10.1.1.1
The Trunk Road T2 project will involve construction works on both the
land and under the seabed. As described
in Section 3, the project consists of the construction
of at grade and depressed section of the road at the South Apron of the former
Kai Tak Airport, a connecting alignment in tunnel formed by Tunnel Boring
Machine (TBM) passing
under the Kwun Tong Typhoon Shelter, and its
associated breakwaters, and into the Victoria Harbour until it turns further
eastward towards the Cha Kwo Ling shoreline, where a
short cut and cover section of tunnel connects the road to the Lam Tin Tunnel being
formed under a separate Assignment and ultimately the Lam Tin Interchange to
the east of Cha Kwo Ling village area. The project,
also, comprises the associated infrastructure including two ventilation buildings. The general horizontal layout of
the preferred alignment is shown in Figure 3.1 while the vertical profile is
show in Figure 3.2.
10.1.1.2 The project, therefore, has the potential to affect built heritage resources, as well as terrestrial and marine archaeological resources if present and an assessment of the potential impacts of the Trunk Road T2 project on cultural heritage is required as part of the EIA for the project.
10.2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines
10.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance
10.2.1.1
The Environmental Impact
Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) was implemented on 1 April 1998. Its purpose is to
avoid, minimise and control the adverse impact of designated projects on the environment, through the
application of the EIA process and the Environmental Permit (EP) system.
10.2.1.2 The general criteria and guidelines for evaluating and assessing impacts to Sites of Cultural Heritage are listed in Annexes 10 and 19 of the Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (EIAO-TM). It is stated in Annex 10 that all adverse impacts to Sites of Cultural Heritage should be kept to an absolute minimum and that the general presumption of impact assessment should be in favour of the protection and conservation of all Sites of Cultural Heritage. Annex 19 provides the details of scope and methodology for undertaking Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment, including baseline study, impact assessment and mitigation measures.
10.2.2
10.2.2.1 Chapter 10 of the HKPSG details the planning principles for the conservation of natural landscape and habitats, historical buildings and archaeological sites. The document states that heritage conservation is the protection of monuments, historical, buildings, archaeological sites and other antiquities, and in a wider sense implies respect for local activities, customs and traditions. The guidelines state that the concept of conservation of heritage features, should not be restricted to individual structures, but should endeavour to embrace the setting of the feature or features in both urban and rural settings.
10.2.2.2
The guidelines also address the
issue of the preparation of plans for the conservation of historical buildings,
archaeological sites and other antiquities. It is noted that the existing
10.2.3 Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance
10.2.3.1
The
Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (the Ordinance) provides the statutory
framework to provide for the preservation of objects
of historical, archaeological and palaeontological
interest. The Ordinance contains the
statutory procedures for the Declaration of Monuments. The proposed monument
can be any place, building, site or structure, which is considered to be of public
interest by reason of its historical, archaeological or palaeontological
significance.
10.2.3.2
Under
Section 6 and subject to sub-section (4) of the Ordinance, the following acts
are prohibited in relation to certain monuments, except under permit:
· To excavate, carry on building works, plant or fell trees or deposit earth or refuse on or in a proposed monument or monument; and
· To demolish, remove, obstruct, deface or interfere with a proposed monument or monument.
10.2.3.3
The
discovery of an Antiquity, as defined in the Ordinance must be reported to the
Antiquities Authority (the Authority), or a designated person. The Ordinance
also provides that, the ownership of every relic discovered in
10.2.3.4
No
archaeological excavation may be carried out by any person, other than the
Authority and the designated person, without a licence issued by the Authority.
A licence will only be issued if the Authority is satisfied that the applicant
has sufficient scientific training or experience to enable him to carry out the
excavation and search satisfactorily, is able to conduct, or arrange for, a
proper scientific study of any antiquities discovered as a result of the
excavation and search and has sufficient staff and financial support.
10.2.3.5 It should also be noted that the discovery of an antiquity under any circumstances must be reported to the authority, i.e. the Secretary for Development or designated person. The authority may require that the antiquity or suspected antiquity is identified to the authority and that any person who has discovered an antiquity or suspected antiquity shall take all reasonable measures to protect it.
10.2.4 Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment
10.2.4.1 This document, as issued by the Antiquities and Monuments Office, outlines the specific technical requirement for conducting terrestrial archaeological and built heritage impact assessments and is based upon the requirements of the Technical Memorandum for Environmental Impact Assessment. It includes the parameters and scope for the Baseline Study, specifically desk-based research and field evaluation. There are also included guidelines encompassing reporting requirements and archive preparation and submission in the form of Guidelines for Archaeological Reports and Guidelines for the Handling of Archaeological Finds and Archives.
10.2.4.2 The prerequisite conditions for conducting impact assessment and mitigation measures are presented in detail, including the prediction and evaluation of impacts based upon five levels of significance (Beneficial, Acceptable, Acceptable with Mitigation Measures, Unacceptable and Undetermined). The guidelines also state that preservation in totality must be taken as the first priority and if this is not feasible due to site constraints or other factors, full justification must be provided.
10.2.4.3 Mitigation measures will be proposed in cases with identified impacts and shall have the aim of minimising the degree of adverse impact and also where applicable providing enhancement to a heritage site through means such as enhancement of the existing environment or improvement to accessibility of heritage sites. The responsibility for the implementation of any proposed mitigation measures must be clearly stated with details of when and where the measures will be implemented and by which party.
10.2.5 Development Bureau Technical Circular (Works) No. 6/2009: Heritage Impact Assessment Mechanism for Capital Works Projects
10.2.5.1 The technical circular contains the procedures and requirements for assessing heritage impact arising from the implementation of new capital works projects as defined in Section 5 of the Technical Circular. It is stated in the document that the works agent will provide a checklist to the AMO of any heritage sites (as defined in the Technical Circular) situated within or within the vicinity of the project boundary (usually to be defined as not more than 50 metres measured from the nearest point of the project boundary, including works areas).
10.2.5.2 The identification of the heritage sites shall be undertaken at the earliest possible stage, preferably as part of the Technical Feasibility Statement. If the works boundary cannot be defined at this stage, the checklist shall be provided as soon as the project boundary has been defined. Upon receipt of the above information from the works agent, the AMO will determine if the proposed project will affect the heritage value of any heritage site and decide the necessity of conducting an Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) based upon the submitted information.
10.2.5.3 If an HIA is required, the works agent shall submit a proposal for the scope of the HIA for AMO approval. Once the scope has been approved it will be the responsibility of the works agent to conduct the HIA.
10.2.6.1 The AMO issue Guidelines for Marine Archaeological Investigation (MAI) which detail the standard practice, procedures and methodology which must be undertaken in determining the marine archaeological potential, presence of archaeological artefacts and defining suitable mitigation measures.
10.3 Objectives of the Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment
10.3.1.1 A Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (CHIA) must be undertaken in order to identify the impact that the proposed project construction may have on the cultural heritage of the Study Area. The specific objectives of the CHIA include the following:
· to identify and highlight the known archaeological resources, including those under the seabed, and historical buildings and structures;
· to identify and map the potential for archaeological remains in the works area;
· to identify any additional heritage resources in the Study Area;
· to identify any negative impacts on the sites of cultural heritage; and
· to propose measures to mitigate these impacts.
10.4.1.1 The cultural heritage impact assessment has been broadly divided into the identification of marine and terrestrial cultural heritage impacts and the assessment methodology for each of these tasks is highlighted below. The terrestrial cultural heritage is divided into terrestrial archaeology and built heritage.
10.4.2 Terrestrial Archaeology
Baseline Study
10.4.2.1
As
stated in the Guidelines for Cultural
Heritage Impact Assessment, the baseline study is used to compile a comprehensive inventory of all sites of
archaeological interest within and in the environs of the project Study Area, which for
this project will be all works areas and an area of 50 metres around the
boundary of the works areas (Figures 10.1a and 10.1b).
As required, the results are then presented in a report that provides both clear evidence that the required processes have been
satisfactorily completed as well as a detailed inventory of all identified
sites of archaeological interest, which includes a full description of their
cultural significance.
10.4.2.2 The following tasks are undertaken in order to gather the necessary information for the compilation of the baseline study:
Task 1: Desk-based research
10.4.2.3
Firstly,
desk-based research is carried out in order to identify any known or potential
sites of archaeological interest within the project study area and to evaluate
the cultural significance of these sites once identified. The following is a non-exhaustive
list of resources that are consulted as part of the
research programme: the Antiquities and Monuments Office published and
unpublished papers and studies; publications on relevant historical,
anthropological and other cultural studies; unpublished archival papers and
records; collections and libraries of tertiary institutions; historical
documents held in the Public Records Office, Lands Registry, District Lands
Office, District Office and Museum of History; cartographic and pictorial
documentation; and geotechnical information.
Task 2: Site Visit
10.4.2.4
In
order to supplement the information gathered in the desk-based study,
a site visit is undertaken to assess the current status of the Study Area and
also to make note of existing impacts.
Task 3: Archaeological Field Investigation (if
required)
10.4.2.5
If
the results of the desk-based study and site visit indicate that there is
insufficient data for purposes of identification of sites of archaeological
interest, determination of cultural significance and assessment of impacts, an
archaeological field investigation programme will be designed and submitted to
the AMO for approval. Once approved, a qualified archaeologist must apply for a
licence to undertake the archaeological excavation, which must be approved by
the Antiquities Authority before issuance. The archaeological field
investigation typically consists of some or all of the following steps:
10.4.2.6
Field Scan - Field walking is conducted to identify archaeological deposits on the
surface. The scanning of the surface for archaeological material is conducted,
under ideal circumstances, in a systematic manner and covers the entire study
area. Particular attention is given to
areas of land undisturbed in the recent past and to exposed areas such as
riverbed cuts, erosion areas, terraces, etc.
During the field scanning, concentrations of finds are recorded, bagged
and plotted on 1:1000 scale mapping and are retained as part of the
archive. Topography, surface conditions
and existing impacts are noted during the field walking.
10.4.2.7
Auger Testing Programme - Auger survey will be carried
within the study area in order to establish soil sequence, the presence/absence
of cultural soils or deposits and their horizontal extent.
10.4.2.8
The
auger tool consists of a bucket, pole and handle and is vertically drilled by
hand into the surface. When the bucket
is filled with soil the auger is extracted and the soil emptied from the
bucket. Soils are described and depth changes are measured inside the hole. The
depth and type of any finds recovered are also recorded. The auger hole is abandoned when water table,
the end of the auger or rock is reached or the auger bucket fails to hold the
soil. The location of each auger hole test is marked
on a 1:1000 scale map. The results of the auger tests provide one of the
criteria used to position the test pit excavations.
10.4.2.9
Test Pit Excavation - Test pit excavations are carried out to
verify the archaeological potential within a study area. The choice of location
for test pit excavations will depend on various factors such as desk-based
information, landforms, field scan and auger test results as well as issues
relating to access.
10.4.2.10
Hand
digging of test pits measuring between 1 by 1 and 2 by 2 metres is carried out
in order to determine the presence/absence of archaeological deposits and their
stratigraphy. The size may depend on
close proximity to large trees, narrow terraces or other external factors. Hand
excavation will continue until decomposing rock or sterile soils are reached
and no potential for further cultural layers exists. A test pit will also be abandoned when the
maximum safe working depth is reached or when, despite the use of appropriate
and practical dewatering measures, the effects of ground water prevent further
excavation. In cases where sterile
deposits or the maximum safe excavation limit cannot be reached, the AMO should
be consulted prior to backfilling.
10.4.2.11
During excavation contexts,
finds and features are recorded, soils are described
and relevant depths measured. Artefacts are collected, bagged and labelled by
context. The position of each test pit,
its top and bottom levels and associated temporary
benchmark are recorded by a qualified land surveyor and plotted on 1:1000 scale
mapping. On completion of all recording test pits are backfilled.
Reporting and Submission of Archive
10.4.2.12
A
report of the findings of the archaeological survey will be compiled following
the requirements as outlined in the AMO’s Guidelines
for Archaeological Reports .
The processing of recovered archaeological material and preparation of the
project archive will follow the AMO’s Guidelines
for Handling of Archaeological Finds and Archives.
Impact Assessment
10.4.2.13
The
prediction and evaluation of both direct and indirect impacts must be
undertaken to identify any potential adverse affects to all identified sites
of archaeological interest within a project Study Area. A detailed description of the works and all
available plans (with their relationship to the identified resources clearly
shown) should be included, to illustrate the nature and degree of potential
impacts. The impact assessment must adhere to the detailed requirements of
Annexes 10 and 19 of the Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact
Assessment Process.
Mitigation Measures
10.4.2.14
As
stated in the Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment “Preservation
in totality must be taken as the first priority”. If such preservation is not
feasible, as in the case where the need for a particular development can be
shown to have benefits that outweigh the significance of the site of
archaeological interest, a programme of mitigation measures must be designed
and submitted to the AMO for approval. The mitigation measures must be clearly
listed and the party responsible for implementation and timing of the measures
must also be included. Examples of mitigation measures include; rescue
excavation and archaeological watching brief.
10.4.3 Built Heritage
Baseline Study
10.4.3.1 A desk-based study has been undertaken to determine the presence of built heritage resources in the project Study Area. Information has been gathered from the following sources:
·
List
of
·
Published
and unpublished papers and studies;
·
Publications
on relevant historical, anthropological and other cultural studies;
·
Unpublished
archival, papers, records; collections and libraries of tertiary institutions;
·
Historical
documents which can be found in Public Records Office, Lands Registry, District
Lands Office, District Office, Museum of History; and
·
Cartographic
and pictorial documentation.
10.4.3.2 The desk-based study has also included a review of previous Built Heritage Impact Assessments (BHIA) in the project’s Study Area.
Built Heritage Field Survey
10.4.3.3 In addition to the desk-based review, a field survey has been undertaken for the section of the Study Area found to have built heritage potential. The boundary of the built heritage survey has been defined as all works areas and all areas within 100 m of the works boundaries (Figures 10.1a and 10.1b). The built heritage field survey has been conducted to compile a complete inventory of all previously known and newly identified resources in the project Study Area. The survey will follow the requirements of the Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment, including the scope of resources, methodology and recording and report preparation processes.
Definition of Built
Heritage Resources
10.4.3.4
All pre-1950 structures, these include all built features, such as;
domestic structures, ancestral halls, temples, shrines, monasteries and
nunneries, village gates, village walls, sections of historical stone
paving, wells, schools, any post-1950 structure deemed to possess features
containing architectural or cultural merit; all pre-war clan graves and
cultural and historical landscape features, such as fung
shui woods and ponds, historical tracks and
pathways, stone walls and terraces, ponds and other agricultural features.
Evaluation of Heritage
Significance of Built Heritage Resources
10.4.3.5
There is currently no official standard for the evaluation of heritage
resources in Hong Kong, and thus, the practice of categorising resources must
be seen as an on-going process that will be updated and improved as refinements and additional
features are added to the existing information base. As such the following
guide has been used for the current impact assessment:
·
Declared or Proposed Monuments: High;
·
Graded Historic Buildings: Moderate;
·
Government Historic Sites: Moderate;
and
·
Non-Graded
Impact Assessment and Mitigation Recommendations
10.4.3.6 Prediction and identification of both direct and indirect impacts that may affect the built heritage resources within the project Study Area has been undertaken with special attention paid to the built heritage resources identified in the project Study Brief. Preservation in-situ should always be the first priority for sites of Cultural Heritage. If preservation in totality is not possible, mitigation has been proposed to minimise the degree of adverse impact to the greatest possible extent. As well, any disturbance to sites of Cultural Heritage that may cause physical damage should be avoided wherever possible through alteration of design, construction method or protective measures as appropriate.
10.4.4.1 A Marine Archaeological Investigation (MAI) comprises four main tasks as detailed below. The study area for the MAI is defined as 50m from the Trunk Road T2 works boundary as show in Figures 10.1c and 10.1d.
Baseline Review
10.4.4.2
The research establishes if
there are records of shipwrecks occurring within the Study Area and its
immediate vicinity, including Hong Kong archives, reports held by the AMO,
examination of old navigation charts, archaeological, historical and geological publications. It will also include
examination of archives held by the UK Hydrographic Office. Since marine
archaeology is a new research discipline in
Marine Geophysical Survey
10.4.4.3 A specific geophysical survey is the most effective method to assess the seabed and subsurface for archaeological material where data gaps occur. The following equipment is required:
·
A marine seismic profiler (high resolution boomer);
·
Dual channel side scan sonar;
·
High resolution multi beam sonar;
·
Single frequency survey echo sounder; and
·
DGPS positioning system with navigation software.
Establishment of Archaeological Potential
10.4.4.4 Detailed analysis of the geophysical data sets and integration with the results of the Baseline Review to map features and anomalies with archaeological potential. This enables the design of a strategy for their investigation and evaluation.
Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) and/or Visual Diver
Survey
10.4.4.5 Visual inspection and assessment of all anomalies identified in the geophysical survey data. A DGPS system is required to locate each dive target and accurately record its position and both still and video cameras used to record features with archaeological potential. Hand held probes and an airlift are used to inspect buried features. If archaeological material is found, the significance will be determined and appropriate mitigation measures will be prepared.
10.5 Terrestrial Archaeology Impact Assessment
10.5.1 Geological and Topographical Background
10.5.1.1
As described in Section 3 and
Section 10.1 above, the main alignment of the proposed Trunk Road T2 is largely
in tunnel under the Kwun
Tong Typhoon Shelter and
Table 10.1 Geological and Topographical Background
|
Location |
Description of Proposed Works |
Topographic Description |
Main Geology |
|
South Apron
of the former |
At
grade road, depressed road, cut and cover tunnel, tunnel portal and TBM
tunnel. |
The proposed alignment runs in a south-easterly
direction along the recent praya of |
Fill over marine mud |
|
Kwun Tong Typhoon Shelter joining up with the TKO-LTT
Interchange at the Cha Kwo Ling Public Cargo
Working Area |
A
fully tunnelled section (by TBM) and Cut
and cover section at CKL |
North-western section of the tunnel alignment is
located along the recent praya near |
Area near Kwun Tong Typhoon
Shelter: Marine mud. Cha Kwo Ling: Fill over
marine sand, Holocene marine sand. |
|
Associated Infrastructure |
|||
|
South Apron |
Ventilation
building and adits. |
These proposed works are located in the South Apron
of former |
Fill over marine mud. |
|
To Southeast of Cha Kwo
Ling village |
Trunk
Road T2 ventilation building at Lam Tin Interchange |
The building is proposed in a former quarry area. |
Medium to fine grained granite. |
|
Works Areas |
|||
|
Works Area 1: Near proposed ventilation building |
Storage of construction equipment, plant
maintenance and cutting and bending of reinforcement along with site offices. |
Located in the South Apron of former |
Fill over marine sands. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Works Area 2: South Apron |
Works area for TBM launching shaft, support
facilities for TBM operations and storage area for tunnel lining segments,
plant maintenance and Barging Point. |
Located in the South Apron of former |
Fill over marine mud. |
|
Works Area 3: South Apron |
Stockpiling of excavated materials |
Located in the South Apron of former |
Fill over marine mud. |
|
Works Area 4: South Apron |
Stockpiling of excavated materials. |
Located in the South Apron of the former |
Fill over marine mud. |
|
Works Area 5: Cha Kwo Ling Public Cargo
Working Area |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of reinforcement
along with site offices. |
To the south of Cha Kwo Ling Public Cargo
Working Area. |
Fill over marine mud. |
10.5.2 Archaeological Background
10.5.2.1
No known archaeological sites
are located within the Trunk Road T2 Study Area. However, according to Schofield, Heanley and Shellshear(1), several geometric sherds (mostly hard geometric) and a few coarse ware sherds were found in a site located on hill E.N.E. of Cha Kwo Ling (Peacock & Nixon 1986). No other references to the site are
available. According to the report, the
site was totally destroyed and all of the finds are currently stored at the
10.5.3 Evaluation of Archaeological Potential
10.5.3.1 The proposed at grade and depressed road section, TBM launching shaft, northern tunnel portal structure, ventilation building and adit are all located on the South Apron of the former Kai Tak airport which was formed of reclaimed land and the archaeological background review showed this area to have no archaeological potential. As such, these works will not have implications to terrestrial archaeology.
10.5.3.2 A cut and cover section of tunnel will be formed within the Cha Kwo Ling Public Cargo Working Area and this area has been determined to have no archaeological potential. The other ventilation building to the south-east of Cha Kwo Ling is proposed to be located within a former quarry area which is, also, deemed to have no archaeological potential.
10.5.3.3 The proposed Works Areas (Figure 10.2) are, also, not situated on land with any archaeological potential.
10.5.4 Impact Assessment
10.5.4.1
There are no identified
areas of archaeological resources in the study area and as such no archaeological impacts are
predicted, as summarized in Table
10.2 below.
Table 10.2 Predicted Terrestrial Archaeological Impacts
|
Location |
Archaeological Potential |
Preliminary Impact Assessment |
Recommendations |
|
At grade and
depressed road, cut and cover tunnel on the South Apron of the former |
Entirely
situated on recent reclamation with no archaeological potential. |
There will
be direct impacts from the proposed construction work. However, the entire site is evaluated as
having no archaeological potential and therefore, no archaeological resources
will be affected. |
No further action. |
|
A fully tunnelled section (by TBM and cut and cover method) through the Kwun Tong Typhoon Shelter joining up with the TKO-LTT tunnel
section at the Cha Kwo Ling Public Cargo Working
Area |
Entirely
situated on recent reclamation with no archaeological potential. |
Proposed tunnel section will have no archaeological
implications and therefore, no potential archaeological deposits will be
affected. Cut and cover section of tunnel to be constructed in
a site evaluated
as having no archaeological potential and therefore, no archaeological
resources will be affected. |
No further action. |
|
Associated Infrastructure |
|||
|
South Apron ventilation building and adits |
The entire
proposed site is situated on recent reclamation with no archaeological
potential. |
There will
be direct impacts from the proposed construction work. However, the entire site is evaluated as
having no archaeological potential and therefore, no archaeological resources
will be affected. |
No further action. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ventilation building to South-east of Cha Kwo Ling |
Entire proposed
site located within a quarry area with no archaeological potential. |
There will
be direct impacts from the proposed construction work. However, the entire site is evaluated as
having no archaeological potential and therefore, no archaeological resources
will be affected. |
No further action. |
|
Works Areas |
|||
|
Works Area 1: Near proposed ventilation building |
The entire
proposed site is situated on recent reclamation with no archaeological
potential |
There will
be minimal impacts from the proposed construction work/use of the area. However,
the entire site is evaluated as having no archaeological potential and
therefore, no archaeological resources will be affected. |
No further action |
|
Works Area 2: South Apron |
The entire
proposed site is situated on recent reclamation with no archaeological
potential |
There will
be minimal impacts from the proposed construction work/use of the area. However,
the entire site is evaluated as having no archaeological potential and
therefore, no archaeological resources will be affected. |
No further action |
|
Works Area 3: South Apron |
The entire
proposed site is situated on recent reclamation with no archaeological
potential |
There will
be minimal impacts from the proposed construction work/use of the area. However, the
entire site is evaluated as having no archaeological potential and therefore,
no archaeological resources will be affected. |
No further action |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Works Area 4: South Apron |
The entire
proposed site is situated on recent reclamation with no archaeological
potential |
There will
be minimal impacts from the proposed construction work/use of the area. However,
the entire site is evaluated as having no archaeological potential and
therefore, no archaeological resources will be affected. |
No further action |
|
Works Area 5: Cha Kwo Ling Public Cargo
Working Area |
The entire
proposed site is situated on recent reclamation with no archaeological
potential |
There will
be minimal impacts from the proposed construction work/use of the area. However,
the entire site is evaluated as having no archaeological potential and
therefore, no archaeological resources will be affected. |
No further action |
10.5.4.2
Based upon
the above, no further investigation is recommended for terrestrial archaeological resources as the proposed works are limited to
areas where existing impacts that would have damaged or destroyed any existing
archaeological material.
10.6 Built Heritage Impact Assessment
10.6.1.1
The
Study Area for built heritage impact assessment is 100m around the works
boundary (including works areas), as shown in Figures 10.1a and 10.1b.
There
are no Proposed or
Graded Historic Buildings
10.6.1.2
The
Historical Villages
10.6.1.3
The
10.6.1.4 The other traditional industries associated with the village were fishing and kaolin mining. Details of the development of the village can be seen on the 1903 map in Figure 10.4 and the 1972 map in Figure 10.5.
Results of Previous Investigations
10.6.1.5
As part of the baseline desk-based study, previous built heritage impact
assessments relevant to the Study Area have been reviewed. Details of the studies and the findings are
presented in the sections below.
Agreement No. CE 81/98 Feasibility Study for Development at Cha Kwo Ling Kaolin Mine Site: Final Heritage Impact Assessment
Report (Fugro 1999)(3)
10.6.1.6
The Study Area for this project
includes the area of the Cha Kwo Ling village. A
built heritage field survey was conducted in 1999 and a total of 36 structures
were recorded. These consisted of village houses in various conditions of
modification and alteration. Some industrial buildings associated with the
former kaolin mine were also identified. The report identified four structures
of cultural heritage significance, namely a
Agreement No. CE 87/2001 (CE) Feasibility Study on Further
Development of Tseung Kwan O– Environmental Impact Assessment (Maunsell 2005)(4)
10.6.1.7
The built heritage assessment
for the Further Development of Tseung Kwan O noted three buildings of heritage
value in Cha Kwo Ling, a
Agreement No. CE 35/2006 (CE) Kai Tak Development Engineering
Study cum Design and Construction of Advance Works – Investigation, Design and
Construction: Decommissioning of the Former Kai Tak Airport other than the
North Apron (AECOM 2008)(5)
10.6.1.8
The project Study Area included
the South Apron of the former
10.6.2 Built Heritage Field Survey
10.6.2.1 Based upon the known lack of built heritage resources in the South Apron area of the alignment, a built heritage field survey was undertaken in the Cha Kwo Ling area to provide project specific details of the heritage resources in the Trunk Road T2 Study Area of 100m from the works boundary, as shown in Figure 10.1b. The built heritage field survey was conducted at Cha Kwo Ling on the 23 November 2012 and a total of 11 built heritage resources were recorded. The locations of the identified built heritage resources are shown in Figure 10.6. The Built Heritage Catalogue, providing descriptions and photographs of all the resources, is presented in Appendix 10A
Construction Phase
10.6.3.1 The works in the South Apron area include construction of an at grade and depressed road and cut and cover tunnel, as well as Works Areas 1, 2, 3 and 4 and a Ventilation Building (Figure 3.8). However, as no built heritage resources were identified in the South Apron section of the project Study Area, no adverse impacts are predicted.
10.6.3.2 A second ventilation building is located to the southeast of Cha Kwo Ling village (Figure 3.8) on the site of a previous quarry. There are no built heritage structures in the vicinity of this proposed location and, therefore, there will be no impacts to any built heritage resources as a result of the proposed construction works or operation of the ventilation building.
10.6.3.3 The middle section of the alignment will be in tunnel through the Kwun Tong Typhoon Shelter joining up with the TKO-LTT tunnel at the Cha Kwo Ling Public Cargo Working Area. The tunnel will be constructed by TBM method until it reaches Chainage 8700 (as shown on Figure 3.2). The section of tunnel between Chainage 8700 to the end of the Trunk Road T2 project (at Chainage 8767) will be constructed by cut and cover method and the potential impacts associated with these works on the closest heritage resources are provided in Table 10.3 below.
Table 10.3 Impact Assessment for Built Heritage Resources in Cha Kwo Ling (Tunnel Alignment)
|
Resource |
Description of Works |
Minimum Distance to Works |
Impact Assessment |
|
Village
House (HB-01) |
Cut and Cover Tunnel |
60 m |
Based on the distance to the proposed works,
no significant adverse impacts are expected. |
|
TBM Tunnel |
92 m |
||
|
Village
House (HB-02) |
Cut and Cover Tunnel |
81 m |
Based on
the distance to the proposed works, no significant adverse impacts are
expected. |
|
TBM Tunnel |
115 m |
||
|
Village
House (HB-03) |
Cut and Cover tunnel |
96 m |
Based on
the distance to the proposed works, no significant adverse impacts are
expected. |
|
TBM
Tunnel |
131 m |
10.6.3.4 The Works Area for the Trunk Road T2 project in the Cho Kwo Ling area is Works Area 5 (Table 3.1, Figure 3.8 and Figure 10.2). Works Area 5 is located at the Cha Kwo Ling Public Cargo Working Area just before the Trunk Road T2 alignment connects with the TKO-LTT project. The impact assessment for the identified resources is listed below in Table 10.4.
Table 10.4 Impact Assessment for Built Heritage Resources in Cha Kwo Ling (Works Area 5 at the Cha Kwo Ling Ex-Public Cargo Handling Area)
|
Resource |
Description of Works |
Minimum Distance to Works Area 5 |
Impact Assessment |
|
Village
House (HB-01) |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of
reinforcement along with site offices. |
36 m |
Based on
the distance to the works area and the proposed site usage, no significant
adverse impacts are expected. |
|
Village
House (HB-02) |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of
reinforcement along with site offices. |
35 m |
Based on
the distance to the works area and the proposed site usage, no significant
adverse impacts are expected. |
|
Village
House (HB-03) |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of
reinforcement along with site offices. |
37 m |
Based on
the distance to the works area and the proposed site usage, no significant
adverse impacts are expected. |
|
(HB-04) |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of
reinforcement along with site offices. |
73 m |
Based on
the distance to the works area and the proposed site usage, no significant
adverse impacts are expected. |
|
(HB-05) |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of
reinforcement along with site offices. |
37 m |
Based on
the distance to the works area and the proposed site usage, no significant
adverse impacts are expected. |
|
Shrine (HB-06) |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of
reinforcement along with site offices. |
46 m |
Based on
the distance to the works area and the proposed site usage, no significant
adverse impacts are expected. |
|
Village
House (HB-07) |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of
reinforcement along with site offices. |
54 m |
Based on
the distance to the works area and the proposed site usage, no significant
adverse impacts are expected. |
|
Village
House (HB-08) |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of
reinforcement along with site offices. |
40 m |
Based on
the distance to the works area and the proposed site usage, no significant
adverse impacts are expected. |
|
Village
House (HB-09) |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of
reinforcement along with site offices. |
59 m |
Based on
the distance to the works area and the proposed site usage, no significant
adverse impacts are expected. |
|
Grade 3 (HB-10) |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of
reinforcement along with site offices. |
69 m |
Based on
the distance to the works area and the proposed site usage, no significant
adverse impacts are expected. |
|
Village
House (HB-11) |
Works area for TBM retrieval shaft, storage
of construction equipment, plant maintenance and cutting and bending of
reinforcement along with site offices. |
84 m |
Based on
the distance to the works area and the proposed site usage, no significant
adverse impacts are expected. |
Operational Phase
Terrestrial Archaeology
10.6.3.5
There will be no impacts to terrestrial archaeological resources during
the operational phase as the project will operate in an area with no
archaeological interest.
Built Heritage
10.6.3.6
The
10.7 Marine Archaeology Impact Assessment
10.7.1 Baseline Review
10.7.1.1
The aim of
the Baseline Review is to compile the most significant information to establish the
archaeological potential of the seabed within the study area. It is not an exhaustive chronological history
of the area. Only incidents and information relevant to the current study are
included.
Archive Search
10.7.1.2
An archive
research of the study area was undertaken for Agreement No. CE58/2006(HY) Central Kowloon Route and Widening of
Gascoigne Road Flyover and the Baseline Review for this Assignment is provided in Appendix 10C.
10.7.1.3
The
archive search did
not locate any specific reference to shipwrecks located in
Previous Seabed Disturbance within the Study Area
10.7.1.4
The Final Geotechnical Report
(1998) under Agreement No. CE69/94
·
The reclamation of the northern apron area for Kai Tak Airport was
carried out
·
The existing reclamation, comprising the first phase of
·
The reclamation works along the line of the proposed nullah diversion
10.7.1.5 As the Eastern Harbour Crossing (EHC) was constructed by immersed tube tunnel, the immediate vicinity of the EHC will, also, have been heavily disturbed.
Completed Marine Archaeological Investigations
10.7.1.6 The Trunk Road T2 project is in an area of extensive development and, therefore, some Marine Archaeological Investigations (MAIs) have already been completed. As all of the previous work has been approved by the AMO and are valid for assessment of the Trunk Road T2 Study Area. Figure 10.7 shows the coverage of the relevant previous studies discussed below.
Agreement
CE CE69/94: Feasibility Study for South
10.7.1.7
The report presents the results
of a comprehensive desktop Baseline Review for the proposed reclamation work
around Kai Tak. The study area
replicated sections of the current project area and the results of the previous
study can be directly applied to the current project. The results of this study have been included
in the Agreement No.
CE58/2006(HY) Central Kowloon Route and Widening of Gascoigne Road Flyover
Baseline Review provided in Appendix 10C.
Agreement No. CE 32/99. Comprehensive Feasibility Study for the Revised
Scheme of South
10.7.1.8
The
10.7.1.9 The survey was divided into three separate areas and one segment of the survey called Section A, covers most of the present study area as shown in Figure 10.7. The data from this area is, therefore, directly relevant to the current study. The details of the survey are set out in Appendix 10B.
10.7.1.10 An archaeological analysis was undertaken for Agreement No. CE 32/99 using the raw data collected. The archaeological objectives of examining the data were:
·
to
map shipwrecks and anomalous features; and
·
to determine the underlying significant
geological horizons to assess the preservation potential of the seabed
sediments.
10.7.1.11 The report recommended a diver inspection of 17 sonar targets within the study area. The targets comprised both isolated features and clusters of smaller material. The location of each of the targets is shown on Figure 10.8. The data also indicated that there was a high volume of dumped material on the seabed showed clear evidence for disturbance by trawling and anchoring.
10.7.1.12 The targets were inspected by
divers between the 23rd and 28th September 2002(10). All of the targets were located and easily
identified as modern material. 16 of the targets were associated with the
remains of six towers erected on the seabed, which are presumed to have
supported the landing lights on the approach to Kai Tak airport. Their distribution can be seen on Figure 10.8 and it is
clear that there is a linear connection with the runway. There was only one
other target (S8), separate from the towers, which comprised concrete
fragments. No other sites or objects of cultural heritage significance were
located.
10.7.1.13 The report recommended that the dredging contractors should be briefed about the possible presence of marine archaeological artefacts and a procedure for handling them developed.
Agreement No.
KDO 01/2006. Site
Investigation and Contamination Assessment at Remaining Area of
10.7.1.14 The MAI consisted of a Baseline Review and Geophysical Survey. The Geophysical Survey
comprised echo sounding, single-channel seismic reflection, side
scan sonar and multi beam swath surveys.
The detailed results were analysed and incorporated in the approved EIA
for the proposed Cruise Terminal at Kai Tak.
A total of 19 targets were initially identified in the side scan sonar
and 11 in the seismic profiler data.
However, subsequent analysis enabled identification of each as modern
debris. The report concluded that the
dredging contractors should be briefed about the possibility of discovering
archaeological remains, due to the high archaeological potential of the area.
Agreement No.CE58/2006(HY). Central
10.7.1.15 In 2008 a comprehensive MAI was completed as
part of the MAI for Agreement
No. CE58/2006(HY)
10.7.1.16 The Central Kowloon Route (CKR) crosses the
Summary of Existing Data
10.7.1.17
The Baseline Review has
indicated unusually high marine archaeological potential in the study area as
10.7.1.18 The results of the previous investigations, completed between 2000 and 2008, provide 100% coverage of the majority of the study area, as indicted in Figure 10.7. As such, there is no need for any further investigation in the areas already surveyed.
10.7.1.19 For the remaining area of the alignment close to and up to the Cha Kwo Ling shoreline, there was no existing data (see Figure 10.9) and, therefore, an additional geophysical survey was undertaken.
10.7.2
Project Geophysical Survey
Background
10.7.2.1
Based upon the recommendations of the baseline review, an additional project specific geophysical survey was commissioned in the areas where no existing
data existed to cover the gap in data and to achieve complete coverage of the
study area. Figure 10.7 shows the previous survey coverage.
10.7.2.2
In 2010 when the geophysical
survey was commissioned, one of the options at that time was for the tunnel to
be constructed using an immersed tube.
This would have had a major impact on the seabed and 100% geophysical
survey coverage of the study area was required.
Some of the study area had been covered by previous MAI studies but a
small section remained with no survey coverage.
Therefore , in June 2010, a geophysical survey
was completed to ensure 100% coverage of the study area. The geophysical survey was, also, required as
part of the ground investigation work for the project.
10.7.2.3
The full methodology of the survey carried out
in June 2010 is presented in Appendix 10D and summarised below:
· to map sea bed levels in detail;
· to map the texture and features on the sea bed such as shipwrecks, rock outcrops and debris;
· to map the geological succession over the water mains corridor; and
· to locate the position of the existing utilities.
Results
10.7.2.4
In total, 30 sonar contacts with archaeological potential
were identified from the survey data. Each
of the 30 sonar contacts were located within 100m from
this alignment. The detailed results and
copies of side scan sonar data are included in Appendix 10D.
10.7.2.5 In order to investigate further, a diver inspection would be required to assess the archaeological value of the sonar contacts. In November 2010, a licence to excavate and search for antiquities was submitted and granted. At the time of the licence application, one option for the Trunk Road T2 alignment was a longer alignment transversing the surveyed area. However, based upon the design development, an alternative alignment which did not pass through the area of the 30 sonar contacts and was selected and rendering each of the sonar contacts more than 100m from the selected alignment. In addition, the use of a tunnel boring machine that would have zero seabed impact was selected. Based upon this, the diving survey is not required. Figure 10.10 shows the 30 sonar contacts in relation to the preferred alignment.
10.7.2.6
Figure 10.10 presents the data showing each of the sonar contacts in relation
to the current proposed Trunk Road T2 alignment.
It can be seen clearly that none lie within impact range. In addition,
since the TBM construction method will be used there will be no impact on the
seabed.
Discussion
10.7.2.7 The 2010 geophysical marine survey located 30 sonar contacts which were unidentified objects on the seabed. An archaeological assessment of these contacts was not undertaken and is not required as a result of changes to both the vertical and horizontal alignment and construction method resulting in zero seabed impact. There is no need for any further investigation or mitigation.
10.7.3 Marine Archaeological Potential
10.7.3.1 The Baseline Review established high marine archaeological potential for the seabed within the study area based on its exceptionally intense maritime history. However, this potential is diminished by extensive previous seabed disturbance.
10.7.3.2 The launching and retrieving of the TBM will take place approximately 10m away from the existing seawalls (See Figure 3.6 and 3.7) and will, therefore, not impact the seabed in any way. While the TBM will impact existing structures such as the South Apron Seawall and Cha Kwo Ling Seawall, all of these structures are modern constructions and have no archaeological value.
10.7.3.3 There will be no other impacts from the TBM tunnel which could impact marine archaeology.
10.8.1
Terrestrial Archaeology
10.8.1.1 No impacts on any archaeological resources are anticipated as a result of the Trunk Road T2 project and, therefore, no mitigation measures are recommended. However, the AMO shall be informed immediately in case of discovery of antiquities or supposed antiquities within the project boundary.
10.8.2 Built Heritage
10.8.2.1
The impact assessment has
identified that no significant adverse impacts to built heritage structures
will result from the construction or operation of Trunk Road T2 and no
mitigation measures will be required. However, the AMO shall be informed
immediately in case of discovery of antiquities or supposed antiquities within
the project boundary.
10.8.3 Marine Archaeology
10.9.1
Terrestrial Archaeology
10.9.1.1
The project will interface with a larger transport infrastructure programme that will link the
10.9.2.1
The Trunk Road T2 project is part of a larger transport infrastructure programme that
will link the
10.9.3 Marine Archaeology
10.9.3.1 As the seadbed will not be disturbed by the formation of the tunnel due to the adoption of the TBM method, no cumulative impacts will arise for the Marine Archaeology.
10.10.1.1 The residual impacts refer to the net impacts after mitigation, taking into account the background environmental conditions and the impacts from existing, committed and planned projects. Residual impacts associated with these works have been assessed but no quantification of residual impacts is required.
10.10.1.2 Adverse residual terrestrial archaeological, built heritage or marine archaeological impacts are not predicted and would be unlikely to induce public health concern, unduly affect the welfare of the local community with the mitigation measures.
10.11 Environmental Monitoring and Audit Requirements
10.11.1.1 In terms of terrestrial and marine archaeology, no areas of archaeological potential have been identified and no impacts are predicted. However, as a precautionary measure, it is recommended that if any antiquity or supposed antiquity is discovered during the course of the excavation works undertaken by the Contractor, the discovery shall be reported to the AMO immediately and all necessary measures taken to preserve it.
10.11.1.2 In terms of built heritage, no mitigation measures are required for any of the identified village houses as detailed in Section 10.6 above. Therefore, no Environmental Monitoring and Audit (EM&A) is required.
10.11.1.3 For marine archaeology, no impacts or mitigation measures have been predicted and, therefore, no EM&A is required. The AMO shall be informed immediately in case of discovery of antiquities or supposed antiquities within the project boundary.
10.12.1.1 The terrestrial and marine archaeology assessments did not identify any areas of archaeological potential and no impacts are predicted. However, any antiquity or supposed antiquity discovered during the course of the excavation works will be reported to the AMO immediately.
10.12.1.2 The built heritage survey has identified 11 buildings in Cha Kwo Ling. No adverse impacts to any of the buildings have been identified during either the construction or operational phases of the project and no mitigation will be required. The cultural heritage impacts would be unlikely to induce public health concern.
1.
Schofield, Heanley and
Shellshear no date.
Notes made by archaeologists while visiting Cha Kwo
Ling and kept as part of HKAS archives. Referenced
in Peacock and Niixon 1986.
2.
Peacock & Nixon 1986. Report of
the
3.
Agreement No. CE 81/98 Feasibility Study for
Development at Cha Kwo Ling Kaolin Mine Site : Final Heritage
Impact Assessment Report (Fugro 1999)
4.
Agreement No. CE 87/2001 (CE) Feasibility Study on
Further Development of Tseung Kwan – Environmental Impact Assessment (Maunsell 2005)
5.
Agreement No. CE 35/2006 (CE) Kai Tak Development
Engineering Study cum Design and Construction of Advance Works – Investigation,
Design and Construction: Decommissioning of the
6.
The Final Geotechnical Report
(1998) under Agreement No. CE69/94
7. Agreement CE CE69/94: Feasibility Study for South East Kowloon Development. Marine Archaeological Investigation (Baseline Review). 2000.
8.
Agreement CE 32/99: Comprehensive Feasibility Study for the Revised Scheme of South
9. IGGE under CED Contract GE/2001/20, Works Order No. Geophysical Survey. Final Report. GE2001/20/04. 2001.
10. Marine Archaeological Investigation, (diver inspection of targets recommended by 2002 SDA Marine report); 23-28 September 2002, prepared by Cosmos Coroneos under Agreement CE32/99 for Archaeo-Environments Ltd HK. 2003.
11.
Agreement No. KDO 01/2006. Site
Investigation and Contamination Assessment at Remaining Area of
12.
Agreement No. CE58/2006(HY).
Central
10.2 Environmental
Legislation, Standards and Guidelines.
10.3 Objectives
of the Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment
10.5 Terrestrial
Archaeology Impact Assessment
10.6 Built
Heritage Impact Assessment
10.7 Marine
Archaeology Impact Assessment
10.11 Environmental
Monitoring and Audit Requirements
Appendices
Appendix 10A Built Heritage Catalogue
Appendix 10B 2002 Marine Archaeological Investigation
Report, Prepared under Agreement No. CE 32/99 Comprehensive Feasibility Study
for The Revised Scheme of South East Kowloon Development, March 2002
Appendix 10C 2008 Baseline Review Report, Prepared under
Agreement No. CE 58/2006(HY) Central Kowloon Route and Widening of Gascoigne
Road Flyover Marine Archaeological Investigation (MAI), November 2008
Appendix 10D Geophysical Survey, Works Order Number
GE/2010/02.7, Agreement No. CE 38/2008 (HY) Kai Tak Development – Trunk Road T2
and Infrastructure at South Apron – Investigation, Design and Construction,
Archaeological Geophysical Survey
Tables List
Table
10.1 Geological and Topographical Background
Table 10.2 Predicted
Terrestrial Archaeological Impacts
Table 10.3 Impact Assessment for Built Heritage Resources in Cha
Kwo Ling (Tunnel Alignment)
Figure List
Figure
10.1a Study Area for Terrestrial
Archaeology and Built Heritage at Former Kai Tak Airport South Apron
Figure
10.1b Study Area for Terrestrial
Archaeology and Built Heritage at Cha Kwo Ling Road
Figure
10.1c Study Area for Marine
Archaeology (Sheet 1 of 2)
Figure
10.1d Study Area for Marine
Archaeology (Sheet 2 of 2)
Figure
10.2 Geology of Study Area and
Location of Works Areas
Figure
10.3 Map Shown the Location of Cha
Kwo Ling Law Mansion (HB-10)
Figure
10.4 Historical 1903 Map Showing
the Layout of Cha Kwo Ling Village
Figure
10.5 Historical 1972 Map Showing
the Layout of Cha Kwo Ling Village
Figure
10.6 Map Shown the Location of
Built Heritage Resources at Cha Kwo Ling
Figure
10.7 Coverage of Existing Mai
Surveys and Studies
Figure
10.8 Location of Sonar Contacts
within Area A (Agreement CE 32/99)
Figure
10.9 Area for Additional
Geophysical Survey
Figure
10.10 Location of 2010 Sonar Contract
in Relation to the Study Area