12.1 Legislation, Standards and Guidelines
12.4 Impact Assessment – Construction Phase
12.5 Mitigation Measures – Construction Phase
12.6 Impact Assessment – Operational Phase
12.7 Mitigation Measures – Operational Phase
Figure 12.1 Geological
Map of Tung Chung West
Figure 12.2 Cultural Heritage Resources in
Tung Chung
Figure 12.3 Existing
Villages in Tung Chung
Figure 12.4 Graves on
Rocky Lion Hill
Figure 12.5 Previous Geophysical Survey
Areas in Tung Chung
Figure 12.6 Location of Targets from
Previous Geophysical Survey
Figure 12.7 Tentative Locations of Auger
Holes and Test Pits
Figure 12.8 Locations of Diver Survey in
Tung Chung West
Figure 12.9 Existing
Heritage Buildings with Potential Historic or Cultural Importance (Sheet 1 of
5)
Figure 12.9a Existing
Heritage Buildings with Potential Historic or Cultural Importance (Sheet 2 of
5)
Figure 12.9b Existing
Heritage Buildings with Potential Historic or Cultural Importance (Sheet 3 of
5)
Figure 12.9c Existing
Heritage Buildings with Potential Historic or Cultural Importance (Sheet 4 of
5)
Figure 12.9d Existing
Heritage Buildings with Potential Historic or Cultural Importance (Sheet 5 of
5)
Figure 12.10 Locations
of As-Built Auger Holes and Test Pits
Figure 12.11 Existing
Heritage Buildings with Potential Historic or Cultural Importance on RODP
(Sheet 1 of 5)
Figure 12.11a Existing
Heritage Buildings with Potential Historic or Cultural Importance on RODP
(Sheet 2 of 5)
Figure 12.11b Existing
Heritage Buildings with Potential Historic or Cultural Importance on RODP
(Sheet 3 of 5)
Figure 12.11c Existing
Heritage Buildings with Potential Historic or Cultural Importance on RODP
(Sheet 4 of 5)
Figure 12.11d Existing
Heritage Buildings with Potential Historic or Cultural Importance on RODP
(Sheet 5 of 5)
Figure 12.12 Graphic
Overview of Archaeological Potential and Executed Sampling Locations
Figure 12.13 Graphic
Overview of Recommendations and Executed Sampling Locations
Appendix 12.1 Historical
Aerial Photos for Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment
Appendix
12.2 Previous Archaeological Survey
Locations
Appendix
12.3 Photo Records of Diver Survey
Appendix
12.4 Photo Records of Diver Survey Team
Appendix
12.5 Details of Existing Built Heritage
Resources
Appendix
12.6 Terrestrial Archaeological Survey
Report
Appendix
12.7 Marine Diver Survey Report
12.1 Legislation, Standards and Guidelines
12.1.1 Terrestrial
12.1.1.1 The
assessment and protection of cultural heritage within HKSAR is governed by the
following legislative standards and guidelines:
·
Antiquities and
Monuments Ordinance;
·
Annex 10 of the
TM-EIAO, Criteria for Evaluating Visual and Landscape Impact, and Impact on
Sites of Cultural Heritage;
·
Annex 19 of the
TM-EIAO, Guidelines for Assessment of Impact On Sites of Cultural Heritage and
Other Impacts;
·
Guidance Notes on
Assessment of Impact on Sites of Cultural Heritage in Environmental Impact
Assessment Studies;
·
Hong Kong Planning
Standards and Guidelines; an
·
The list of 1444
historic buildings proposed by Antiquities Advisory Board; and
·
Guidelines for
Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment issued by the Antiquities and Monuments
Office (refer to Appendix K-1 of EIA Study Brief No. ESB-285/2015)
Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance
12.1.1.2 Legislation relating to antiquities is set out in the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Chapter 53 of the Laws of Hong Kong), which came into force on 1 January 1976. The Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance provides statutory protection against the threat of development on Declared Monuments to enable their preservation for posterity.
12.1.1.3 The Ordinance contains the statutory procedures for the Declaration of Monuments. The legislation applies equally to sites on land and underwater. The purpose of the Ordinance is to prescribe controls for the discovery and protection of antiquities in Hong Kong. A summary of the key aspects of the legislation relevant to the current study is presented below.
12.1.1.4 Human artefacts, relics and built structures may be gazetted and protected as monuments. The Antiquities Authority may, after consultation with the Antiquities Advisory Board (AAB) and with the Chief Executive’s approval, declare any place, building, site or structure which the Antiquities Authority considers to be of public interest by reason of its historical, archaeological or palaeontological significance.
12.1.1.5 The discovery of an Antiquity, as defined in the Ordinance must be reported to the Antiquities Authority (the Authority), or a designated person. The Ordinance also provides that, the ownership of every relic discovered in Hong Kong after the commencement of this Ordinance shall vest in the Government from the moment of discovery. Any person who has discovered an antiquity or suspected antiquity should take all reasonable measures to protect it making reference to Section 11 of Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance.
12.1.1.6 No person,
other than the Authority and a designate person authorized by him, shall
excavate or search for antiquities except in accordance with a licence granted
to him.
12.1.1.7 A licence may not be granted to a person unless the Authority is satisfied that the applicant 1) has had sufficient scientific training or experience to enable him to carry out the excavation and search satisfactorily; 2) has at his disposal sufficient and financial or other resources to enable him to carry out the excavation and search satisfactorily; 3) is able to conduct, or arrange for, a proper scientific study of any antiquities discovered as a result of the excavation and search.
12.1.1.8 Once declared a site of public interest, no person may undertake acts which are prohibited under the Ordinance, such as to demolish or carry on building or other works, unless a permit is obtained from the Antiquities Authority.
12.1.1.9 The
Ordinance defines an antiquity as a relic (a moveable object made before 1800)
and a place, building, site or structure erected, formed or built by human
agency before the year 1800.
Annex 10 of the TM-EIAO,
Criteria for Evaluating Visual and Landscape Impact, and Impact on Sites of
Cultural Heritage
12.1.1.10 This
technical memorandum is issued under section 16 of the Environmental Impact
Assessment Ordinance (EIAO). Annex 10 of the TM-EIAO
lists out the criteria for evaluating impact on
sites of cultural heritage including:
·
The general
presumption in favour of the protection and conservation of all sites of
cultural heritage because they provide an essential, finite and irreplaceable
link between the past and the future and are points of reference and identity
for culture and tradition.
·
Adverse impacts on
sites of cultural heritage shall be kept to the absolute minimum.
Annex 19 of the TM-EIAO, Guidelines for
Assessment of Impact On Sites of Cultural Heritage and Other Impacts
12.1.1.11 Annex 19 of the TM-EIAO describes the commonly adopted approaches and methodologies for assessment of impact on sites of cultural heritage. Though there is no quantitative standard in deciding the relative importance of these sites, sites of unique archaeological, historical or architectural value will be considered as highly significant in general. Baseline study, methodology, impact assessment and mitigation measures form a basic skeleton in determination of impact on sites of cultural heritage.
Guidance Notes on
Assessment of Impact on Sites of Cultural Heritage in Environmental Impact
Assessment Studies
12.1.1.12 The purpose of this set of guidance notes is to assist
the understanding of the requirements set out in section 2 of Annex 10 and
Annex 19 of the TM-EIAO in assessing
impact on sites of cultural heritage in EIA studies.
12.1.1.13 Under section 9 of the TM, the Director of
Environmental Protection shall take
advice from the relevant authorities on matters prescribed in that section in
considering applications for approval of EIA reports. The relevant authority on
antiquities and monuments is the AMO under
the Secretary for Home Affairs (previously under the Secretary for
Broadcasting, Culture and Sport).
12.1.1.14 This set of guidance notes shall in no way override
the provisions under section 2 of Annex 10 and Annex 19 of the TM-EIAO which stipulate the requirements in carrying out
assessment of impact on sites of cultural heritage in EIA reports. This set of
guidance notes serves only as a reference and is not meant to be exhaustive nor
comprehensive. The onus remains on the project proponents to conduct EIA
studies, when required, in such manner and to such standard as to completely
satisfy the Director in accordance with the TM-EIAO.
12.1.1.15 This set of guidance notes will be revised from time to time, as appropriate, in light of further experience gained.
Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines
12.1.1.16 The Hong
Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines (HKPSG) is a Government manual of
criteria for determining the scale, location and site requirements of various
land uses and facilities. As planning standards and guidelines could affect the
allocation of scarce land and financial resources, they should be applied with
a degree of flexibility. Trade-offs may be necessary so that the community at
large could benefit most from the development. Environmental factors and
criteria have to be incorporated into the land use planning process in order to
prevent adverse environmental problems. Guidance for environmental planning of
both public and private developments was given in these guidelines and the
guidelines may be applied at three broad planning levels:
strategic/territorial, sub-regional and district/local planning.
The list of 1444 historic buildings proposed by Antiquities Advisory
Board
12.1.1.17 The AAB
announced in March 2009 the completion of the assessment of 1444 historic
buildings. Since then, the AAB has been working on confirming the grading of
the historic buildings with reference to information from the AMO and opinions
received from the public. The AAB will also consider the heritage value and
grading of the new items proposed by the public for assessment. In view of the
variety of the new items and the tremendous efforts required for research such
as document checking, site-inspection, information recording, etc, the AAB will
handle the new items in phases based on the cogent need for assessment.
Guidelines for Cultural
Heritage Impact Assessment issued by the Antiquities and Monuments Office
12.1.1.18 This guideline is also appended in the EIA Study Brief of this Study (EIA Study Brief No. ESB-285/2015). The purpose of the guidelines is to assist the understanding of the requirements in assessing impact on archaeological and built heritage. The guidelines which will be revised by AMO from time to time, where appropriate, and when required should be followed in the interest of professional practice.
12.1.1.19 According to the above guideline, a comprehensive Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (CHIA) should include a baseline study, an impact assessment study associated with the appropriate mitigation measures proposed and to be implemented by project proponents.
12.1.2 Marine
12.1.2.1 The legislation, standards, guidelines and criteria relevant to the consideration of underwater cultural heritage impacts under this study include the following:-
·
Antiquities and
Monuments Ordinance;
·
Environmental
Impact Assessment Ordinance (EIAO);
·
Technical
Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (TM-EIAO); and
·
Guidelines for
Marine Archaeological Investigation.
12.1.2.2 The description of the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance and the EIAO have been described in Section 12.1.1.2 to Section 12.1.1.11 and are equally applicable for both land-based and marine-based archaeology.
Guidelines for Marine Archaeological
Investigation
12.1.2.3 The AMO has issued Guidelines for Marine Archaeological Investigation (MAI) which detail the standard practice, procedures and methodology which must be undertaken in determining the marine archaeological potential, presence of archaeological artefacts and defining suitable mitigation measures.
12.1.2.4 The MAI follows the methodology set out in the Guidelines issued by the AMO and the relevant requirements in Annexes 10 and 19 of TM-EIAO.
12.2.1 Terrestrial Archaeology and Built Heritage
Geological Characteristics at Tung Chung Bay
12.2.1.1 The physical setting which characterises Tung Chung
Bay and hinterland is a landscape with evidence of aggradations. This can be
demonstrated by the widespread evidence of colluvial deposition and plumes of
alluvium which can be seen aggrading to seaward at the southern part of Tung
Chung bay (see 1973 aerial photography shown in Appendix 12.1). The solid geology which underlies much of the PDA
at TCW - outcrops throughout the prominent hills to the east of Ma Wan Chung
(known locally as Rocky Lion Hill) (Literal translation of Shek She (Siu Kwok
Kin 1997)) as well as low hills both east and west of the Tung Chung valley -
includes Rhyolite with minor outcropping fine-grained granite. Slope debris
occupies the tributary valleys forming lobes of deposition along both sides of
the Tung Chung valley. The age of these deposits are unknown, though it is
possible that some of these deposits (unmapped) may be of relatively recent age
and therefore of archaeological interest. This would be in the form of slope
deposits which may have covered previous archaeological material. More recent
floodplain and overbank deposits include terraced alluvium and recent alluvium.
Beach deposits are common at Sha Tsui Tau and Ma Wan Chung, which notably for
the association of these deposits with places and the vicinity of
archaeological interest in these locations. The geological map of the PDA at
TCW is shown in Figure 12.1.
12.2.1.2 The implication of both superficial and solid geology
as well as landforms and geomorphology on archaeological potential has been
discussed. This description of the landscape setting above suggests that some
potential for archaeological sites may be buried within alluvial or colluvial
material.
Review of
Historical Aerial Photos
12.2.1.3 A comparison of aerial photos from 1973 to 2011 (as
shown in Appendix 12.1) shows only moderate
change in the landscape of TCW, certainly compared with that of the Tung Chung
area. In the Tung Chung Valley, much of the cultivated land was abandoned with
some development of existing villages and infrastructure during this period.
The construction of nullahs for flood control at Sha Tsui Tau and Ma Wan Chung
and areas of reclamation immediately east of Sha Tsui Tau are example of
modification of the coastline. Residential development has gradually evolved
around Ma Wan Chung across cultivated land as well as building renewal within
Mok Ka and Ngau Au.
Declared Monuments, Historic Buildings, Sites of
Archaeological Interest
Declared Monuments
12.2.1.4 There are
two declared monuments located within or in the vicinity but outside the PDAs
in Tung Chung as shown in Figure 12.2. Though it is understood that Tung Chung
Battery lies within the PDA at TCW, it has been confirmed that it will be
avoided by layout design.
Table 12.1 Declared
Monuments within or in the vicinity but outside PDAs
|
No. |
Ref. No. |
Name |
Remarks |
Description |
|
1 |
7 |
Tung Chung Fort on Lantau Island (大嶼山東涌炮台) |
Outside PDA |
Lantau Island is located at the entrance of the Pearl River
estuary and had been selected for military base in the past history as
described in Guangdong Annuals (廣東通志) during the Qing (清) Dynasty. Tung Chung Fort, currently
located south of Yat Tung Estate, was used once as a police station and Wah
Ying College. It was also occupied by
Japanese soldiers during the Japanese Occupation. In 1979, Tung Chung Fort was gazetted as a
Monument by the HK Government. Since then, it has received lot of attention
from the public and the academia. (Siu Kwok-kin, 1964) |
|
2 |
22 |
Tung Chung Battery on Lantau Island (大嶼山東涌小炮台) |
Within PDA |
Tung Chung Battery is a
declared monument located on a prominent headland about 1 km north of Tung
Chung Fort. Ruins of the battery were rediscovered in 1980 beneath thick
foliage and include an L-shaped wall and corner platform which was most
likely utilized as a gun emplacement. The battery was declared a monument on November 11, 1983 (AMO Declared
monuments). Construction on the Tung Chung Battery was completed in 1817 with
the purpose of protecting Tung Chung Bay from pirates that
threatened the coasts and seas of southern China. The construction of the
battery was recorded in the Guangdong Annals, which recounted how two
forts were built at the base of the "Rocky Lion Hill" —the literal
translation of Shek She (Siu Kwok Kin 1997). There is a potential for remains
of the second battery to be found within the Tung Chung PDA. |
Ref.: AMO’s Declared
Monuments in Hong Kong (as at 2 November 2011)
Graded Historic Buildings
12.2.1.5 The AMO’s
List of the 1,444 Historic Buildings in Building Assessment has been reviewed
for identification of graded historic buildings. There are a total of 5 graded
historic buildings within or in the vicinity but outside the PDAs (as listed in
Table 12.2) are shown in Figure 12.2.
Table 12.2 Historic
Buildings within or near PDAs
|
No. |
Ref. No. [1] |
Name and Address [1] |
Confirmed Grading[1] |
Ownership [1] [2] |
Remarks |
|
1 |
577 |
Watchtower, Pak Mong Tsuen (大嶼山白芒村更樓) |
2 |
Private |
In the vicinity but outside PDAs |
|
2 |
760 |
Entrance Gate, Pak Mong (大嶼山白芒圍門) |
3 |
Private |
In the vicinity but outside PDAs |
|
3 |
889 |
Hau Wong Temple, Tung Chung (大嶼山東涌侯王宮) |
2 |
CTC |
Within TCW PDA |
|
4 |
930 |
Entrance Gate, Shek Mun Kap, Tung Chung (大嶼山東涌石門甲圍門) |
3 |
Private |
Within TCW PDA |
|
5 |
933 |
Tin Hau Temple, Wong Lung Hang Road, Tung
Chung (大嶼山東涌黃龍坑道天后宮) |
2 |
CTC |
In the vicinity but outside PDAs |
Note:
[1] As
per AMO’s List of the Historic Buildings in Building Assessment (as of 24
October 2014)
[2] CTC
– Chinese Temple Committee (華人廟宇委員會)
12.2.1.6 It can be
seen from the above table that only 2 of the graded historic buildings
including Hau Wong Temple and Entrance Gate at Shek Mun Kap are located within
the PDA at TCW. Details of these 2 graded historic buildings are summarised in Table 12.3.
Table 12.3 Description of Graded Historic Buildings within PDA at
TCW
|
Name and Address |
Description |
|
Hau Wong
Temple, Tung Chung, Lantau Island (大嶼山東涌侯王宮) |
Hau
Wong temple is a grade 2 Historic Building and lies within the Sha Tsui Tau
Site of Archaeological Interest, within 100m of Tung Chung Bay and the
outlet of the Tung Chung Stream. An inscription of a bronze bell within the
temple suggests that the temple was built at least by 1765 and is the
largest Hau Wong temple on Lantau island. The temple is dedicated to Yuen
Liangjie and a ceremony was held on the forecourt on the 18th of the eighth
month in the Lunar
calendar
every year with activities such as Chinese operas and gatherings in the
open area of the temple, to celebrate the birthday of Hau Wong. |
|
Entrance Gate, Shek Mun Kap, Tung Chung, Lantau Island (大嶼山東涌石門甲圍門) |
The
Entrance Gate at Shek Mun Kap is a grade 3 Historic Building lies in front
of Shek Mun Kap - one of the oldest villages in Tung Chung. Shek Mun Kap is
recorded in the Xinan Gazetteer of the Qing Dynasty. The entrance gate has
feng shui walls on both sides and a feng shui wood lies in front of the village. |
Sites of Archaeological Interest
12.2.1.7 AMO
maintains a list of Sites of Archaeological Interest which is updated from time
to time. This list can be consulted at
the AMO, or from other approved EIA reports in EPD’s EIAO Register Office. However, the list is neither meant to be
exhaustive, nor is the information contained therein comprehensive,
particularly in the case of sites of archaeological interest or cultural
features buried underground. Other useful sources of relevant information
include the tertiary institutions (e.g.
the Hong Kong Collection at the University of Hong Kong Library,
Departments of History and Architecture at the University of Hong Kong and the
Chinese University of Hong Kong), public libraries and archives (e.g. Public Records Office), District Offices,
District Lands Offices and Land Registries, etc.
12.2.1.8 According
to the available information, there are 7 Sites of Archaeological Interest
within or in the vicinity but outside the PDAs. Four of these lie within the
PDA in TCW. These sites are shown in Figure 12.2 and are described in Table 12.4 below. A description of all these Sites of
Archaeological Interest is given in subsequent sections.
Table 12.4 Sites of Archaeological Interest within or nearby PDAs
|
No. |
Ref. No. |
Name |
|
Within PDA at TCW |
||
|
1 |
132 |
Fu Tei Wan Kiln
(relocated to Tung Chung) (虎地灣窰(遷移至東涌)) |
|
2 |
136 |
Ma Wan Chung (馬灣涌) |
|
3 |
152 |
Sha Tsui Tau (沙嘴頭) |
|
4 |
166 |
Tung Chung Game
Board Carving (東涌棋盤石刻) |
|
In the vicinity
but outside PDAs |
||
|
5 |
146 |
Pak Mong (白芒) |
|
6 |
149 |
San Tau (䃟頭) |
|
7 |
158 |
Tai Ho (大蠔) |
Ref.: AMO’s List of Sites of Archaeological
Interest in Hong Kong (as at Nov 2012)
Sites of
Archaeological Interest within PDA at TCW
Fu Tei Wan Kiln (relocated to Tung Chung) (虎地灣窰(遷移至東涌))
12.2.1.9 A Tang (唐) dynasty (A.D. 618-907) lime kiln was found at Fu Tei Wan,
However, prior to the construction of the airport island, this kiln was
relocated to the current location at about 20-30m south of Tung Chung Battery
and along the Tung Chung Road. (Territory Development Department, 1999)
Ma Wan Chung (馬灣涌)
12.2.1.10 This site
was discovered during the HKAS survey of Tung Chung from 1992 to 1993. (Hong
Kong Archaeological Society; 香港考古學會,
(1993-1997)) A large sand body running north-south was identified by augering;
six test pits investigated it. Sparse Tang kiln debris was found in a thin
layer, and a few Neolithic shreds were also found although they were not
considered to be in-situ. Some Song (宋) pottery
was found as well. Two lime kilns of typical Tang (唐) type were observed in the area where a possible extension of the sand
body veered to the northwest and narrowed.
Kiln debris and Tang pottery was found in the vicinity though the site
was not investigated due to access difficulties. (Territory Development
Department, 1999)
12.2.1.11 The main
north-south sandbody was thoroughly tested in 1992 but did not show any
significant deposits. It was the recommendation of the HKAS survey from 1992 to
1993 that further testing in the north-west of the site should be undertaken as
it contains distinct Song and Tang deposits and a considerable amount of
ceramics. (Hong Kong Archaeological Society, 1993) In addition it was
recommended that the kiln site on the northwest extension of the sandbody
should be preserved as a resource for future study.
Sha Tsui Tau (沙嘴頭)
12.2.1.12 The Sha Tsui Tau Site of Archaeological
Interest occupies an elevated sand bank at Sha Tsui Tau (on which the Hau Wong
Temple is located), within which lies an old walking trail connecting Tung
Chung and San Tau. It was discovered in 1980 when large quantities of Tang Dynasty
kiln debris were observed scattered about the undulating eroding surface of
what had apparently been a flat and cultivated sand bank. (Territory
Development Department, 1999)
12.2.1.13 This area was converted
in the early 1980's to a football ground. A small, slightly raised strip of
vacant land to the south was covered in vegetation and this area, now between
two hostel buildings, has been repeatedly tested and excavated. Excavations
included augering in 1980, a test pit in 1985, a trench excavation by the AMO
in 1991, two test pits by the Chinese University team in 1991 and finally by
archaeologists from Guangdong and University College London (UCL) under the
auspices of the AMO in 1995. (Peacock, B.A.V. and Nixon, T.J.P., 1988; 廣州市文物考古研究所, 1998; 香港中文大學中國考古藝術研究中心, 1991) Other parts of
the site were tested by augering and test squares during a survey from 1992 to
1993 by the HKAS. The most recent investigation was done in 2002. (古物古蹟辦事處, 2002) Neither extant
kiln structures nor prehistoric material have been found in these excavations,
although Sha Tsui Tau is one of the few sites in Hong Kong that have yielded a
considerable amount of Tang pottery. The following is a summary of
archaeological investigations and results.
12.2.1.14 First investigation was
done during the Hong Kong Archaeological Survey and this survey recovered kiln
remains of Tang Dynasty as well as coarseware, hard geometric and glazed
stoneware of Tang Dynasty. With respect to prehistoric evidence, some shreds of
Bronze Age pottery were found on the beach. (Peacock, B.A.V. and Nixon, T.J.P.,
1988)
12.2.1.15 Another survey was done
in 1991 by the Chinese University of Hong Kong and included two test pits
yielding Tang kiln furniture. (CUHK, 1991)
12.2.1.16 University College
London (UCL) under the auspices of the AMO conducted excavations at Sha Tsui
Tau in 1991 and 1995 (Drewett, P.L., 1996) in which Qing burials and large
quantities of pottery and kiln debris of the Tang Dynasty were discovered.
Observations made before football ground construction suggested that most of
the area to the north of the garden behind the Hau Wong Temple and the northern
half of the football ground may not have significant deposits.
12.2.1.17 The Hong Kong
Archaeological Society (HKAS) investigated other parts of the site in 1992-1993
and recorded two Tang Dynasty lime kilns. (HKAS, 1992-1993)
12.2.1.18 A collaborative
investigation between AMO and Guangdong in 1995 revealed Qing burials which
demonstrated the presence of military troops at Sha Tsui Tau during the late
Qing period. This study also revealed evidence from the Song/Yuan period,
principally in the form of isolated burials. (AMO, 1995)
12.2.1.19 During the Second
Territory-Wide Archaeological Survey by the Institute of Cultural Relics and
Archaeology of Guangzhou in 1997-98, porcelain of Tang and Song Dynasty were
found. (廣州市文物考古研究所, 1998)
12.2.1.20 An investigation at Sha Tsui Tau was conducted as part of the survey
done by Territory Development Department (TDD) in 1997. This survey included
shovel test and 2m x 2m test pits revealing sparse Qing, Sung and Tang pottery.
While the area is not totally devoid of pre-Qing cultural deposits (with traces
of Late Neolithic and Song Dynasty occupation). According to the review in the
TDD report, the Song deposit is so sparse as to be of little importance.
(Territory Development Department, 1999)
12.2.1.21 A survey undertaken in 2002 investigated
one test pit (1x1m) and seven trenches (5x1m respectively). Furnace residuals (殘爐條) from Tang Dynasty
were observed within the 3rd layer. Further furnace residuals and porcelain were
found in the second layer. Traces of Qing pottery were also found during this
survey, although the results of this work supported earlier investigation that
the site was representative mainly of the Tang Dynasty. (古物古蹟辦事處, 2002)
12.2.1.22 To summarise, the
primary archaeological conclusion based on archaeological investigation across
some 30 years at Sha Tsui Tau is that occupation and use was prominent during
the Tang Dynasty (in the form of kiln debris and notably large amounts of
pottery). It is unclear on present evidence whether the site continued to be
used for any economic activity or ordinary occupation during the Song Dynasty.
There is also no evidence for occupation at this site during the Ming Dynasty –
a feature which appears to be shared by all other Tang lime kiln sites
throughout Hong Kong. (Territory Development Department, 1999)
12.2.1.23 Peter Drewett also
suggested that an occasional Song burial similar to that found in 1995 may be
found within this area as such features are not unusual on Tang sites. The
testing conducted at the southern end of the site also showed a very meagre
Song deposit. With respect to prehistoric evidence, some shreds of Bronze Age
pottery were found on the beach (Peacock, B.A.V. and Nixon, T.J.P., 1988), with
little promise of Late Neolithic occupation with only one small area in which
this phase is represented by a very sparse deposit. (Drewett, P.L., 1996)
12.2.1.24 The Qing Dynasty is
represented by sparse evidence, notably a burial, located in 1995 (Drewett P.L.
1996) in addition to traces of Qing pottery during excavation in 2002. (古物古蹟辦事處, 2002)
Tung Chung Game Board Carving (東涌棋盤石刻)
12.2.1.25 The rock carving in the terrain of Rocky
Lion Hill was reported in the 1982. The rock carving showed concentric squares
with radiating lines, with a dimension of approximately 35x35cm. Some
archaeologists considered that this rock carving was an ancient game board
dated back to the late Bronze Age or early Iron Age in that area, corresponding
to the Warring States to Eastern Han dynasty, or about 400-100BC. However, some
academia considered the pattern may be scratched by some campers. (Territory
Development Department, 1999)
Sites of Archaeological
Interest in the vicinity but outside PDA
Pak Mong (白芒)
12.2.1.26 The site of archaeological interest
north of Pak Mong village was first surveyed in 1982-85. (Peacock, B.A.V. and
Nixon, T.J., 1982-1985). A CUHK team carried out the first testing and excavation in 1991-92.
(CUHK, 1991) The site was found to have four cultural components, namely Late
Neolithic, Bronze Age, Han, and Jin, Tang and Song with quite a number of
features and fine artefacts from each component. These included pottery shreds,
a stone disc, ring and adze of the Neolithic period and iron, coins, kiln
furniture and porcelain of Tang Dynasty and green glazed pots of Six dynasties.
The site of archaeological interest covers about 10,000sq.m from roughly the 5
to 7.5m contours between the beach and the village. The stratigraphy is well
differentiated, allowing each component to be studied in relative isolation. (香港中文大學中國考古藝術研究中心, 1991; 鄧聰等, 1997) The most recent
survey was part of the Second Territory-wide archaeological survey on North
Lantau and revealed stone rings and pottery fragments. (廣州市文物考古研究所, 1998)
San Tau (䃟頭)
12.2.1.27 The San Tau Site of Archaeological
Interest lies on the western end of Tung Chung Bay on a large outwash alluvial
fan of coarse gravels. The San Tau site
encompasses two areas of archaeological interest- Tin Sam (west of San Tau
village) and that of San Tau proper. Tin Sam is represented by Tang and Song
period artefacts and San Tau by Tang period burials as well as Late Neolithic,
Tang (唐), Song (宋) and Qing (清) period artefacts. The
boundary of this site includes both the alluvial plain and adjoining lower
slopes which holds the prospect of further archaeological material. (香港中文大學中國考古藝術研究中心, 1991; 廣州市文物考古研究所, 1998; Territory Development Department, 1999). The TDD
survey in 1999 revealed Tang Dynasty burials as well as Late Neolithic, Tang,
Song and Qing Dynasty artefacts. The CUHK study in 1991 revealed Tang and Song
Dynasty pottery and Neolithic artefacts while the 1998 study revealed Tang
Dynasty burials.
12.2.1.28 Two excavations were
commissioned by the HKAS at San Tau in 2011 and 2012. Ground penetrating radar
(GPR) was used and located 16 potential Tang Dynasty graves of which seven were
excavated. Follow-up excavation to the west of these graves revealed Song
Dynasty pits and further Tang burials which included iron weapons as well as
some coins, ceramics, non-ferrous metal objects (e.g. belt buckle, belt
strap-end and its decoration) and ferrous metal objects (e.g. nails, adzes,
hook, harpoon, blades and spearhead). (Mick Atha, 2012 & 2013) While it is
not near the vicinity of the Project, the San Tau Site of Archaeological
Interest is not expected to be impacted by the development.
Tai Ho (大蠔)
12.2.1.29 The Tai Ho Site of Archaeological
Interest occupies a large valley and hinterland which surround a relatively
deep embayment (Tai Ho Bay) to the east of Tung Chung. Two small archaeological
deposits of Tang and Song period artefacts from a coastal setting and a
promontory site to the east were recorded during surveys in 1991 and 1998. (香港中文大學中國考古藝術研究中心, 1991; 廣州市文物考古研究所, 1998; Territory Development Department, 1999)
12.2.1.30 Three potential sites
were investigated during the Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment of Agreement
No. CE 1/97 Remaining Development in Tung Chung and Tai Ho Comprehensive
Feasibility Study for the Territory Development Department (1999). These
potential sites included: 1) the promontory at the mouth of Tai Ho Wan, 2) the
Tai Ho valley, and 3) the smaller valley on the eastern side of Tai Ho Wan.
|
Tai Ho Wan Promontory |
This area was
investigated by CUHK in 1991; five test pits were excavated, and all yielded
only recent material. It was concluded
that the sand bar forming this promontory was of recent origin. This area was
not impacted by the proposed works and no salvage works were recommended by
this study. |
|
Tai Ho Valley (Head of the Bay) |
No sites of archaeological interest were
known in this valley. Surface
exemption and several small diameter probes (SDPs) confirmed the absence of
cultural remains of archaeological interest in the valley itself. Trial holes produced Qing/recent shreds in
the first 40cm and silty sandy alluvial deposits on cobbles or typical slope
wash soil. At the mouth of the valley,
subsidence near the sea wall revealed a number of pieces of Tang kiln debris. Tang shred was
found at 100cm in greyish white sand with rocks. This series of layers probably represents
post-Tang erosion of the kilns/kiln debris layers and re-deposition in this
sand bank. The area of deposit in the
vicinity would appear to be very small, ca.
100sq.m. This area was not impacted by the proposed works and no
salvage works were recommended by this study. |
|
Tai Ho East |
Sparse evidence of Song occupation was
recorded during fieldwork conducted under Agreement
No. CE 1/97 Remaining Development in Tung Chung and Tai Ho Comprehensive
Feasibility Study. (Territory Development Department, 1999)
This area was not impacted by the proposed works and no salvage works were
recommended by this study. |
History of Tung Chung
Introduction
12.2.1.31 Traces of
artefacts from Ma Wan Chung and Sha Tsui Tau suggest human occupation along the
Tung Chung Coast during prehistory with a few Neolithic and Bronze Age shreds
found in or near these sites. These evidences provide support for early
historic period occupation and activity along coastal Tung Chung in the Tang
and Song Dynasty.
12.2.1.32 Tung Chung
(東涌) was
originally called Tung Sai Chung (東西涌) with
literary sources suggesting settled expansion in Ming Dynasty (蕭國健, 1985; 靳文謨[清], 1688). During the Wan Li period, the
authorities established naval battalions and troops for coastal defence. After
the coastal evacuation, all the people were forced to leave their homeland, and
moved to inland. In 1633, the people came back their own land after moving the
boundary. Meanwhile, Hakka and local people (from Guangdong) also came to Tung
Chung and set up villages (Prof Siu Pers. Comm.). Historical document confirmed
settlement further inland within the Tung Chung Valley from the Qing Dynasty
(Siumi Maria Tam and Yip Hon Ming, 2005). This is supported by monuments and
historic buildings which survive within these villages as discussed below.
Historical review
12.2.1.33 A literature review has
been conducted of the settlement history and origins of the historical villages
in the vicinity of Tung Chung. Some of
these villages are within or nearby the PDA at TCW. These villages include Ma
Wan Chung, Shek Lau Po, Mok Ka, Shek Mun Kap, Ngau Au, Nim Yuen, Lam Che, Ma
Wan and Wong Nai Uk and their locations are shown in Figure
12.3
(Suimi, M. T. and Yip Ho Ming, 2005; 蕭國健, 1985, 1990). Based on historical documents (蕭國健, 1985; 郭棐[明],1998), it would be
reasonable to conclude that widespread settlement commenced in the Tung Chung
area during the Qing dynasty with villages development after the coastal
evacuation in 1669. Most of the local
villagers settled in these areas after the recovery of the settlement boundary
during the early Qing dynasty.
12.2.1.34 A summary of the
history of the villages in the vicinity of Tung Chung Bay is given in Table 12.5 below. (Suimi, M. T. and Yip
Ho Ming, 2005; 蕭國健, 1985, 1990).
Table
12.5 Existing villages within or in the vicinity but outside PDAs
|
No. |
Name |
Descriptions |
|
Within TCW PDA |
||
|
1 |
Ma Wan Chung (馬灣涌) |
The main family is Fungs (馮) who came from Hui Zhou (惠州). They are Hakka people
and set up the village in the 1880s. The God of the Earth is worshipped in Da
Wong Temple (大王宮). It is known that the village of Ma Wan Chung was established in the
1880s and, like many other
settlements within Tung Chung Valley, a response to the establishment of Tung
Chung Battery, built in 1817, and Tung Chung Fort by the Qing imperial
government at that time. |
|
2 |
Shek Lau Po (石榴埔) |
The four main families in Shek Lau Po are the Laws
(羅), Tangs(鄧), Ngs (伍(吳)) and Cheungs (張). All of them are local people. The Law family came from Hua county (花縣) in 1775. The Law Yue-Cheung Ancestral Hall (羅豫章堂)
can be found
in the village. |
|
3 |
Mok Ka (莫家) |
The main family in Mok Ka are the Moks (莫) who are local people. In 1855, they set up the village coming from Sha
Wei, Xin An (新安沙尾). The Mok family
worships the God of the Earth (閘門公). The Mok Yu Sang
Ancestral Hall (莫裕生堂) and a gate can be found
in the village. |
|
4 |
Shek Mun Kap (石門甲) |
There are five families in Shek Mun Kap
including the Cheungs (張), Wongs (黃), Laws (羅), Chongs (莊) and Wangs (汪). The Cheungs came from Hua County (花縣) in 1853 and set up the
village. The wall in front of the village is meant for good Fung-Shui and not
as a defence. Outside of the wall, there is a Yuen Tan Temple with no
ascertain foundation year but re-built in 1970. This small temple has no
side-hall. |
|
5 |
Ngau Au (牛凹) |
There are five main families in Ngau Au including
the Laws (羅), Wongs (黃), Yeungs(楊), Sius (蕭) and Chows (周). They set up the village in the 19th
century. Ngau Au was divided into two villages: Tung Hing (東慶) and An Hing (安慶). The former was
established by the Yeungs (楊) and in the past surrounded by a wall while the latter was set up by
the Laws (羅) and without wall. |
|
6 |
Nim Yuen (稔園) |
The main family are the Kwans (關) who are local people and set up the
village in the 18thcentury. |
|
7 |
Lam Che (藍輋) |
The Lees (李) are Hakka people who came from Wu Kau
Tang (烏蛟騰), Tai Po in1925. They
worshipped the God of Earth (閘門公). |
|
8 |
Wong Nai Uk (黃泥屋) |
There are three families in Wong Nai Uk
including the Fans (范), Hungs (洪) and Hos (何). All of them are Hakka people. |
|
In the vicinity but outside TCW PDA |
||
|
9 |
Previous Ma Wan Village (馬灣村) (now Yat Tung Estate) |
The main families
are the Hos (何), Fungs (馮) and Hungs (洪). All of them are local people. The Fung family came to the village
in the 1780s. |
Graves
12.2.1.35 A surface
inspection of graves at Ma Wan Chung as part of the baseline assessment has previously
been conducted. Around 24 graves were located throughout the Rocky Lion Hill.
However, none of these graves yielded dates older than 100 years. A desktop
review on graves on the hill slopes adjacent to Mok Ka has also been conducted
and a burial area was identified. However, access limitations and safety
concerns prevented further on-site investigation.
12.2.1.36 A summary
of information for graves on Rocky Lion Hill is listed in Table 12.6 below and their locations are shown in Figure 12.4.
Table 12.6 Historical Graves on Rocky Lion Hill
|
Grave ID |
Description |
Grave ID |
Description |
|
GR01 |
Tang Grave |
GR13 |
Chow-Lam Grave |
|
GR02 |
Cheung Grave |
GR14 |
Tang Grave |
|
GR03 |
Hung Grave |
GR15 |
“Unknown” Grave |
|
GR04 |
Hung Grave |
GR16 |
Wong Grave |
|
GR05 |
Kwok Grave |
GR17 |
“Unknown” Grave |
|
GR06 |
“Unknown” Grave |
GR18 |
Leung Grave |
|
GR07 |
Tam Grave |
GR19 |
Tong Grave |
|
GR08 |
Law Grave |
GR20 |
Kwok Grave |
|
GR09 |
Hung Grave |
GR21 |
Kwok Grave |
|
GR10 |
Leung Grave |
GR22 |
Fan Grave |
|
GR11 |
Hung clan Grave |
GR23 |
Wong Grave |
|
GR12 |
Lee Grave |
GR24 |
Cheung Grave |
12.2.1.37 Desktop
search on the remaining areas within the PDA at TCW has been conducted with the
aid of survey maps and historical aerial photos. No additional graves, in
addition to those recorded on site at Rocky Lion Hill and by desktop research
at Mok Ka, have been located.
Findings of
Previous Archaeological Surveys
12.2.1.38 There are a
number of archaeological surveys conducted in the North Lantau Area between
1982 and 2012 and their survey data across the North Lantau region serves as
reference information for this baseline study. A summary of these
archaeological surveys is given in Table
12.7 and their approximate locations are presented in Appendix 12.2.
Table 12.7 Relevant previous studies
for terrestrial archaeology
|
Report |
Organizers |
Excavation Year |
Relevance to this
Study |
Related village
areas |
Survey
Locations |
|||||||
|
Pak Mong |
Tai Ho |
San Tau |
Sha Tsui Tau |
Ma Wan Chung |
Ngau Au |
Mok Ka |
Shek Mun Kap |
|||||
|
Report of the Hong Kong Archaeological Survey, volumes I-III |
Peacock, B.A.V.
and Nixon, T. J. |
1982-1985 |
This report presents the results of the
first territory-wide archaeological survey in Hong Kong which included field
visits and field evaluation of known and potential sites of archaeological
interest across the North Lantau region. Recorded sites relevant to the
current study include Sha Tsui Tau, which featured coarse ware; hard
geometric, glazed stoneware and kiln remains of Tang Dynasty as well as Pak
Mong where historical lime kilns of Tang Dynasty were found. |
ü |
|
ü |
ü |
|
|
|
|
Survey locations
not available |
|
The Hong Kong
Archaeological Survey: Subsurface Investigation Reports. Antiquities & Monuments
Office Occasional Paper No. 1 |
Peacock, B.A.V.
and Nixon, T.J. |
1982-1985 |
|
|
|
ü |
|
|
|
|
See Appendix 12.2. |
|
|
Report of the
Archaeological Survey of North Lantau |
Centre for Chinese
Archaeology and Art, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) |
1991 |
An archaeological survey of North Lantau
was commissioned by the AMO in 1991 and included survey and fieldwork at San
Tau where porcelain, a green glazed bowl and coarse pottery sherds were
found. At Sha Tsui Tau, kiln furniture of the Tang period was found. However,
investigation within Tung Chung Valley (Mok Ka, Shek Mun Kap and Ngau Au)
yielded no archaeological finds. Outside the PDA, other sites of
archaeological interest included Tai Ho where porcelain and coins of Qing
dynasty were unearthed and Pak Mong where multi-period artefacts from Late
Neolithic to Tang Dynasty were found including pottery sherds, a stone disc,
ring and adze of the Neolithic period. Iron, coins, kiln furniture and
porcelain of Tang Dynasty and green glazed pots of Six dynasties were also
found. This survey provides additional site information and follow-up data
which elaborates and extends the field results obtained during the 1985
survey (Peacock and Nixon, above). |
ü |
ü |
ü |
ü |
|
ü |
ü |
ü |
See Appendix 12.2. |
|
Sha Tsui Tau,
Lantau Island, Hong Kong-A Settlement
and Qing Burial Site, 1996 |
Drewett, P. L.
(Drewett) |
1991 |
Excavations were conducted at Sha Tsui
Tau in 1991 and 1995, where besides Qing burials, large quantities of pottery
sherds and kiln debris of Tang dynasty were found. |
|
|
|
ü |
|
|
|
|
See Appendix 12.2. |
|
1995 |
||||||||||||
|
Tung Chung Survey
License No. 87 |
Hong Kong
Archaeological Society (HKAS) |
1992-1993 |
This survey was conducted by the Hong
Kong Archaeological Society. The investigation area included Ma Wan Chung,
Sha Tsui Tau where two lime kilns were found. In the north of Tung Chung
Valley, some villages were investigated but no artefacts were found. |
|
|
|
ü |
ü |
ü |
|
|
See Appendix 12.2. |
|
Report on
Archaeological Academic exchange program Between Hong Kong and China:
research excavation at Sha Tsui Tau, Tang Chung, 1995 |
Antiquities and
Monuments Office (AMO) |
1995 |
AMO and a mainland archaeological team
jointly excavated in Sha Tsui Tau. Qing burials were discovered showing the
presence of military troops in late Qing dynasty for defence purposes. |
|
|
|
ü |
|
|
|
|
See Appendix 12.2. |
|
Second
Territory-wide archaeological survey of North Lantau |
Institute of Archaeology
of Guangzhou City (IAGZ) |
1997-1998 |
As part a second territory wide
archaeological survey of Hong Kong, a team from the Guangzhou Institute
conducted a program of field evaluation throughout the North Lantau region
during 1997-98. Sites of archaeological interest relevant to the present
study include San Tau where Tang Dynasty burials were identified, Sha Tsui
Tau where porcelain of Tang and Song Dynasty and coarse pottery sherds were
found, Tai Ho where Tang and Song Dynasty sherds were found and Pak Mong
where some stone rings and pottery sherds were discovered. |
ü |
ü |
ü |
ü |
ü |
|
|
|
See Appendix 12.2. |
|
WP12 – Historical,
Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment, (CE 1/97) |
Territory
Development Department (TDD) |
1997 |
A Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment
for a study area between Tung Chung and Tai Ho was conducted for TDD in 1999
in advance of New Town development at Tung Chung. This included
archaeological field survey of sites at Ma Wan Chung where kiln debris and
Tang Dynasty pottery were found, at Sha Tsui Tau where remains of a Tang
Dynasty lime kiln were discovered and at San Tau where Tang Dynasty burials
as well as Late Neolithic, Tang, Song and Qing Dynasty artefacts were found.
The survey also extended outside the PDA to Tai Ho where small deposits of
Tang and Song Dynasty artefacts were found. |
ü |
ü |
ü |
ü |
ü |
|
|
|
See Appendix 12.2. |
|
大嶼山東涌沙咀頭遺址2002年考古調查 |
Antiquities and
Monuments Office (AMO) |
2002 |
AMO excavated the Sha Tsui Tau area and
the location was concentred near the Hau Wong Temple. Tang artefacts, such as
furnace residuals were found during this excavation. |
|
|
|
ü |
|
|
|
|
See Appendix 12.2. |
|
Archaeological
Investigation at San Tau, Lantau Island (Oct - Dec 2011) Final Report |
Mick Atha (HKAS) |
2011 |
Two excavations were commissioned by the
Hong Kong Archaeological Society at San Tau in 2011 and 2012. Ground
Penetrating Radar was used and located 16 potential Tang Dynasty graves of
which seven were excavated. Follow-up excavation to the west of these graves
revealed Song Dynasty pits and further Tang burials which contained iron
weapons as well as some coins, ceramics, ferrous and non-ferrous metal
objects. |
|
|
ü |
|
|
|
|
|
Not shown as they
are far from PDA. |
|
Further
Archaeological Investigations at San Tau, Lantau Island (Oct - Dec 2012)
Final Report |
Mick Atha (HKAS) |
2012 |
|
|
ü |
|
|
|
|
|
Not shown as they
are far from PDA. |
|
12.2.2
Marine Archaeology
Marine
Archaeological Review
12.2.2.1 Three
previous MAIs (namely the Lantau Logistic Park Development – Feasibility Study,
Hong Kong - Zhuhai - Macao Bridge, and New Contaminated Mud Marine Disposal
Facility at South Brothers) were conducted in the vicinity of Tung Chung area.
They were all examined in detail to reveal information relevant to this study.
Lantau Logistics Park Development – Feasibility
Study (LLP)
12.2.2.2 The study
area of LLP was 112ha off the North Lantau Coast designated for reclamation
where dredging would be conducted with an approximately additional about 100m buffer
beyond these works.
12.2.2.3 The
Baseline Review for LLP did not locate any specific archaeological sites but
established high archaeological potential for submerged terrestrial sites (pre
6000 BP) that will be impacted by the proposed dredging.
12.2.2.4 Two
separate geophysical surveys were conducted for the LLP western and eastern
portions in 2004 and 2005 respectively as part of the MAI. Figure 12.5 shows the extent of the previous
geophysical surveys.
12.2.2.5 The
geophysical surveys employed side-scan sonar, seismic reflection survey and echo
sounding and were conducted at different times.
12.2.2.6 Analysis of
the survey data located 28 seabed anomalies (as shown in Figure 12.6) across the two survey areas. These were
unusual as they were found in an area remarkably devoid of dumped material.
They could also be dispersed wreckage. The small patches of debris in the area
may be associated with these unidentified objects.
12.2.2.7 In December
2005, a diver survey was completed on 12 of the anomalies that would be
directly impacted by the proposed reclamation and dredging works for LLP, the
majority of objects found during the visual diver survey composed of modern
materials such as concrete or rubber, which were interpreted to be of minimal
cultural significance. The locations of 12 anomalies directly impacted by the
proposed reclamation for LLP are shown in Figure 12.6.
Approved Reports for HZMB (HKBCF and HKLR)
12.2.2.8 The
geophysical survey covered the footprint of the HZMB (HKBCF and HKLR) and
associated installations plus a buffer zone of about 100m (as shown in Figure 12.6) to allow for the
impact of working vessels during construction.
12.2.2.9 The
respective baseline review did not locate any specific archaeological sites but
established high archaeological potential based on historical evidence.
12.2.2.10 Three
geophysical surveys were carried out during May to June 2004, November to
December 2005 and November to December 2008. Subsequently, two separate diver
surveys were conducted in April and May 2009 for HKLR and HKBCF respectively.
12.2.2.11 A
diver survey was completed for 26 HKLR seabed anomalies and 3 HKBCF anomalies
(as shown in Figure 12.6) were also investigated
and they were identified as modern materials. Further investigation is thus not
required.
New Contaminated Mud Marine Disposal Facility at South Brothers
12.2.2.12 In
2002, the respective project proponent evaluated two potential locations at
East of Sha Chau and South Brothers. Only the South Brothers study is relevant
to this assignment. The baseline review of South Brothers study did not locate
any specific marine archaeological resources.
12.2.2.13 In
July 2005, a comprehensive geophysical survey comprising the multi beam echo
sounder, seismic reflection and side scan sonar was conducted. The geophysical
survey data located three anomalies in the seismic profiler data. Diver survey
was not recommended in the report as they were deeply buried. A watching brief
was proposed at that time and there were no unidentified objects on the seabed.
Summary
12.2.2.14 A
desktop study has been conducted to consolidate the previous MAIs conducted
that are relevant to this Study. These studies include LLP, HZMB (HKBCF and
HKLR) and the New Contaminated Mud Marine Disposal Facility at South Brothers.
All previous geophysical surveys in MAIs conducted have completely covered all
the potential new town development extension areas on seabed in this study
where boat access was possible. Figure 12.5 shows the coverage of
each previous geophysical survey and also the area for which there is no data
in the shallow area of Tung Chung Bay.
Baseline Review
12.2.2.15 A Baseline Review was completed and included study of the following sources:
·
Marine charts and records held in British Library
and National Maritime Museum Library in London;
·
Publications on local historical, anthropological,
archaeological and other cultural studies;
·
Dredging history from relevant government
departments;
·
Geotechnical Engineering Office (GEO) and Marine
Department, Hydrographic Office; and
·
Unpublished papers, records, archival and
historical documents held in local libraries and other government departments.
Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.E.) to Song Dynasty (960-1279)
12.2.2.16 The early maritime history of the region is linked with international trade, defence and salt dating from as early as the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) to Song Dynasty (960-1279). The intensity of shipping in the Lantau area increased dramatically from the time of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) centered on Guangzhou. Around this time Guangzhou became the starting point of the maritime trade route over the South China Sea as well as a meeting place for the exchange of goods, a position, which it has maintained up to today.
12.2.2.17 From around 200 B.C.E. until the advent of steam power, monsoon winds brought trading vessels from South East Asia towards the region. Strong currents bought the vessels past the north west coast of Lantau before turning northwards to follow close to the eastern coast of the Pearl River. Vessels also made their way to and from the Pearl River from the east towards northern China, via the waterway that separates Lantau and the mainland.
12.2.2.18 The destination for these trading vessels has always been the rich trading port of Guangzhou. During the Tang (618-907 C.E.) and Song (960-1279 C.E.) Dynasties, Guangzhou had grown into the largest commercial port in China. It was the first Chinese city to have a government office to administer foreign trade. The importance of this centre and the volume of foreign shipping in the Pearl River delta was always a concern for the Imperial Government. From as early as 411 C.E. a pirate band named the Lo Ting had established itself on Lantau and harassed shipping in the area. To safeguard the seaward approaches to Guangzhou and minimise piracy, the Government established war junk patrols and forts at suitable anchorages. The initial base for the war junk patrols was situated at Tuen Mun.
12.2.2.19 There are several historical references to Lantau regarding salt production on the Island. During the Tang Dynasty, an Assistant to the Imperial Salt Commissioner based in Guangzhou was responsible for salt production, control of smuggling and shipping on Lantau. Salt pans and works may have been established around Tung Chung at this time as there is archaeological evidence of settlement at Tung Chung during the Tang Dynasty. Tung Chung may also have served as auxiliary anchorage for war junks based at Tuen Mun due to that harbour’s exposure to the south, the direction from which most of Hong Kong’s typhoons originate.
12.2.2.20 During the 12th century the Song Dynasty established its capital at Hangzhou. As a result government interest and presence in Lantau increased. This resulted in a 50 year rebellion as the government sought to control fishing and salt working activities and in 1197 an attempt was made to stop private trading in salt on Lantau. The islanders successfully repulsed a government invasion force by mining their harbours with wooden stakes and engaging them in a sea battle capturing merchant ships, and killing more than three hundred people. Tung Chung is very likely to have been one of the harbours involved in the rebellion.
12.2.2.21 In the second half of the 13th century, as the lands of the Southern Song were being overrun by the Mongols, the fleeing Imperial court on several occasions took refuge on Lantau. Before finally leaving Lantau, the young Emperor, Tak Yau (德祐) died and his half brother, Prince Tai Ping (帝昺) was enthroned. These events took place in north Lantau and most likely at Tung Chung.
Middle to Late Ming (1500-1644) to Qing (1644-1911)
12.2.2.22 In 1511, the first Europeans, the Portuguese, arrived in their vessels at the Pearl River (Braga, 1995) and it is suggested that they established forts at Tung Chung or Tai O between 1514 and 1521. In 1521 they were expelled after a sea battle – thought to have taken place between Lantau and Sha Chau.
12.2.2.23 Six guard stations were established around Hong Kong during this period to control European incursions as well as piracy – one located on the North Lantau coast at Tai O (Siu, 1988). These stations were tasked not only to prevent further European incursions but also to try and control piracy. During the 16th century pirate attacks were becoming more frequent. The government became incapable of dealing with the threat and issued a coastal edict in 1662, which expelled all coastal inhabitants to the hinterland until rescinded in 1668, Lantau was effectively uninhabited except for pirates and smugglers.
12.2.2.24 The present villages around Tai Ho were founded from the mid 18th century onwards, with earliest recorded village, Pak Mong, being settled in 1740. The presence of two small cannons at Tin Liu, which is a small hamlet adjacent to Tai Ho suggest defence against pirates.
12.2.2.25 The troubles with piracy and the anti trade tendencies in the Ming and Qing periods affected trade out of Guangzhou but did not stop it. When China enforced a policy which closed ports to foreign trade, an exception was made for Guangzhou for a large part of that period.
12.2.2.26 Piracy continued to be endemic in the waters around Lantau well into the 19th century. One of the most notorious pirates was Cheung Po who in 1808 defeated the Government navy on several occasions. At one time Cheung Po had over 270 boats and 15,000 men under his command with hideouts in Tung Chung and Stanley on Hong Kong Island. In 1810, he was finally surrounded by the combined naval Chinese and Macao naval forces, near Chek Lap Kok, where, he gave himself up on the promise of a pardon.
12.2.2.27 Extensive documentary evidence records a nine day battle in the Bay of Tung Chung which took place between 20 to 29 November 1809. Exactly what happened is a matter of some dispute as the accounts from sources such as Official Qing historians and Portuguese records have very different biases. For example, the official account talks of 1,400 pirates being killed and many pirate ships sunk or damaged. The Portuguese account is similarly inflated with claims of having destroyed a third of the pirate fleet by fire ships. There is one remarkable eye witness account by Richard Glasspoole, an officer from the British East Indiaman the Marquis of Ely which was stationed about twelve miles off Macau at the time. Glasspoole says that the combined Chinese and Portuguese fleet inflicted no significant damage at all on the pirates.
12.2.2.28 Glasspoole
had been captured on 7 September 1809 while returning to his ship from a trip
to Macau to fetch a pilot. Beset by heavy weather, he escaped one set of
pirates only to fall into the hands of Cheung Po Tsai (張保仔). Eventually, some
two days after the battle, he and his shipmate’s ransom were paid. It consisted
of goods to the value of about $4,000 including two bales of superfine cloth,
two chests of opium, two casks of gunpowder, a telescope and the rest in
dollars.
12.2.2.29 Glasspoole’s account was written shortly after the battle for his local masters, the Select Committee of Supercargoes of the East India Company in Macau, and published in London in 1815. He describes the Qing government fleet as comprising ninety three war junks, six Portuguese ships, a brig and a schooner.
12.2.2.30 There is another contemporary description of the battle which was translated in 1831 and published in London (Neumann, 1831). It includes the following description of the fighting:
12.2.2.31 “… In consequence of this determination all commanders and officers of the different vessels were ordered to meet on the seventeenth at Chek Lap Kok, to blockade the pirates in Ta Yu Shan, and to cut off all supplies of provisions that might be sent to them. To annoy them yet more, the officers were ordered to prepare the materials for the fire-vessels. These fire-vessels were filled with gunpowder, nitrate and other combustibles; after being filled, they were set on fire by a match from the stern, and were instantly all in a blaze. The Major of Heang Shan, Pang Noo, asked permission to bring soldiers with him, in order that they might go ashore and make an attack under the sound of martial music, during the time the mariners made their preparation.
12.2.2.32 On the twentieth it began to blow very fresh from the north, and the commander ordered twenty fire-vessels to be sent off, when they took driven by the wind, an easterly direction; but the pirates’ entrenchments being protected by a mountain, the wind ceased, and they could not move father on in that direction; they turned about and set on fire two men of war. The pirates knew our design and were well prepared for it; they had bars with very long pincers, by which they took hold of the fire-vessels and kept them off, they that they could not come near. Our commander, however, would not leave the place; and being very eager to fight, he ordered that an attack should be made, and it is presumed that about three hundred pirates were killed. Pao (i.e.Cheung Po Tsai) now began to be afraid, and asked the Spirit of the Three Po, or old Mothers to give a prognostic. The Puh, or lot for fighting was disastrous; the Puh, or lot to remain in the easterly entrenchment, was to be happy. The Puh, or lot for knowing if he might force the blockade or not on leaving his station tomorrow, was also happy.
12.2.2.33 There arose with the daylight on the twenty-second a light southerly breeze; all the squadrons began to move, and the pirates prepared themselves to joyfully leave their station. About noon, there was a strong southerly wind, and a very rough sea on. As soon as it became dark the pirates made sail, with a good deal of noise, and broke through the blockade, favoured by the southerly wind. About a hundred vessels were upset, when the pirates left Ta Yu Shan. But our commander being unaware that the pirates would leave their entrenchments was not prepared to withstand them. The foreign vessels fired their guns and surrounded about ten leaky vessels, but could not hurt the pirates themselves; the pirates left the leaky vessels behind and ran away.”
12.2.2.34 Whatever the truth of the details of the battle, there is no question that at the end of the nine day battle the pirates were not defeated. However Cheung Po Tsai eventually surrendered in 1810 to the Viceroy Bailing of the Qing navy. At the time of surrender he had over 270 junks, 16,000 men, 5,000 women, 7,000 swords and 1,200 guns. These figures clearly indicate the scale of the pirate activities in the region.
12.2.2.35 A remarkable 18m long Qing scroll painted on silk depicts the actions of the Viceroy Bailing (c.1748-1816) from his assumption to office in 1809 to the successful solution to the piracy problem in the summer of 1810. It is divided into twenty ‘episodes’ and includes the pirate battle at Tung Chung. The scroll is currently displayed in the Hong Kong Maritime Museum at Central Ferry Pier No. 8.
12.2.2.36 During the dredging of the seabed between Chek Lap Kok and Tung Chung for the new airport in 1993, part of a cannon and a cannon ball were discovered and reported to the Provisional Airport Authority. An inscription on the cannon reveals that it was manufactured around 1808 in China (Meacham, 1994). There is no way of knowing its exact origin but it is the only evidence that has been found for the above battle.
12.2.2.37 With the surrender of the pirates in 1810, the inhabitants of Lantau and Chek Lap Kok were able to live in peace and continue their intensive farming and quarrying. The large amount of granite produced on the island favoured the development of granite quarrying. The products were used to build roads and houses in the developing city of Hong Kong.
12.2.2.38 In the 19th century the Qing Government maintained the Right Battalion of 482 soldiers and 5 patrol boats with Headquarters at Tung Chung walled city. In 1847, there were 155 soldiers at Tung Chung fort and a small outpost of 5 men at Tai Ho (Siu, 1982). Additional garrisons were located at Sha Lo Wan and Tai O to the west (Guangzhou Fu Gazetteer 73).
12.2.2.39 Naval encounters with pirates were recorded in the area in 1809, 1854, 1857 and 1864. Two of these encounters took place in Tung Chung Wan. Ultimately the piracy was doomed and by the end of the 19th century the practice in Hong Kong waters had been suppressed.
The Tung Chung Walled City
12.2.2.40 The disruption and danger posed by the pirates led to the building of the Tung Chung walled city, also called the Tung Chung Fort. It was built on a piece of land between Sheung Ling Pei(上嶺皮) and Ha Ling Pei (下嶺皮) villages in the Tung Chung Valley. It was built in 1832 by Ho Chun Lung a captain from the Chin Shan Battalion of the Heung Shan Brigade (Bard, 1988).
12.2.2.41 The walled city backs up against the Tai Tung mountain. Its four rubble filled walls enclose an area of 225 feet by 265 feet and the more formidable front wall runs to about 15 feet thick. Along the main wall can be seen six old muzzle loading cannons each fixed to a cement base. There are two on the western side and four on the eastern side. They bear inscriptions but only four out of the six are still legible. They detail the casting of each cannon: for example the inscription on the second one from the east states that it was cast in the 8th moon of the 14th year of the Jiaqing (嘉慶) reign (1809), serial number Qing 80, weighing 1,000 catties and was cast by the master of the Man Shing Furnace.
12.2.2.42 At this time the pirate Cheung Po Tsai had a very strong influence on Lantau Island. The governor-general of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, Pa-Ling (兩廣總督百齡), was responsible for suppressing Cheung and his colleagues. He organised the casting of cannons and had them mounted throughout the coastal regions so that the area become more strongly fortified against Cheung’s attacks. All the cannons that he cast bore serial numbers.
12.2.2.43 Two further cannons are dated to 1841 and were probably used for defence against the British and the opium trade. On the eastern side of the main gate one of the cannons was cast in the 1st moon of the 10th year of the Jiaqing reign (1805) and weighs 1,200 catties. It is highly likely that this cannon was also used for the defence of the region against piracy. The cannon lying next to the one above has been severely weathered and its inscription is illegible. It is clear from the differing casting dates that the cannons were cast elsewhere and transported. Although they have been cast over a period of 4 decades they all shared the same purpose of defending the region against pirates and foreign invaders. The walled city (also known as Tung Chung Fort) has been declared a monument and has been extensively repaired and it now opens as a visitor attraction.
Tung Chung Battery
12.2.2.44 Tung Chung Battery is a declared monument located on a prominent headland about 1 km north of Tung Chung Fort. Ruins of the battery were rediscovered in 1980 beneath thick foliage and include an L-shaped wall and corner platform which was most likely utilized as a gun emplacement. The battery was declared a monument on November 11, 1983 (AMO Declared monuments). Construction on the Tung Chung Battery was completed in 1817 with the purpose of protecting Tung Chung Bay from pirates that threatened the coasts and seas of southern China. The construction of the battery was recorded in the Guangdong Annals, which recounted how two forts were built at the base of the "Rocky Lion Hill" —the literal translation of Shek She (Siu Kwok Kin 1997). There is a potential for remains of the second battery to be found within the Tung Chung PDA.
Archive Search
12.2.2.45 The UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO) holds a database of surveyed shipwrecks in Hong Kong, including those not shown on Admiralty Charts. These charts are particularly useful as they may show wrecks which have been subsequently buried or broken up. They also show the original shore lines prior to any reclamation. The database contained no records of shipwrecks within the vicinity of the Project.
12.3.1 Terrestrial Archaeology
Desktop Review
12.3.1.1 A comprehensive desktop review (as described in Section 12.2.1) has been conducted to collate all desktop information available that is relevant to the terrestrial archaeology of Tung Chung.
Field Survey
Methodology – Terrestrial Archaeology
12.3.1.2 The goal of terrestrial archaeological survey is to obtain field data to assess the archaeological potential within the PDAs in Tung Chung. The key steps for the terrestrial archaeological field survey are:
·
Review available desktop information relevant to
terrestrial archaeology including but not limited to historical information,
geological, typological and archaeological background as well as previous and
present land uses within the PDAs;
·
Identify any data gap based on available desktop
information that may require further data by carrying out the terrestrial
archaeological survey;
·
Develop an archaeological predictive model which
will provide a framework and requirements for a terrestrial archaeological
survey plan which includes fieldwork methodology, rationale of quantity and
location of auger holes and test pits;
·
Carry out the fieldworks in accordance with the
terrestrial archaeological survey plan to obtain sufficient field data; and
·
Prepare a report containing all the data and
results of the terrestrial archaeological survey.
12.3.1.3 The archaeologist responsible for conducting an archaeological fieldwork is required to apply for a Licence to Excavate and Search for Antiquities in accordance with the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (Cap.53). The licence shall be in the prescribed form and specify the area of land in respect of which it is granted. It may be granted or renewed for a period not exceeding 12 months. The archaeological survey would collect sufficient information to access the archaeological potential for the purpose of the cultural heritage impact assessment (CHIA) as required in Appendix K-1 of EIA Study Brief No. ESB-285/2015. The survey results would be analyzed and combined with the desktop information to establish the baseline information.
12.3.1.4 The
Final Archaeological Survey Proposal has been approved by AMO in November 2013.
The tentative field program includes 22 test pits and 61 auger holes (as shown
in Figure 12.7) which focuses on areas
of potential such as low hills and valley edge locations at Ngau Au, Tung Hing,
Shek Lau Po, Mok Ka, Chap Mun Tau and areas of terraced alluvium south and west
of Sha Tsui Tau. Archaeological survey excavation was conducted between 13 January
to 24 May 2014 (Licence No. 365 issued on 4 December 2013) and the survey
findings have been presented in Section
12.4.1 in details.
12.3.2 Marine Archaeology
Desktop
Review
12.3.2.1 A comprehensive desktop review (as described in Section 12.2.2) has been conducted to collate all desktop information available that is relevant to the marine archaeology of Tung Chung.
Field Survey
Methodology – Marine Archaeology
12.3.2.2 The
previous MAI studies within the vicinity of the Project have been reviewed.
Based on the results of geophysical surveys conducted, there are no anomalies
identified within the reclamation boundary.
12.3.2.3 However,
there are data gaps for Tung Chung Bay for the near shore areas of North Lantau
where accessibility via vessels are constrained. In these areas, a combination
of the rocky, shallow shore line preventing survey boat access and data masking
resulted in either no or degraded data.
12.3.2.4 The
only way to obtain accurate information about the seabed at these locations is
to undertake diver survey. It is therefore proposed that visual surveys to be
conducted at regular intervals along the non-reclaimed shorelines of the study
area in Tung Chung Bay to assess the impact of the works on marine
archaeological resources and recommend any mitigation measures, if necessary.
12.3.2.5 The
Final Marine Diver Survey Proposal has been approved by AMO in September 2012
and the Licence to Search for and Excavate for Antiquities was granted by AMO on
31 October 2012. The marine archaeological investigation has followed
the standard guidelines as required in Appendix K-2 of EIA Study Brief No.
ESB-285/2015.
12.3.2.6 The diver
survey commenced on 14 November 2012 with a survey period of five days by a
team of four divers. A survey plan conducting 50m circular searches at 100m
intervals and 50m from the shore provided comprehensive coverage of the seabed.
Figure 12.8 shows a blue dot as the centre mark for
the location of each 50m circular search and 20 diver surveys were required
along the Tung Chung Bay coast.
Table 12.8 Locations of diver survey
|
Diver Survey ID |
Coordinates |
|
|
x |
y |
|
|
TCB-1 |
810373 |
816325 |
|
TCB-2 |
810440 |
816251 |
|
TCB-3 |
810511 |
816181 |
|
TCB-4 |
810578 |
816107 |
|
TCB-5 |
810613 |
816013 |
|
TCB-6 |
810634 |
815919 |
|
TCB-7 |
810633 |
815815 |
|
TCB-8 |
810703 |
815754 |
|
TCB-9 |
810796 |
815792 |
|
TCB-10 |
810883 |
815841 |
|
TCB-11 |
810975 |
815878 |
|
TCB-12 |
811068 |
815916 |
|
TCB-13 |
811090 |
816013 |
|
TCB-14 |
811135 |
816103 |
|
TCB-15 |
811208 |
816171 |
|
TCB-16 |
811279 |
816242 |
|
TCB-17 |
811232 |
816330 |
|
TCB-18 |
811258 |
816427 |
|
TCB-19 |
811297 |
816519 |
|
TCB-20 |
811352 |
816602 |
12.3.2.7 A sampan
was used as a workboat due to the very shallow water and the divers used
surface supplied air. A Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) was used
to control the location of the sampan. The boat was positioned above each
target and a shot weight was placed on the seabed marked by a buoy on the
surface (Photo 1 of Appendix 12.3). The drop position was checked against
the target position using the DGPS.
12.3.2.8 The diver
was equipped with a hand held video camera to record the unknown objects and
associated seabed features. The video had a remote TV monitor in the boat’s
wheelhouse, which displayed the video footage in real time (Photo 2 of Appendix 12.3). This facilitated the management on the
diver from the surface via the through water communications. Surface supplied
air was used at all times. (Photo 3 of Appendix 12.3). The diver survey work was forced to be
conducted around the High Tide on every day of survey due to the shallow water
in Tung Chung Bay.
12.3.2.9 All diving operations followed the Code of Practice – Safety and Health at Work for Industrial Diving (1998), as published by the Occupational Safety and Health Branch of the Hong Kong Labour Department. All diving operations also followed the requirements of the UK Health and Safety Executive Diving at Work Regulations (1997) and the Commercial diving projects inland/inshore: Diving at Work Regulations (1997), Approved Code of Practice.
12.3.2.10 Photo records of diver survey team are shown in Appendix 12.4.
12.3.3 Built Heritage
Desktop
Review
12.3.3.1 A desktop study has been conducted to reveal information available in the public domain and in accordance with the following legislative standards and guidelines:
·
Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance;
·
Antiquities and Monument Ordinance; and
·
Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines
12.3.3.2 The public information sources referenced includes the following:
·
List of Proposed and Declared Monuments, List of
Proposed and Graded Historic Buildings and List of Government Historic Sites as
issued by the AMO (however, the
list is neither meant to be exhaustive, nor is the information contained
therein comprehensive, particularly in the case of archaeological sites or
cultural features buried underground);
·
Published and unpublished papers and studies, including those kept in tertiary
institutions (e.g. the Hong Kong Collection at the University of Hong Kong
Library, Departments of History and Architecture at the University of Hong Kong
and the Chinese University of Hong Kong), public libraries and archives (e.g.
the reference libraries under LCSD, the Public Records Office), District
Offices, District Lands Offices and Land Registries, etc.;
·
Publications on relevant historical,
anthropological and other cultural studies;
·
Unpublished archaeological investigation and
excavation reports kept by AMO and relevant information from AMO’s website;
·
Unpublished archival, papers, records; collections
and libraries of tertiary institutions;
·
Historical documents which can be found in Public
Records Office, Lands Registry, District Lands Office, District Office, Museum
of History;
·
Cartographic and pictorial documentation;
·
Existing geological and topographic information;
·
Discussion with local informants.
Field
Survey Methodology - Built Heritage
12.3.3.3 Based on the information of desktop study (as referred to Section 12.2), field visits were conducted among the villages within the RODP, to evaluate and identify additional heritage resources that were not covered by the desktop study. The visited villages include Ma Wan Chung (馬灣涌), Wong Nai Uk (黃泥屋), Sha Tsui Tau (沙咀頭), Ngau Au (牛凹), Tung Hing (東慶), Shek Lau Po (石榴埔), Mok Ka (莫家), and Shek Mun Kap (石門甲), while Nim Yuen (稔園) and Lam Che (藍輋) were inaccessible due to fierce dog problem.
12.3.3.4 For the purpose of this field survey, the scope of built heritage resources has been based on the EIA Study Brief No. ESB-285/2015 Appendix K-1 as follows:
· all declared monuments;
· all proposed monuments;
· all buildings/ structures/ sites graded or proposed to be graded by the Antiquities Advisory Board (AAB);
· Government historic sites identified by AMO;
· Buildings/ structures/ sites of high architectural/ historical significance and interest which are not included in items above; and
· Cultural landscapes include places associated with historic event, activity or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values, such as sacred religious sites, battlefields, a setting for buildings or structures of architectural or archaeological importance, historic field patterns, clan graves, old tracks, fung shui woodlands and ponds, etc.
12.3.3.5 The field survey adopted a full-coverage approach with which all identifiable built heritage resources within the PDAs at TCE and TCW were scanned. Each of the village mentioned above was scanned following assessable foot paths/streets and where chances were available, local elders or informants have been interviewed to collect information on local history and genealogy.
12.3.3.6 Making reference to the requirements listed in Appendix J of the Study Brief including textual description, photography and illustration of location have been applied. Information relating to historic buildings collected during oral interview was entered onto typewritten forms. Each historic building or structure has been photographed. Details including the facade, roof and close up of special architectural details were recorded. Locations of historic buildings/structures identified during the survey were marked onto 1:1000 maps.
12.3.3.7 Field scanning
of the survey
area to investigate the built
heritage potential which might
be affected by the proposed development was made from 19th
January to 18th March 2014 under supervision of built
heritage expert. Accessible areas within the PDA at TCW have been scanned and existing heritage buildings identified with
potential historic or cultural importance are summarised in Table 12.9 and shown in Figure 12.9
and details of each individual building is summarised in Appendix 12.5.
Table 12.9 Summary
of built heritage resources in TCW
|
Name |
Description |
Built Heritage
Item No. |
Identified Built Heritage Resources |
Remarks |
|
Ma Wan Chung (馬灣涌) |
Boarding Ma Wan Bay with village buildings
concentrated at the northeast and the agricultural land at southwest. Village
buildings appear to be lack of uniform linear alignment. |
MWC 01 |
Tung Chung Battery |
Declared monument as recorded by AMO |
|
MWC 02 |
Broken Bridge |
- |
||
|
MWC 03 |
Earth Shrine |
- |
||
|
Wong Nai Uk (黃泥屋) |
Lies south of Ma Wan Chung, between Rocky Lion Hill
and Yat Tung Estate. The village contains only several houses and the
buildings of the village are in a scattered pattern. |
- |
- |
- |
|
Sha Tsui Tau (沙咀頭) |
Boarding Ma Wan Bay, and with no concentrated
village buildings. |
STT 01 |
Hau Wong Temple, Tung Chung |
Grade 2 historic building as recorded by AMO |
|
STT 02 |
Earth Shrine |
- |
||
|
STT 03 |
Shrine |
- |
||
|
Ngau Au (牛凹) |
At the east foot of Nei Lak Shan, its direct southeast lies Tung Hing
village. The village is facing a stream which is running northwest to
southeast to its northeast. Two footbridges crossing the stream
connect the Ngau Au and Tung Hing with the outside. There are six rows of
village buildings and an entrance gate with earth shrine in front of Ngau Au
village. |
NA01 |
Earth Shrine |
- |
|
NA 02 |
Earth Shrine at Entrance Gate |
- |
||
|
NA 03 |
Entrance Gate of Ngau Au |
- |
||
|
Tung Hing (東慶) |
At the east foot of Nei Lak Shan, its direct
northwest lies Ngau Au village. The
village is facing a stream which is running northwest to southeast to its
northeast. Two footbridges across the stream connect Ngau Au and Tung Hing
with the outside. There are mainly two rows of village buildings and an
entrance gate in front of Tung Hing village. |
TH 01 |
Ruined village houses near No.4 (Pre-1950 historic
building) |
- |
|
TH 02 |
Entrance Gate with Village Wall at Tung Hing |
- |
||
|
TH03 |
Two Earth Shrines |
- |
||
|
Shek Lau Po (石榴埔) |
Lies at the centre of Tung Chung Valley floodplain,
it appears to have two building alignment pattern: buildings in the east part
of the village are concentrated and aligned in rows while buildings in the
west part of the village are scattered. Houses of historic value are mostly
found in the scattered western part of the village. |
SLP 01 |
Earth Shrine |
- |
|
SLP 02 |
Ancestral Hall |
- |
||
|
SLP 03 |
Earth Shrine |
- |
||
|
SLP 04 |
Ruined village house near No. 31 |
- |
||
|
SLP 05 |
Village house near No. 35 |
- |
||
|
SLP 06 |
Village house near No. 35 (Pre-1950 historic
building) |
- |
||
|
SLP 07 |
Earth Shrine |
- |
||
|
SLP 08 |
Earth Shrine |
- |
||
|
SLP 09 |
Ruined village house near No. 31 |
- |
||
|
SLP 10 |
Earth Shrine |
- |
||
|
Mok Ka (莫家) |
At the east foot of Nei Lak Shan. To its east, there
is a stream running from south to north. The village is with an entrance gate
at north and village houses are tidily aligned in six rows with the façades
facing north. |
MK 01 |
Village houses No. 2 & 3 |
- |
|
MK 02 |
Ruined village houses near Mok Yu Sang Ancestral
Hall |
- |
||
|
MK 03 |
Mok Yu Sang Ancestral Hall |
- |
||
|
MK 04 |
Stone Bridge |
- |
||
|
MK 05 |
Earth Shrine |
- |
||
|
MK 06 |
Mok Ka Entrance Gate |
- |
||
|
MK 07 |
Stone Ruins |
- |
||
|
Shek Mun Kap (石門甲) |
Lies at the north foot of Lantau Peak), in between
two streams running south to north on the Tung Chung Valley floodplain and
south of Shek Mun Kap Road. Village houses are aligned in eleven rows. |
SMK 01 |
Entrance Gate, Shek Mun Kap |
Grade 3 historic building as recorded by AMO |
|
SMK 02 |
Ruined village house next to No. 6 |
- |
||
|
SMK 03 |
Village house No. 8 |
- |
||
|
SMK 04 |
Ruined village houses near No. 12A |
- |
||
|
SMK 05 |
Village house next to No. 10 |
- |
||
|
SMK 06 |
Tai Wong Ye Earth Shrine |
- |
||
|
SMK 07 |
Earth Shrine |
- |
||
|
SMK 08 |
Yuen Tan Temple |
- |
12.4 Impact Assessment – Construction Phase
12.4.1 Terrestrial Archaeology
12.4.1.1 As
discussed in Section 12.3.1,
archaeological survey excavation was conducted between 13 January to 24 May 2014
on areas of potential such as low hills and valley edge locations at Ngau Au,
Tung Hing, Shek Lau Po, Mok Ka, Chap Mun Tau and areas of terraced alluvium
south and west of Sha Tsui Tau.
The associated impacts are discussed in the following paragraphs.
Summary of
Archaeological Potential
12.4.1.2 Field scanning was conducted in the accessible areas of PDA at TCW. Undisturbed natural land, areas of exposed soil, cultivated areas, areas of recent earthworks, exposed soil sections in trenches, road cutting sand stream banks were inspected. No artefacts were spotted on surface level.
12.4.1.3 Subsurface survey, including a programme of 22 test pit excavation and 61 auger hole drilling, was conducted from 13 January to 24 May 2014 and with a break period of intrusive fieldwork from 31st January to 14th February 2014 due to Chinese New Year.
Test pit and auger hole sampling
12.4.1.4 According to the completed
archaeological survey programme, a total of 22 test pits and 36 auger holes
were excavated with approximate 70%
completion, although some locations of test pits and auger holes were adjusted
due to actual land conditions. Site access constraints including 1) access to private lots; 2) graves; 3)
fierce dogs; 4) obstruction; and 5) vegetation, erosion and exposed bare
bedrock were encountered at the time of terrestrial archaeological survey and
details were summarised in the approved terrestrial archaeological survey
report in Appendix
12.6. Due to
the abovementioned problems, additional and detailed desktop research into
aerial photographs was conducted. Auger hole locations and results of these
studies will be discussed in the recommendations of the different development
clusters. A
distribution map showing the locations of as built test pits and auger holes is
presented in Figure
12.10.
Archaeological finds and archives will be handed over to AMO according to its Guidelines
for Handling of Archaeological Finds and Archives.
12.4.1.5 Based on Guidelines for Archaeological Reports, detailed
findings of auger holes and test pits, with written description of strata,
photographic and illustration records of section and plan, where appropriate,
are given in the approved Terrestrial Archaeological Survey Report submitted to
AMO separately (see Appendix 12.6).
12.4.1.6 Based on the terrestrial archaeological survey findings, the
archaeological potential for corresponding development clusters can mainly be
classified into several categories including Low, Medium and High. As the
Project evolves, the IDs for development clusters have been revised and a few
development clusters have been added after the completion of archaeological
survey. As such, their respective archaeological potential has been evaluated based
on nearby survey findings and relevant archaeological potential from adjacent
development clusters, and they are summarised in Table 12.10 below. The recommendations for each development
clusters with different archaeological potential are detailed in Section 12.5.1.
Table 12.10 Summary
of archaeological potential
|
Cluster |
Area surveyed |
Survey Findings |
Archaeological Potential |
|
TCV-1 |
Partly |
TP 08 revealed a small
in-situ pit with fragments of two Tang Dynasty bowls. Also TP 09 and 10
contained remains, which raise the question of an activity zone in cluster
TCV-1. |
High. |
|
TCV-i |
Exempted* |
Within Sha Tsui Tau
Site of Archaeological Interest. |
High. |
|
TCV-j |
|
|
|
|
TCV-k |
|
|
|
|
COM-1 |
|
|
|
|
COM-2 |
Partly |
TP 03 contained a flint
flake in its topsoil, while all other locations proved archaeologically
sterile. |
High due to proximity
to Sha Tsui Tau Site of Archaeological Interest and previous results. |
|
COM-3 |
Yes |
Sterile. |
High due to proximity
to Sha Tsui Tau Site of Archaeological Interest and previous results. |
|
TCV-2 |
Yes |
A fragment of a
Southern Song to Yuan Dynasty celadon bowl attributable to Longquan kiln (龍泉窯) was discovered in TP 14, which's
stratigraphy is considered not particularly disturbed. |
High in south-western
portion due to finds in TP14 and results of previous investigations. The
remaining parts are considered low. |
|
TCV-d |
Yes |
The area comprises
former terraced fields and is considerably disturbed. |
Low. |
|
TCV-e |
Yes |
Some finds in topsoil
of TP-13 rise questions of possible relationship to TCV-1. |
Medium due to finds in
TP-13 and proximity to TCV-1. |
|
TCV-3 |
No |
Only two of five
proposed auger holes were accessible. A desktop study reveals TCV-3 as most
likely being located in a palaeo river bend and attenuation ponds on the
western bank of it. |
Low. |
|
TCV-a |
No |
|
|
|
TCV-4 |
Yes |
Neither test pits nor
auger holes revealed any archaeological remains. Since the natural slopes are
very steep in this part, most of the original slope layers have therefore
been heavily disturbed during terracing work. |
Low due to heavy
re-modelling of slopes. |
|
TCV-b |
Yes |
|
|
|
TCV-5a |
Yes |
None of the
investigated test pits and auger holes revealed significant remains. However,
un-supervised works in the southern part of TCV-5a may also have negatively
affected possible remains. |
Low due to considerable
disturbances. |
|
TCV-c |
Yes |
|
|
|
TCV-5b |
Yes |
TP 21 revealed ceramic
remains spanning from Tang to Qing Dynasty. However, this context proved to
be mixed-up. |
Medium. |
|
Access
road |
Yes |
|
|
|
TCV-6 |
Yes |
Although TP 22 did
reveal some Song to Ming glazed pottery, the area is heavily affected by
dumping, which is also likely to have negatively affected possible remains. |
Low due to dumping and
to slope works east of TCV-6. |
|
TCV-l |
No |
Heavily remodelled
during correction of Tung Chung Stream. |
Destroyed. |
|
TCV-7 |
No |
Although no subsurface investigation
was possible in cluster TCV-7, the chance of possible archaeological remains
being left un-disturbed is considered small based on the desktop findings and
disturbances observed. |
Low. |
|
TCV-n |
No |
Bulldozing and
construction waste dumping was noticed during site visit. |
Destroyed. |
|
TCV-8 |
Yes |
A crystalline flake was
found in TP 04. Added to this, the location is similar to Cheung Shue Tan
Site of Archaeological Interest in terms of natural landscape and topology. |
High due to finds in TP
04 and site location comparable in terms of natural landscape and topology to
Cheung Shue Tan near Chinese University. The south-western part was noted to
be sterile and hence of low potential. |
|
Access
road into TCV-8 |
Yes |
|
|
|
TCV-f |
Yes |
TP 06 and 07 revealed
Tang and Song Dynasty pottery. |
Low. |
|
TCV-g |
Yes |
High due potentially
favourable settlement conditions along former coastal area. |
|
|
Access
road along south
side |
Yes |
|
Low. |
|
TCW-1 |
Yes |
A polished black pebble
was unearthed in TP 02. However, the entire area has been substantially
transformed during construction of Yat Tung Estate, leaving the chance of
in-situ remains small. |
Low due to considerable
disturbances. |
|
TCW-2 |
No |
TP 01 proved to be
archaeologically sterile. Problems posed access to different auger hole
locations. Around the youth camp
building, however, foundations appear shallow and are on the main burial
ground of Rocky Lion Hill. Some older remains being preserved underneath the
part of the lot nearer to Tung Chung Road North cannot be excluded. |
Medium due to the
possible finds near the youth camp and also unsolved whereabouts of a second
Tung Chung battery site. |
|
Access
road into TCW-2 |
No |
|
|
|
TCW-a |
Exempted* |
Within Ma Wan Chung
Site of Archaeological Interest. A desktop study shows that the area has been
substantially remodelled. |
Low. |
|
TCW-3 |
No |
Remodelled during
nullah construction. |
Destroyed. |
|
TCW-b |
|
|
|
|
TCW-c |
|
|
|
Note:
*The whole development cluster is proposed
within the Site of Archaeological Interest which has been studied in previous
studies and hence the area is not included in this survey. Details of the
archaeological background information are presented in Section 5 and 6 of Appendix 12.6.
As there is only relatively smaller scale of
works anticipated to be carried out at the other development areas including
CA, CPA, GB, V, AGR, RO/DO, IC and OU, terrestrial archaeological impact is not
anticipated and thus recommendation is not required.
12.4.2
Marine Archaeology
12.4.2.1 The
diver survey commenced on 14 November 2012 with a survey period of five days in
a team of four divers (Marine Diver Survey Report refer to Appendix 12.7). Across
the vicinity of the Project, the seabed was composed of soft silty mud. This created a very difficult working
environment for the divers as the through water visibility was very restricted
and at some times it was almost impossible to see through the intensely muddy
water. The boat’s propeller and the movement of the diver combined to further
degrade the water quality (Photo 1 of Appendix 5.1 of Appendix 12.7). The poor water quality and
prevailing high sedimentation also resulted in very low quality photographs.
12.4.2.2 At
each location it was significant that there was a very little debris and hardly
any identified any seabed features. It was concluded that this was due to the
active fishing and shellfish harvesting across the bay. On each day of the
survey there were at least nine small fishing boats intensively working in the
bay and fishermen were observed collecting shellfish (Photo 2, 3 of Appendix
5.1 of Appendix 12.7). Fishing barges (Photo 4 of Appendix
5.1 of Appendix 12.7) were also present on the dates
of survey and it is anticipated there would be significant seabed disturbance
in these areas.
12.4.2.3 The
results of diver seabed circular surveys are listed in Table 12.11 below and the photo records of diver survey results are
shown in Appendix 12.7.
Table 12.11 Results of diver seabed circular surveys
|
Diver Survey ID |
Description |
|
TCB-1 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Door handle |
|
TCB-2 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Stone with marine growth |
|
TCB-3 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Metal scaffolding bar |
|
TCB-4 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Modern building debris |
|
TCB-5 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Modern metal bar |
|
TCB-6 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Modern wood fragment with
marine growth |
|
TCB-7 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Modern metal cylinder |
|
TCB-8 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Modern metal pole |
|
TCB-9 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Modern wooden fragment |
|
TCB-10 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Plastic cable |
|
TCB-11 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Modern wood fragment |
|
TCB-12 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Modern debris and rope |
|
TCB-13 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Coke can |
|
TCB-14 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
BBQ equipment |
|
TCB-15 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Corroded modern metal |
|
TCB-16 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Modern concrete debris |
|
TCB-17 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Plastic water bottle |
|
TCB-18 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Plastic bowl |
|
TCB-19 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Oyster shell |
|
TCB-20 |
·
Flat muddy seabed ·
Modern building debris |
12.4.2.4 No marine
archaeological remains were positively identified during the seabed survey. The
lack of debris and seabed features across the whole of Tung Chung Bay is the
result of intense fishing and shellfish collection over many years. These
activities are assumed to have removed any archaeological artefacts which may
have been on the seabed surface. Marine archaeological resource was not
identified during the diver survey and thus no further action or mitigation is
required.
12.4.3
Built Heritage
12.4.3.1 As
mentioned in Section 12.3.3, a
number of built heritage resources are identified in villages within the PDA at
TCW. In order to assess the cultural heritage impact onto these resources
during construction and operational phase, an overlay of RODP onto these built
heritages is shown in Figure 12.11 and the corresponding land uses in RODP
are summarized in Table 12.12.
Table 12.12 A summary of corresponding land uses in RODP
|
Built Heritage Item No. |
Identified Built
Heritage Resources |
Land Use
in RODP |
|
MWC01 |
Tung Chung Battery |
District Open Space (DO) |
|
MWC02 |
Broken Bridge |
District Open Space (DO) |
|
MWC03 |
Earth Shrine |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
STT01 |
Hau
Wong Temple, Tung Chung |
Institution and Community
(IC) |
|
STT02 |
Earth
Shrine |
Coastal Protection Area
(CPA) |
|
STT03 |
Shrine |
Coastal Protection Area
(CPA) |
|
NA01 |
Earth
Shrine |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
NA02 |
Earth
Shrine at Entrance Gate |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
NA03 |
Entrance
Gate of Ngau Au |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
TH01 |
Ruined
village houses near No.4 (Pre-1950 historic building) |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
TH02 |
Entrance
Gate with Village Wall at Tung Hing |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
TH03 |
Two
Earth Shrines |
Conservation Area (CA) |
|
SLP01 |
Earth
Shrine |
Agriculture (ARG) |
|
SLP02 |
Ancestral
Hall |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
SLP03 |
Earth
Shrine |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
SLP04 |
Ruined
village house near No. 31 |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
SLP05 |
Village
house near No. 35 |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
SLP06 |
Village
house near No. 35 (Pre-1950 historic building) |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
SLP07 |
Earth
Shrine |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
SLP08 |
Earth
Shrine |
Village Development Area (V) |
|
SLP09 |
Ruined
village house near No. 31 |
Village Development
Area (V) |
|
SLP10 |
Earth
Shrine |
Village
Development Area (V) |
|
MK01 |
Village
houses No. 2 & 3 |
Village
Development Area (V) |
|
MK02 |
Ruined
village houses near Mok Yu Sang Ancestral Hall |
Village
Development Area (V) |
|
MK03 |
Mok
Yu Sang Ancestral Hall |
Village
Development Area (V) |
|
MK04 |
Stone
Bridge |
Village
Development Area (V) |
|
MK05 |
Earth
Shrine |
Village
Development Area (V) |
|
MK06 |
Mok
Ka Entrance Gate |
Conservation Area (CA) |
|
MK07 |
Stone
Ruins |
Coastal Protection Area (CPA) |
|
SMK01 |
Entrance
Gate, Shek Mun Kap |
Green Belt (GB) |
|
SMK02 |
Ruined
village house next to No. 6 |
Village
Development Area (V) |
|
SMK03 |
Village
house No. 8 |
Village
Development Area (V) |
|
SMK04 |
Ruined
village houses near No. 12A |
Village
Development Area (V) |
|
SMK05 |
Village
house next to No. 10 |
Village
Development Area (V) |
|
SMK06 |
Tai
Wong Ye Earth Shrine |
Green Belt (GB) |
|
SMK07 |
Earth
Shrine |
Green Belt (GB) |
|
SMK08 |
Yuen
Tan Temple |
Green Belt (GB) |
12.4.3.2 As seen from Table 12.12, it is observed that the identified built heritage items within the vicinity of TCW are located in land use zoning 1) District Open Space, 2) Village Development Area, 3) Institution and Community; 4) Coastal Protection Area; 5) Conservation Area; 6) Agriculture and 7) Green Belt of the RODP in which large scale development is not proposed. The impact assessment on these items during construction phases are grouped according to the assigned land uses and described below.
1.
District Open Space “DO”
12.4.3.3 According to the RODP, Tung Chung Battery (MWC01) and Broken Bridge (MWC02) at Ma Wan Chung lies within “DO” zone. Since, MWC01 is located within the proposed Town Park and only minor modification works on the existing walkway would be made to enhance local communities’ accessibility to visit the heritage item, no development is proposed on MWC01. Similar, no development will be proposed around MWC02 at Ma Wan Chung, thus adverse impact on the above 2 items is not anticipated.
2.
Village Development Area “V”
12.4.3.4 No major development
will be proposed in the “V” zone in order to retain the existing recognized
villages i.e. Ma Wan Chung, Wong Nei Uk, Shek Lau Po, Shek Mun Kap, Mok Ka, Nim
Yuen, Lam Che, and Ngau Au, to allow flexibility for future village expansion.
As the development will not affect the built heritage within “V” zone, adverse
impact on the items located within “V” zone (see Table 12.11) is not anticipated.
3.
Institution and Community “IC”
12.4.3.5 “IC”
is zoned for the area of Hau Wong Temple (STT01) at Sha Tsui Tau. It is
expected that the temple and the related cultural activities could be
maintained and will not be affected by the development. No adverse impact on this item is
anticipated.
4.
Coastal Protection Area “CPA”
12.4.3.6 Earth
Shrine (STT02) and Shrine (STT03) at Sha Tsui Tau, and Stone Ruins (MK07) at
Mok Ka lie in the area near the coast of Tung Chung Bay, would be zoned as
“CPA” in the RODP in which the area is reserved for conservation and protection
of the natural coastlines and the sensitive coastal natural environment with
minimum built development. Thus, the existing conditions would be maintained
and these 3 items will not be affected by the development.
5.
Conservation Area “CA”
12.4.3.7 The Two
Earth Shrines (TH03) at Tung Hing and Mok Ka Entrance Gate (MK06) which lie
within the area along the Tung Chung Stream would be zoned as “CA”. Similarly,
the area is reserved for conservation and protection of Tung Chung Stream and
no development would be proposed within the area. Thus, no adverse impact on
these items is anticipated.
6.
Agriculture “AGR”
12.4.3.8 Earth
Shrine (SLP01) at Shek Lau Po lies within “ARG” zone. “ARG” zone is mainly the
remaining areas of Village Environs after the designation of the “V” zones and
there is no development within the area. No adverse impact on these items is
anticipated.
7.
Green Belt “GB”
12.4.3.9 The
Entrance Gate at Shek Mun Kap (SMK01), Tai Wong Ye Earth Shrine (SMK06), Earth
Shrine (SMK07) and Yuen Tan Temple (SMK08) are located within “GB” zones next
to Shek Mun Kap Road. As no development is proposed within this “GB” zone,
adverse impact on these 3 items in not anticipated.
12.5
Mitigation Measures – Construction Phase
12.5.1 Terrestrial Archaeology
12.5.1.1 According to the archaeological potential identified in Section 12.4.1, the recommendations for
corresponding development clusters are summarised in Table 12.13 below.
Table 12.13 Summary of recommendations for development clusters in
TCW
|
Cluster |
Area surveyed |
Archaeological Potential |
Recommendations |
|
TCV-1 |
Partly |
High. |
A rescue excavation after land resumption and prior
to construction works is recommended for all areas within Sha Tsui Tau Site
of Archaeological Interest affected by developing works in residential
cluster TCV-1, facilities TCV-i, TCV-j
and TCV-k as well as commercial lots COM-1 and COM-2. This recommendation
also includes the respective access road to TCV-1 (Non Building Area). For the western part of TCV-1 and Sha Tsui Tau Site
of Archaeological Interest a Survey-cum-rescue excavation after land
resumption and prior to construction works is recommended. For the DO to the north of TCV-1, the archaeological
potential is also considered as high.
However, most of this DO would be maintained as its current use and
only minimal works would be conducted there.
Hence, it is recommended that a Watching Brief with an archaeologist
supervising any small scale excavation for utilities works etc. would be
required. |
|
TCV-i |
Exempted* |
High. |
|
|
TCV-j |
|
|
|
|
TCV-k |
|
|
|
|
COM-1 |
|
|
|
|
COM-2 |
Partly |
High due to proximity
to Sha Tsui Tau Site of Archaeological Interest and previous results. |
|
|
COM-3 |
Yes |
High due to proximity
to Sha Tsui Tau Site of Archaeological Interest and previous results. |
A Survey-cum-rescue
excavation is recommended after land resumption and prior to construction works
for commercial building cluster COM-3. |
|
TCV-2 |
Yes |
High in south-western
portion due to finds in TP14 and results of previous investigations. The
remaining parts are considered low. |
Further survey focusing around TP-14 and the low
ridge in the south-western part of TCV-2 is recommended after land resumption
and prior to any construction works. In all other areas of
TCV-2, no further action is required. |
|
TCV-d |
Yes |
Low. |
No further action is
required. |
|
TCV-e |
Yes |
Medium due to finds in
TP-13 and proximity to TCV-1. |
Watching brief during
excavation of TCV-e is recommended. |
|
TCV-3 |
No |
Low. |
No further action is
required. |
|
TCV-a |
No |
|
|
|
TCV-4 |
Yes |
Low due to heavy
re-modelling of slopes. |
No further action is required. |
|
TCV-b |
Yes |
|
|
|
TCV-5a |
Yes |
Low due to considerable
disturbances. |
No further action is required. |
|
TCV-c |
Yes |
|
|
|
TCV-5b |
Yes |
Medium. |
A watching brief during
the construction phase is recommended for TCV-5b and access road between TCV-5a
and 5b. |
|
Access
road |
Yes |
|
|
|
TCV-6 |
Yes |
Low due to dumping and
to slope works east of TCV-6. |
No further action is required. |
|
TCV-l |
No |
Destroyed. |
|
|
TCV-7 |
No |
Low. |
No further action is
required. |
|
TCV-n |
No |
Destroyed. |
No further action is
required. |
|
TCV-8 |
Yes |
High due to finds in TP
04 and site location comparable in terms of natural landscape and topology to
Cheung Shue Tan near Chinese University. The south-western part was noted to
be sterile and hence of low potential. |
Further survey is recommended on lower terrace
around TP 04 after land resumption and prior to any construction works. This
also affects the access road leading into TCV-8. No further action is
required for the south-western part of TCV-8. |
|
Access
road into TCV-8 |
Yes |
|
|
|
TCV-f |
Yes |
Low. |
Since facility TCV-f is
planned with a small nullah, no further action is required. |
|
TCV-g |
Yes |
High due potentially
favourable settlement conditions along former coastal area. |
Further survey is
recommended on the plan in and around TCV-g after land resumption and prior
to any construction works. |
|
Access
road along south
side |
Yes |
Low. |
No further action is required. |
|
TCW-1 |
Yes |
Low due to considerable
disturbances. |
No further action is required. |
|
TCW-2 |
No |
Medium due to the
possible finds near the youth camp and also unsolved whereabouts of a second
Tung Chung battery site. |
Further survey in form
of one or two test pits could be excavated in lot of youth camp after land
resumption and prior to construction works. |
|
Access
road into TCW-2 |
No |
|
|
|
TCW-a |
Exempted* |
Low. |
No further action
required. |
|
TCW-3 |
No |
Destroyed. |
No further action
required. |
|
TCW-b |
|
|
|
|
TCW-c |
|
|
|
Note:
*The whole development cluster is proposed
within the Site of Archaeological Interest which has been studied in previous
studies and hence the area is not included in this survey. Details of the
archaeological background information are presented in Section 5 and 6 of Appendix 12.6.
As there is only relatively smaller scale of
works anticipated to be carried out at the other development areas including
CA, CPA, GB, V, AGR, RO/DO, IC and OU, terrestrial archaeological impact is not
anticipated and thus recommendation is not required.
12.5.1.2 The above mentioned archaeological potentials and recommendations are graphically summarised in Figure 12.12 and Figure 12.13 respectively. In Figure 12.13, red shaded areas are areas where further archaeological investigations after land resumption and prior to any construction works are needed. Yellow shaded areas are areas where further action in form of watching briefs during construction works are recommended. Green shaded areas are areas where no further action is required. Blue shaded areas are other development areas (CA, CPA, GB, V, AGR, RO/DO, IC and OU zonings with minor works) where no further action is required.
12.5.1.3 The recommendations on archaeological investigation can be classified in three categories:
1) Rescue excavations where previous findings could be confirmed with this survey and where data is sufficient to exactly locate and define the extent of necessary works. Affected areas are Sha Tsui Tau Site of Archaeological Interest including eastern parts of cluster TCV-1, facilities TCV-i to TCV-k as well as commercial clusters COM-1 and 2;
12.5.1.4 2) Survey-cum-rescue excavations are subdivided procedures. An initial advanced survey as integral part of the works helps to complete data and to better locate and design the follow-up rescue excavations. Survey-cum-rescue excavations are recommended for western parts of cluster TCV-1 and for commercial cluster COM-3; and
12.5.1.5 3) Further surveys, where additional (enlarged) test pits are recommended without the imminent need of a follow-up rescue excavations are recommended for parts of clusters TCV-2 and TCV-8 as well as clusters TCW-2 and TCV-g. Further surveys will be conducted prior to the commencement of any construction works; and mitigation measures will be formulated based on the findings of further surveys in prior consultation with AMO before the construction phase of the Project.
12.5.1.6 The project proponent should be aware of the protection of items of archaeological or historic significance according to the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance. Should finds be discovered: 1) during the additional archaeological investigation after land resumption and prior to construction works; 2) during the watching brief during the construction phase of the project; or 3) where construction works can commence without further action being necessary, the AMO has to be contacted immediately for further agreement on practical and feasible handling procedures.
12.5.2
Marine Archaeology
12.5.2.1 As marine
archaeological resource was not identified during the diver survey, no further
action or mitigation is thus required.
12.5.3
Built Heritage
12.5.3.1 As
mentioned in Section 12.4.3, all the
identified built heritage items within the vicinity of TCW are located in land
use zonings of the RODP in which large scale development is not proposed,
impacts on these items is not anticipated and thus no further action or mitigation is required.
12.6 Impact Assessment – Operational Phase
12.6.1 Terrestrial Archaeology
12.6.1.1 Terrestrial archaeological impact during operational phase is not
anticipated.
12.6.2
Marine Archaeology
12.6.2.1
Similar to the impact assessment on marine
archaeology during construction phase, no marine archaeological remains were
positively identified during the seabed survey and marine archaeological
resource was not identified during the diver survey, no adverse impact is anticipated.
12.6.3
Built Heritage
12.6.3.1 Similar to
the impact assessment on built heritage items during construction phase, as no
development will be proposed on all existing built heritage items and they will
be retained as they are, no adverse impact is anticipated.
12.7
Mitigation
Measures – Operational Phase
12.7.1 Terrestrial Archaeology
12.7.1.1 As
mentioned in Section 12.6.1, no adverse
impact is anticipated for terrestrial archaeology and thus no further action or
mitigation is required.
12.7.2
Marine Archaeology
12.7.2.1 As
mentioned in Section 12.6.2, no adverse
impact is anticipated for marine archaeology and thus no further action or
mitigation is required.
12.7.3
Built Heritage
12.7.3.1 As
mentioned in Section 12.6.3, no
development will be proposed on all existing built heritage items and they will
be retained as they are, no adverse impact is anticipated and thus no further
action or mitigation is required.
12.8.1
Terrestrial Archaeology
12.8.1.1 An
Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) has been conducted for both the TCE and
TCW developments. Since TCE is on reclaimed
land, there are no potential for terrestrial archaeology. For TCW, the baseline conditions have been
established by first reviewing literature information relating to the
geological characteristics of Tung Chung Bay, historical aerial photos, Sites
of Archaeological Interest etc. There
are 4 Sites of Archaeological Interest within the boundary of TCW, including
the Fu Tei Wan Kiln (relocated to Tung Chung), Ma Wan Chung, Sha Tsui Tau and
Tung Chung Game Board Carving.
12.8.1.2 Based on
the literature information collated and the results of previous archaeological
surveys, a proposal for Terrestrial Archaeological Survey was prepared and
submitted to AMO in November 2013. A
total of 22 test pits and 61 auger holes was proposed at or near to the development
areas within TCW in the survey, taking into account of various sites
constraints such as accessibility, safety etc.
The survey proposal was subsequently approved by AMO and the survey was
conducted in 13 January to 24 May 2014.
The survey results were there analyzed together with the literature
information to form the baseline conditions.
12.8.1.3 According
to the latest design, Fu Tei Wan Kiln (relocated to Tung Chung) and Tung Chung
Game Board Carving Sites of Archaeological Interest would be avoided. For the rest of the development areas within
TCW, the archaeological potential has been evaluated based on the baseline
conditions established, and hence the impacts and mitigation measures are
assessed and recommended accordingly. Rescue excavations/ survey-cum-rescue
excavations/ further surveys/ watching briefs have been recommended as the
mitigation measures for particular development clusters and are summarized in Table 12.13. The archaeologist to be
appointed by the respective project proponent or respective developer shall
apply for a licence to conduct the rescue excavations/ survey-cum-rescue
excavations/ further surveys/ watching briefs under the Antiquities and
Monuments Ordinance (Cap.53). An archaeological action plan detailing the scope
and methodology of the archaeological work shall be submitted to the AMO for
agreement prior to applying for a licence. The project proponent or respective
developer shall implement the archaeological mitigation measures in prior
agreement with the AMO before the commencement of any proposed works.
12.8.1.4 Pursuant
to the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance, the construction contractor should
inform the AMO immediately in case of discovery of antiquities or supposed
antiquities in the course of excavation works in construction stage.
12.8.2 Marine Archaeology
12.8.2.1 A Marine Archaeological Investigation (MAI) has been conducted for both the TCE and TCW developments. Since TCW is on existing land, there are no potential for marine archaeology. For TCE, the baseline conditions have been established by first reviewing historical information relating to Tung Chung. Previous MAIs for other projects in the vicinity of Tung Chung have also been reviewed. The geophysical surveys in those previous MAIs have covered all the seabed area of TCE where boat access was possible. According to those survey results, there are no archaeological remains in the areas surveyed. For those areas where a combination of rocky and shallow shoreline had prevented survey boat access, a proposal for diver survey had been proposed and submitted to AMO. The Marine Diver Survey Proposal had been submitted to AMO in September 2012 and the Licence to Search for and Excavate for Antiquities was granted by AMO on October 2012. The survey was subsequently conducted in November 2012 and no marine archaeological resources were identified during the diver survey. Adverse impacts on marine archaeology are therefore not anticipated and mitigation measures are not required.
12.8.3 Built Heritage
1.1.1.1 The literature review conducted for the AIA had also collated relevant information on Declared Monuments and Graded Historical Buildings. A field survey was also conducted for built heritage to identify other built heritage resources. Results indicate that there is one Declared Monument within the boundary of TCW (ie the Tung Chung Battery). Besides, there are 2 Graded Historic Buildings including Hau Wong Temple and Entrance Gate at Shek Mun Kap and number of other resources including shrines, village houses, ancestral halls, stone bridges, temples etc within the boundary of TCW.
12.8.3.1 According
to the latest RODP, all these identified built heritage resources within TCW
are located within land lot with proposed landuses of District Open Space (DO),
Village Development Area (V), Institution and Community (IC), Coastal
Protection Area (CPA), Conservation Area (CA), Agricultural (AGR) and Green
Belt (GB) in which large scale development is not proposed. Adverse impacts on these built heritage is
not anticipated and thus no further action or mitigation is required.
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