6.3.3 The rocky nature of the seabed means that marine deposits and alluvium are only intermittently present within the study area. Where present, marine deposits are largely thinner than 2m, thickening to about 6m in the central area of the survey and reaching up to 10m at the survey’s northern extent. Alluvium deposits are concentrated along the coast, and can reach a thickness of about 5m. These sediments constitute a good environment for the preservation of marine archaeological resources.

12.6.3.4 According to the geophysical survey results, 5 sonar contacts were identified in the survey area. These include four interpreted by geophysical surveyor as rectangular blocks, and one as debris/ tyre. None of these objects, however, can be positively identified in the geophysical datasets provided, and for the purposes of this assessment they have been classified as unknown objects by the geophysical survey. A further 19 magnetic contacts were identified in the survey data; of these, 5 have a corresponding signature in the SSS dataset. None of these magnetic contacts can be accurately identified in the geophysical datasets provided. They have therefore been classified as unknown objects by the marine archaeologist. The archaeological origin for these contacts cannot be discounted, a diver survey is therefore required to accurately identify the nature of both the sonar and magnetic contacts.

12.6.3.5 In addition, due to shallow water depth along the coast, geophysical survey could not be conducted in this area (see Appendix 12.11). Therefore, it is proposed to dive every 50m along this area (DS001 to DS035). A circular search will be conducted at each location which will overlap with each other providing extensive seabed coverage. This methodology has been used previously at Tung Chung (i.e. approved EIA for “Tung Chung New Town Extension”) and Yi O (i.e. Diver Survey at Yi O under Agreement No. CE34/2017 (CE) Study for Pier Improvement at Yung Shue Wan, Shek Tsai Wan, Yi O and Ma Wan Chung – Investigation. Marine Archaeological Investigation). Hence, an additional 35 dive surveys will be conducted. The proposed dive targets and their location are given in Appendix 12.11.

12.6.3.6 It should however be noted that the Study Area for marine archaeology is located along the Ha Pang Fairway which is heavily utilized by marine vessels such as ocean-going vessels. As advised by Marine Department, it is highly not recommended to conduct the diving works within the inshore traffic zone and the fairway from the marine navigational safety point of view. Fencing off the diving area is required to secure diver’s safety, which would unavoidably affect the operation of the fairway. As such, a marine traffic impact assessment would be required to be conducted to minimize the potential marine traffic impact, especially on the ocean-going vessels in relatively close proximity or even with potential interface. In addition, a contractor would be required to be engaged to fence off the fairway. All of the above would have significant time implication and thus considered not feasible to be carried out in the EIA stage, and better to be implemented during the detailed design stage.

12.6.3.7 It should be emphasized that according to the geophysical survey data, there is no shipwreck within the 300m assessment area. The anomalies identified from the geophysical survey are also relatively small in size. In case any of the anomalies with marine archaeological value is confirmed during the marine diver survey of MAI, the project proponent should inform AMO immediately for discussion of appropriate mitigation measures to be agreed by AMO before implementation by the project proponent to the satisfaction of AMO. Moreover, according to the previous MAI (Section 12.3.2), of which its study area partially overlapped with the Study Area of the Project, no marine archaeological resource was identified within the proposed reclamation area of the Project. Thus, it is considered unlikely to affect the design of the proposed reclamation.

12.6.3.8 After considering all relevant literatures, all the previous MAI, latest geophysical survey, consideration of marine safety and time implication, it is recommended to conduct the marine diver survey during the detailed design stage when fencing off of the diving area can be safely implemented. Nevertheless, all the diver survey shall be conducted prior to reclamation works.

12.6.3.9 Marine GI works would be required prior to the reclamation works and bridge foundation works at the newly reclaimed land. If it is required prior to the diver survey, it is recommended that the marine GI works shall be arranged to avoid all the anomalies identified by the geophysical survey conducted, by allowing sufficient setback distance (around 50m) from the anomalies. In case of discovery of any antiquities or supposed antiquities in the course of marine GI works, the project proponent is required to inform AMO immediately for discussion of appropriate mitigation measures to be agreed by AMO before implementation by the project proponent to the satisfaction of AMO. Besides, any marine GI works at the anomalies is required to be conducted after confirming their nature by MAI and seeking agreement with AMO.

12.6.4 Mitigation Measures

Terrestrial Archaeology

12.6.4.1 No mitigation measure is required for archaeology depending on the result of the archaeological field survey at Lam Tei, which will be conducted when access is available before the site formation and construction phase.

12.6.4.2 If, however, antiquities or supposed antiquities are identified during the construction works, the works should be suspended, and the project proponent should notify AMO immediately for discussion of appropriate mitigation measures to be agreed by AMO before implementation by the project proponent to the satisfaction of AMO.

Built Heritage

12.6.4.3 The identified built heritage sites within 300m of the proposed works, with the exception of the graded Former Perowne Barracks, Gurkha Temple (GB-03), are all located at sufficient distance from the proposed works and will not be affected.

12.6.4.4 Former Perowne Barracks, Gurkha Temple, a grade 3 structure will require mitigation during the construction phase as it is in close proximity of earthworks. The relevant works drawings and proposal shall be submitted to AMO for consideration. It is recommended that a condition survey be undertaken by qualified building surveyor or engineer prior and after the construction phase. The Condition Survey Report should contain descriptions of the structure, identification of fragile elements, an appraisal of the condition and working methods for any proposed monitoring and precautionary measures that are recommended. The Condition Survey Report for the graded historic building shall be submitted to AMO for comment before commencement and after construction activities. The locations of proposed monitoring points in the building should avoid damaging the historic fabric and agreed by the owner and Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO). The contractor should implement the approved monitoring and precautionary measures.

12.6.4.5 Any vibration and building movement induced from the construction works should be strictly monitored to ensure no disturbance and physical damages made to the heritage site during the course of works.

12.6.4.6 Monitoring proposal for the heritage sites, including checkpoint locations, installation details, response actions for each of the Alert/ Alarm/ Action (3As) levels and frequency of monitoring should be submitted for AMO's consideration. Recommended 3As levels for Grade 3 heritage site are provided in Table 12.4.

Table 12.4 Recommended Alert/ Alarm / Action Levels

Type of Monitoring for	Alert	Alarm	Action
Vibration (PPV)	5mm/s	6mm/s	7.5mm/s
Settlement	6mm	8mm	10mm
Tilting	1/2000	1/1500	1/1000

Note:

[1] Monitoring criteria would be subjected to review upon updates of grading status of heritage sites.

12.6.4.7 The Condition Survey Report should highlight if the limit should be lowered after the detailed study of the condition of the buildings and structures. Furthermore, a monitoring schedule, the location of monitoring equipment, the frequency of monitoring, reporting requirements and action plan should be included in the Condition Survey Report.

12.6.4.8 A buffer zone should be provided to separate the Gurkha Temple building from the construction works. The buffer zone should be clearly marked out by temporary fencing. The buffer zone should be made at least 5m from the proposed works or if this is not possible as large as the site restrictions allow. Special attention should be paid to avoid adverse physical impact arising from the construction of the Project. Design proposal, method of works and choice of machinery will be selected to minimize adverse impacts to the heritage site. Foundation information of the historic structure shall be verified on site if needed, sufficient lateral support should be provided and de-watering (if required) should be carried out with great cautions to control ground movement and change of ground water regime at the heritage site.

12.6.4.9 Moreover, if structures/buildings both at-grade or underground with supposed heritage value are identified during the construction works, the works should be suspended, and the project proponent should notify AMO immediately for discussion of appropriate mitigation measures to be agreed by AMO before implementation by the project proponent to the satisfaction of AMO.

Marine Archaeology

12.6.4.10 As explained in Section 12.6.3, as marine diver survey could not be conducted during the EIA stage due to safety issue, it is recommended to conduct the marine diver survey during the detailed design stage when fencing off of the diving area can be implemented but prior to any reclamation works. The Contractor shall engage a qualified marine archaeologist to conduct the MAI. The “Licence to Excavate and Search for Antiquities” shall be obtained before the commencement of excavation and search for antiquities. Should there be any marine archaeological resources identified during the MAI, the project proponent should inform AMO immediately for discussion of appropriate mitigation measures to be agreed by AMO before implementation by the project proponent to the satisfaction of AMO and before the reclamation works.

12.6.4.11 Marine GI works would be required prior to the reclamation works and bridge foundation works at the newly reclaimed land. If it is required prior to the diver survey, it is recommended that the marine GI works shall be arranged to avoid all the anomalies identified by the geophysical survey conducted, by allowing sufficient setback distance (around 50m) from the anomalies. In case of discovery of any antiquities or supposed antiquities in the course of marine GI works, the project proponent is required to inform AMO immediately for discussion of appropriate mitigation measures to be agreed by AMO before implementation by the project proponent to the satisfaction of AMO. Besides, any marine GI works at the anomalies is required to be conducted after confirming their nature by MAI and seeking agreement with AMO.

12.6.4.12 However, in case antiquities or supposed antiquities are identified during the construction works, the works should be suspended, and the project proponent should notify AMO immediately for discussion of appropriate mitigation measures to be agreed by AMO before implementation by the project proponent to the satisfaction of AMO.

12.7 Operational Phase Impact Assessment

12.7.1 Terrestrial Archaeology

12.7.1.1 No further impacts on SAI or areas of archaeological interest are expected within the operational phases. Cumulative archaeological impact is also not expected. The closest concurrent project would be Tuen Mun Bypass, Hong Kong Island West – Northeast Lantau Link, Tsing Yi-Lantau Link and Road P1, with the overlapping area where affected SAI or areas of archaeological interest are not identified.

12.7.2 Built Heritage

12.7.2.1 No further impacts are expected on built heritage sites during the operational phase. Cumulative built heritage impact is also not expected. The closest concurrent project would be Tuen Mun Bypass, Hong Kong Island West – Northeast Lantau Link, Tsing Yi-Lantau Link and Road P1, with the overlapping area where affected SAI or areas of archaeological interest are not identified.

12.7.3 Marine Archaeology

12.7.3.1 No impacts are expected on marine archaeology during the operational phase. Cumulative built heritage impact is also not expected. Mitigation measures are not required.

12.8 Environmental Monitoring and Audit

12.8.1 Terrestrial Archaeology

12.8.1.1 An archaeological field survey should be undertaken within an area of some archaeological potential identified at east of Area A at the lower slopes to the north of Lam Tei Quarry within the works area as marked on Figure 12.15 and when access is available before the site formation and construction phase.

12.8.1.2 Provisionally field scan, six auger test and one test pit excavation is proposed within the area identified for testing. Archaeological field survey is to be undertaken by archaeologist under licence to excavate and search for antiquities under Cap.53. Scope is to be proposed in licence application and agreed with AMO prior to implementation.

12.8.1.3 There are no EM&A requirements for heritage during operational stage.

12.8.2 Built Heritage

12.8.2.1 Mitigation measures are to be undertaken for grade 3 Former Perowne Barracks, Gurkha Temple (GB-03; Figure 12.9), including a condition survey before and after the construction phase, ongoing vibration, tilting and settlement monitoring and a buffer zone to physical separate the heritage site from the works. The following table summarizes mitigation actions.

Table 12.5 Summary of mitigation actions

Task	Phase	Responsible	Remarks
Condition Survey for grade 3 Former Perowne Barracks, Gurkha Temple (GB-03)	Before and after construction phase	By qualified building surveyor or engineer	To be submitted to AMO for comment before commencement and after construction activities.
Vibration monitoring for grade 3 Former Perowne Barracks, Gurkha Temple (GB-03)	During construction phase	Contractor	An Alert, Alarm and Action (AAA) vibration limit set at 5 / 6 / 7.5 mm/s or as determined in Condition Survey. Record to be submitted to AMO.
Settlement and tilting monitoring for grade 3 Former Perowne Barracks, Gurkha Temple (GB-03)	During construction phase	Contractor	An Alert, Alarm and Action (AAA) settlement limit set at 6 / 8 / 10 mm, tilting limit set at “1/2000” / “1/1500” / “1/1000” or as determined in Condition Survey. Record to be submitted to AMO.
Setting up of buffer zone around grade 3 Former Perowne Barracks, Gurkha Temple (GB-03)	During construction phase	Contractor	At least 5m from the proposed works or if this is not possible as large as the site restrictions allow.

12.8.2.2 The Environmental Team (ET) shall audit buffer zone and vibration, tiling and settlement monitoring and other measures identified in the Condition Survey Report. There are no EM&A requirements for heritage during operational stage.

12.8.3 Marine Archaeology

12.8.3.1 A marine diver survey should be undertaken for the anomalies identified from the marine geophysical survey during the detailed design stage when fencing off of the diving area can be implemented but prior to any reclamation works. A total number of 54 dive targets are proposed. The Contractor shall engage a qualified marine archaeologist to conduct the MAI. The “Licence to Excavate and Search for Antiquities” shall be obtained before the commencement of excavation and search for antiquities. Should there be any marine archaeological resources identified during the MAI, proper mitigation measures including but not limited to rescue excavation shall be proposed for agreement with AMO before the commencement of reclamation works.

12.8.3.2 Marine GI works would be required prior to the reclamation works and bridge foundation works at the newly reclaimed land. If it is required prior to the diver survey, it is recommended that the marine GI works shall be arranged to avoid all the anomalies identified by the geophysical survey conducted, by allowing sufficient setback distance (around 50m) from the anomalies. In case of discovery of any antiquities or supposed antiquities in the course of marine GI works, the project proponent is required to inform AMO immediately for discussion of appropriate mitigation measures to be agreed by AMO before implementation by the project proponent to the satisfaction of AMO. Besides, any marine GI works at the anomalies is required to be conducted after confirming their nature by MAI and seeking agreement with AMO.

12.8.3.3 There are no EM&A requirements for heritage during operational stage.

12.9 Conclusion

12.9.1 Terrestrial Archaeology

12.9.1.1 No SAI would be affected by the proposed and associated works. An area of archaeological potential was identified at Lam Tei within the works area. Due to restrictions in access, no archaeological field survey could be undertaken at this stage and it is recommended that the survey to be undertaken when access is available but before the site formation and construction phases.

12.9.1.2 Furthermore, if antiquities or supposed antiquities are identified during the construction works, the works should be suspended, and the project proponent should notify AMO immediately for discussion of appropriate mitigation measures to be agreed by AMO before implementation by the project proponent to the satisfaction of AMO.

12.9.1.3 Adverse terrestrial archaeological impact is not anticipated during operational phase.

12.9.2 Built Heritage

12.9.2.1 The identified built heritage sites are located at sufficient distance from the proposed and associated works with the exception of grade 3 Former Perowne Barracks, Gurkha Temple (GB-03; Figure 12.9). Mitigation measures before, during and after the construction phase will be required including a condition survey before and after the construction phase, ongoing vibration monitoring and any other monitoring identified in the condition survey and a buffer zone to physical separate the heritage site from the works.

12.9.2.2 Adverse impact on built heritage is not anticipated during operational phase.

12.9.3 Marine Archaeology

12.9.3.1 There is no shipwreck identified in the Study Area. A MAI was previously conducted under “Route 10 – North Lantau to Tsing Lung Tau Section” project, which concluded that there was no marine archaeological resource within the respective study area, which partially overlapped with the Study Area of the Project. The Study Area is located along the Ha Pang Fairway, which is heavily utilized by marine vessels. After consulting with Marine Department, it is recommended to conduct the marine diver survey during the detailed design stage when fencing off of the diving area can be safely implemented but prior to any reclamation works. In addition, the anomalies identified from the geophysical survey shall be well protected from any marine GI works, which would be prior to reclamation works, by allowing sufficient setback distance (around 50m) from the anomalies. Should there be any marine archaeological resources identified during the marine GI works and MAI, proper mitigation measures including but not limited to rescue excavation shall be proposed for agreement with AMO before the commencement of reclamation works.

12.9.3.2 Adverse impact on marine archaeology is not anticipated during operational phase.

Reference

Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (4 May 2020). Issued by AMO

Annex 10 of the Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIAO-TM)- Criteria for Evaluating Visual and Landscape Impact, and Impact on Sites of Cultural Heritage. Reviewed from Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (epd.gov.hk)

Annex 18 of the Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIAO-TM)- Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment of. Reviewed from Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (epd.gov.hk)

Annex 19 of the Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIAO-TM)- Guidelines for Assessment of Impact on Sites of Cultural Heritage and Other Impacts. Reviewed from Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (epd.gov.hk)

Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (Cap. 499) Guidance Notes Assessment of Impact on Sites of Cultural Heritage in Environmental Impact Assessment Studies. Reviewed from Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (epd.gov.hk)

AAB (2021a) Historic Building Appraisal – To Ancestral Hall Tuen Tze Wai, Tuen Mun. Last revision date: 19 October 2021. Accessed on 29 November 2021.

AAB (2021b) Historic Building Appraisal Sam Shing Temple Tuen Tsz Wai, Tuen Mun. Last revision date: 19 October 2021. Accessed on 29 November 2021.

AAB (2021c) Historic Building Appraisal- Jun Ying Study Hall So Kwun Wat Tsuen Area 2, Tuen Mun. Last revision date: 19 October 2021. Accessed on 1 December 2021.

AAB (2021d) Historic Building Appraisal- Former Perowne Barracks, Kesarbahadur Hall, No. 2 Castle Peak Road – Castle Peak Bay, Tuen Mun, N.T. Last revision date: 19 October 2021. Accessed on 1 December 2021.

AAB (2023) Historic Building Appraisal–Nam On Buddhist Monastery, Fu Tei Ha Tsuen, Tuen Mun. Latest revision 1 Jun 2023. Accessed 7 June 2023.

AAL 2003. Archaeological Investigation along Tuen Mun Road. (TM19)

AFCD (no date) Committee Paper NCSC 9/06 Advisory Council on the Environment Nature Conservation Subcommittee - Fung Shui Woods in Hong Kong.

AMO 1997. Report of Archaeological survey at So Kwun Wat, Tuen Mun 1997. (TM1)

AMO 1998. 古物古蹟辦事處：〈香港屯門—荃灣區考古調查〉，1998年。

古物古蹟辦事處 (中山大學考古隊編撰)﹕«香港屯門-荃灣地區考古調查-發掘報告1997-1998»﹐1998年(待刊稿﹐古物古蹟辦事處參考編號ID1)。

古物古蹟辦事處 (劉茂編撰)﹕« 1997年屯門小欖遺址搶救發掘工作報告»﹐1998年(待刊稿﹐古物古蹟辦事處參考編號TM2)。

AMO 1999a. 古物古蹟辦事處 (珠海市博物館考古隊編撰) ﹕«屯門掃管笏考古調查報告»﹐1999年(待刊稿﹐古物古蹟辦事處參考編號TM7)。 (TM7)

AMO 1999b. 古物古蹟辦事處 (珠海市博物館考古隊編撰)﹕«屯門掃管笏段公路擴建工程考古勘查報告»﹐1999年(待刊稿﹐古物古蹟辦事處參考編號TM8)。 (TM8)

AMO 2000.《2000年屯門掃管笏遺址搶救發掘（第二區塊）工作報告》。(TM56)

古物古蹟辦事處 (區家發編撰)﹕« 2000年屯門管笏遺址搶救發掘(第二區塊)工作報告»﹐2000年(待刊稿﹐古物古蹟辦事處參考編號TM24)。

AMO 2001. Archaeological Discoveries in So Kwun Wat. Leaflet.

AMO 2001a.《掃管笏村電力支站考古調查報告》。(TM41)

AMO 2001b. 古物古蹟辦事處 (區家發田野考古顧問公司編撰)﹕« 屯門掃管笏古文化遺址2001年搶救發掘工作報告»﹐2001年(待刊稿﹐古物古蹟辦事處參考編號TM37)。 (TM37)

AMO 2004. 古物古蹟辦事處 (天意考古編撰)﹕« 2003年屯門掃管笏丈量約份375之974地段及丈量約份381之417地段小型屋宇考古調查報告»﹐2004年(待刊稿﹐古物古蹟辦事處參考編號TM30)。 (TM30)

AMO (2006)〈報告三: 2005年及2006年屯門藍地遺址后海灣幹線(南段) 搶救發掘工作報告〉，《后海灣幹線工程：屯門藍地考古發掘》/ Archaeological works at Lam Tei, Tuen Mun for the Deep Bay Link Project (TM50)

古蹟辦、中國社科院考古研究所：《屯門掃管笏 2008-2011 年考古發掘及整理工作報告》，2012年3月。 (TM67) （AMO & IACASS 2012）

AMO GISH 2021. Geographical Information Systems on Hong Kong Heritage.

Arup 2011. Agreement No. CE 9/2008 (HY) Cycle Track between Tsuen Wan and Tuen Mun – Investigation. 2nd Revised Final Archaeological Impact Assessment Report.

Arup 2017. Planning and Engineering Study on Development for Housing Sites in Yuen Long South. Environmental Impact Assessment Report.

Au Ka Fat 1997. Report of Archaeological Survey at So Kwun Wat, Tuen Mun 1997. Unpublished AMO report.

CACH / The Conservancy Association Centre for Heritage (2021) 大欖涌公立學校. Accessed on 3rd Dec 2021.

CEDD (1988) Hong Kong Geological Survey – Yuen Long. Sheet 6 Solid and Superficial Geology. Series HGM20, Scale 1:20 000.

CEDD/ Civil Engineering and Development Department (2022) Cycle Track between Tsuen Wan and Tuen Mun (Tuen Mun to So Kwun Wat) Environmental Impact Assessment

Chan (2014) 陳天權 (2014)《被遺忘的歷史建築-新界離島篇》，香港：明報出版社。

Chan, Rowena Kwan-sik (1956) Photo title: Vegetable field, Tsing Lun Tau. Accessed on 28 November 2022.

Chu, Jackie C.T and Chan Jacky S.L. (2015) Hong Kong Mining History. Hong Kong: ProjecTerrae.

Chow（2021）周樹佳 (2021) 《香港諸神：起源、廟宇與崇拜（全彩修訂版）》，中華書局（香港）有限公司聯合電子出版有限公司（代理）。

DSD / Drainage Services Department (2000) Tuen Mun Sewerage - Eastern coastal Sewerage Extension - Environmental Impact Assessment.

Empson, H. 1992. Mapping Hong Kong. Hong Kong. The Government Printer.

Endacott, G.B. 1993. A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong. Oxford University Press.

ERM 2000. Northshore Lantau Development Feasibility Study - Environmental Impact Assessment.

ERM 2004. Contract No. 8/WSD/10 Replacement and Rehabilitation of Water Mains Stage 4 Phase 1 Mains in Tuen Mun, Yuen Long, North District and Tai Po: Archaeological Watching Brief Report.

ERM 2014. Study on Old Trails in Hong Kong - Final Study Report.

GB / Great Britain. Army. Royal Engineers. Survey Production Centre (1957). Hong Kong and the New Territories, 14, scale 1:25,000.

Hayes, J.W. 1977. The Hong Kong Region 1850-1911. Institutions and Leadership in Town and Countryside. Hamden. Archon Books.

Hayes, J. W. 1983. The Rural Communities of Hong Kong. Studies and Themes. Hong Kong. Oxford University Press.

Hayes, J. W. 1996. Friends and Teachers. Hong Kong and its People 1953-1987. Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press.

Hayes James (2016) 許舒 (2016)《新界百年史》，香港：中華書局(香港)有限公司。

HK Map Viewer 1924. Aerial Photo.

HKCD (2017) 香港商報（2017）大欖涌村胡法旺公祠獨一無二。 Published online on 2017-01-12. Accessed on 28 Nov 2022.

HKCI（2021）香港地方志中心（2021）《香港志：總述大事記》，香港：中華書局。

香港地方志中心（2021）《香港志：總述大事記》，香港：中華書局。（HKCI 2021）

HKIA 2002. Agreement No. CE 109/98. Deep Bay Link Investigation and Preliminary Design Environmental Impact Assessment Report.

HKIA 2003. 中港考古研究所: 2003年屯門藍地遺址調查及第一期與第二期發掘工作報告

HKIA 2016. Contract No. YL/2013/02 Hung Shui Kiu New Development Area Planning and Engineering Study – Investigation Archaeological Field Survey Final Report.

HKG/ Hong Kong Government (1923) Suppl No.464 Letting by public auction of Granite Quarry at So Kun Wat, carried on Hong Kong Government Gazette of 1923, pp.991.

HyD (Highways Department) (1999) Route 10 North Lantau to Yuen Long Highway Investigation and Preliminary Design Environmental Impact Assessment Final Assessment Report.

HYK (1988) 新界鄉議局 (1988) 《新界原有鄉村名冊》/ List of established villages in the New Territories.

Ho (2008)何仲詩 (2008) 《風雲背後: 香港監獄私人檔案》，香港：紅出版（藍天圖書）。

Jenner, W.F.C. (1960) A Gazetteer of place names in Hong Kong, Kowloon, and the new territories. Hong Kong: Government Press.

KSDN/The Kung Sheung Daily News/ 香港工商日報 (1952) 《西貢青山等地發現豐富石英鑛藏》，日期 1952-08-12 。

Lands Department 1949. Aerial Photo. No. 81A_134-5051, flight date:1949-06-02, flight height 5800 ft., scale 1:11600.

Lands Department (1949a) Aerial Photo. Photo no. 81A_125-5178, flight date 1949-05-08, flight height 5800 ft., scale 1 to 11600.

Lands Department (1949b) Aerial Photo. Photo no. 81A_125-5179, flight date 1949-05-08, flight height 5800 ft., scale 1 to 11600.

Lands Department (1949c) Aerial Photo. Photo no. 81A_134-5051, flight date 1949-06-02, flight height 5800 ft., scale 1 to 11600.

Lands Department (1954a) Aerial Photo. Photo no. V81A_552-0117, flight date: 1954-11-18, flight height 29200 ft., scale 1-25029.

Lands Department (2019) Digital Orthophoto Data. Accessed via Geoinfo Map of HKSAR Government.

Lam (2021) 林文映（2021）《青龍頭》. Published online on 2021-05-21. HK Accessed on 28 Nov 2022.

Lau (2003) 劉智鵬（2003）《屯門風物志》，香港：屯門區議會。

Lau (2007)劉智鵬（2007）《屯門歷史與文化》，屯門區議會。

Lau and Lau (2012) 劉智鵬、劉蜀永編（2012）《屯門：香港地區史研究之四》，香港：三聯書店（香港）有限公司。

LCSD (2021) First Intangible Cultural Heritage Inventory of Hong Kong.

Leung (2002) 梁煦華 (2002) 《穿村 : 鄉郊歷史傳聞與鄉情》，香港：天地圖書有限公司。

Lo, H.L. 1963. Hong Kong and its External Communications before 1842. Institute of Chinese Culture, Hong Kong.

Lou (1992)魯金 (1992)《香港廟趣》，香港：次文化有限公司.

Lui Yuen-chung, A. 1990. Forts and Pirates - a History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong History Society.

Mok (2020)莫世民（2020）《掃管笏: 舊日的足迹》，香港：明報出版社有限公司。

Mouchel Asia Limited 2000. Tuen Mun Sewerage - Eastern Coastal Sewerage Extension, Executive Summary for the Environmental Impact Assessment.

Murray, D.H. 1987. Pirates of the South China Coast 1790-1810. Stanford University Press.

NCAP / National Collection of Aerial Photography (1924) Aerial Photos of Hong Kong. Scale:1 to 14,400. Accessed via HK Map Viewer.

NCAP / National Collection of Aerial Photography (1948) Aerial Photos North New Territories. Scale: Unknown. Accessed via HK Map Viewer.

NCAP / National Collection of Aerial Photography (1949) Aerial Photo Title: Tsing Lung Tau; Hong Kong; Hong Kong S.A.R. Sortie: 81A/RAF/0143; Frame: 5071; Image type: Vertical; Scale: 11200.

NCAP / National Collection of Aerial Photography (1949b) Aerial Photo Title: Yi Chuen; Hong Kong; Hong Kong S.A.R. Sortie: 81A/RAF/0120; Frame: 5050; Image type: Vertical; Scale: 11600.

Neumann, K. F. 1831, History of the Pirates who Infested the China Seas from 1807-1810 by Yung-lun Yüan. Printed for the Oriental Translation Fund.

Ng, P. Y. L. 1983. New Peace County: A Chinese Gazetteer of the Hong Kong Region. Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press.

Ordnance Survey (1958) 1:1 200 142-SW-C (Ed 1958)

Ordnance Survey (1958a) Topographic Map. Sheet no. 142-SE-C (Ed 1958), scale 1 to 1200.

Ordnance Survey (1958b) Topographic Map. Sheet no. 159-NW-B (Ed 1958), scale 1 to 1200.

Ordnance Survey (1958c) Topographic Map. Sheet no. 159-NE-A (Ed 1958), scale 1 to 1200.

Ordnance Survey (1962) Topographic Map. Sheet no. 142-SW-D (Ed 1962) , scale 1 to 1200.

Ordnance survey (1965)1 in to 100 ft Topographic Map. Sheet no.159-SE-B (Ed 1965), scale 1:1200.

Peacock, B.A.V. and T.J.P. Nixon 1986. Summary Site Data Sheet of So Kwun Wat, Site No. 06/03, Report of the Hong Kong Archaeological Survey Volume III Part I. Unpublished survey report.

Peacock, B.A.V. and Nixon, T.J.P. 1986a. Summary site data sheet of Siu Lam, site no. 06/07, Report of the Hong Kong Archaeological Survey Volume III Part I, pp. 107-108. Unpublished survey report.

Poon (2011) 潘淑華 (2011)〈許舒博士所藏屯門歷史文獻資料中的忠義堂及陶氏宗族〉，載於《田野與文獻》，第六十四期 2011.7.15。

Sayer, G. R. 1980. Hong Kong 1841-1862. Birth, Adolescence and Coming of Age. Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press.

Scott Wilson 2009. Agreement No. CE 47/2006 (TP) Planning and Engineering Review of Potential Housing Sites in Tuen Mun East Area – Feasibility Study. June 2009. Final WP2- Archaeological Impact Assessment.

Sima (1990) 司馬龍（1990）《新界滄桑話鄉情》，香港：三聯書局。

Siu, K.K. 1985. Studies on the Early History of Hong Kong. Taipei Commercial Press Publications.

Siu (1990) 蕭國健（1990）《東涌屯門》，香港：現代教育研究所有限公司。

Siu et al. (1995)蕭國健、沈思、葉慶芳（1995）《香港圍村調查》。

Siu (1997)蕭國健（1997）《香港的歷史與文物》，香港：香港明報出版社.

Siu (2008) 蕭國健（2008）《香港新界之歷史與鄉情》，香港：中華文教交流服務中心.

Tam (2010)譚廣濂 (2010)《從方圓到經緯：香港與華南歷史地圖藏珍》，香港：中華出版社。/

Zhongshan University 1998.《香港屯門-荃灣地區考古調查-發掘報告》/ Territory-wide survey Tuen Mun-Tsuen Wan 1997-98.

Zhongshan University 1998. Tuen Mun-Tsuen Wan Archaeological Investigation and Excavation Report: p.2-7. (ID1).

Antony, R.J. 2022. The Golden Age of Piracy in China 1520-1810. Rowman & Littlefield Maryland Press.

Boxer, C. R. 1951. The Christian Century in Japan 1549-1650. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.

Boxer, C. R. 1969. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London. Hutchinson & Co. Ltd.

Braga, J. M. 1955. China Landfall 1513. Jorge Alvares Voyage to China. A compilation of some relevant material. Macao. Imprensa Nacional.

CEDD 2000. History of the Salt Industry and Tai O. CEDD Agreement No. CE 41/98 EIA - Final Assessment Report Tai O Sheltered Boat Anchorage – Environmental Impact Assessment May 2000

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0422000/theme/08.pdf

Cranmer-Byng JL & Shepherd A. 1964. A reconnaissance of Ma Wan and Lantao islands in 1794. Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 4 (1964), pp. 105-119 (20 pages Published By: Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch.

Empson, H. 1992. Mapping Hong Kong. Hong Kong. The Government Printer.

Endacott, G.B. 1993. A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong. Oxford University Press.

Faure D. 1984 Notes on the History of Tsuen Wan. Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 24 (1984), pp. 46-104 (59 pages) Published By: Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch.

Hayes, J.W. 1977. The Hong Kong Region 1850-1911. Institutions and Leadership in Town and Countryside. Hamden. Archon Books.

Hayes, J. W. 1983. The Rural Communities of Hong Kong. Studies and Themes. Hong Kong. Oxford University Press.

Hayes, J. W. 1996. Friends and Teachers. Hong Kong and its People 1953-1987. Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press.
Lo, H.L. 1963. Hong Kong and its External Communications before 1842. Institute of Chinese Culture, Hong Kong.

Lui Yuen-chung, A. 1990. Forts and Pirates - a History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong History Society.

Meacham W. 1994. Archaeological Investigations on Chek Lap Kok Island. Journal Monograph IV Hong Kong Archaeological Society, Hong Kong, 1994. 306 pp Cambridge University Press.

Murray, D.H. 1987. Pirates of the South China Coast 1790-1810. Stanford University Press.

Neumann, K. F. 1831. History of the Pirates who Infested the China Seas from 1807-1810 by Yung-lun Yüan. Printed for the Oriental Translation Fund.

Ng, P. Y. L. 1983. New Peace County: A Chinese Gazetteer of the Hong Kong Region. Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press.

Rogers P.R. and Widowson E.1996. Midden Excavation in Theory and Practice. A Han period Midden site at Tung Wan Sai Ma Wan, Hong Kong. Institute of Archaeology UCL.

Sayer, G. R. 1980. Hong Kong 1841-1862. Birth, Adolescence and Coming
of Age. Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press.

Siu, K.K. 1985. Studies on the Early History of Hong Kong. Taipei Commercial Press Publications.

Siu Kwok-kin Anthony. 1989. Tai Yu Shan from Chinese historical records. Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 29 (1989), pp. 394-398 (5 pages) Published By: Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch.